Level 1 Semester 1

Computer Systems
7. Volatile and Non-Volatile Storage

Short Note
Basic Input Output System

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About BIOS
• It is a firmware
• Found on the motherboard
• Extended BOIS
• Video Graphics Adapter card, SCSI adapter card and Network Interface Cards

• Today BIOS flashing is possible (EEP ROM)

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BIOS Hardware
• It is a firmware
• Found on the motherboard
• Extended BOIS
• Video Graphics Adapter card, SCSI adapter card and Network Interface Cards

• Today, BIOS flashing is possible (EEP ROM)

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CMOS
• Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
• Changing data is stored in COMS chip according to instruction of BIOS

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BIOS Hardware
• True-ROM
• Programmable ROM (PROM)
• Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
• Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

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BIOS Software
a) Basic device drivers
b) POST
• Problem indication methods
• Beep codes
• POST error messages (displayed on the monitor)
• POST (hex) error codes (displayed on the monitor)

c) Setup
d) Boot strap loader / Startup

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Memory

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Memory

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Static RAM vs. Dynamic RAM

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Video RAM
• Variant of dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• VRAM has two sets of data output pins which means two ports that can be used
simultaneously
• First port, the DRAM port, second port, the video port
• Hence known as Multi Port Dynamic Random-Access Memory (MPDRM)
• Ex: GDDR2 (DDR2), GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5

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Non-volatile Storage Devices

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Non-volatile Storage Devices

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Internal HDD
• Used ATA technology (SATA or PATA (IDE))
• It is possible to read/write a single sector at a time
• Interface
• IDE – 33 | 66 | 100 | 133 MBps
• SATA 1 – 150 | SATA 2 – 300 | SATA 3 – 600 MBps

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Solid-State Drives (SSD)
• No moving parts
• Build using NAND
• 540 MBps read speed and 520 MBps write speed

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Solid-State Hybrid Drive
• Combination Hard Disk Drive technology and Solid State Drive technology
• Large buffer memory
• Increased speed, decreased power consumption, improved reliability, and a faster
boot process

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Other magnetic storage
• Iomega Zip
• Iomega Jaz
• Castlewood Orb

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Optical storage

• Compact Disc (CD)

• CD – DA (Compact Disc Digital Audio)
• CD – ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)
• CD – R (Compact Disc Recordable)
• CD – RW (Compact Disk Re Writable)

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Optical storage

• Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

• DVD ROM
• DVD – R
• DVD RW
• DVD +R
• DVD RAM

• BD (Blue ray Disk)

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Optical + Magnetic

• Super disk
• Optical – Place the head on a Track
• Magnetic – Store data

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Flash Memory
• Uses the EEPROM technology
• Flash memory cards use PCMCIA adapters or Floppy adapters to connect to the
computer directly
• PnP support
• Example
• Pen Drive / Thumb Drive / Key Chain Drive
• MMC – Multi Media Card, R-MMC (Reduced MMC)
• SD – Secure Digital Card
• XD – Picture Card (Extremely Digital)
• CF Card – Compact Flash
• Sony Memory Stick
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Backups
• Is duplicate copy of the data
• Two types
• On site
• Off site

• Frequency of backing up data depends on criticality of data

• Backup devices
• Magnetic Tape
• Removable drives
• Optical devices
• Network (with in LAN or cloud)

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END

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