Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Effects of magnetized water in different grades of concrete

PREETHI PARTHEBAN *, N. BALASUNDARAM
Department of Civil Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In recent days, everyone used superplastizers to enhance the concrete’s tensile strength and workability. By
Workability replacement of superplastizers, using Magnetized water is a novel technique for improving the workability,
Compressive strength compression, and the concrete tensile strength. In magnetic water technology, using magnetic fields, water can
Tensile strength
undergo some physical changes that alter its characteristics. As a result, the molecular makeup of the water group
Superplasticizers
Magnetized Water
decreases from thirteen to five or six, which lowers the water surface tension. Due to its beneficial effects on the
properties of water when employed, magnetised water is one of the interesting approaches that has been widely
used in many parts of life.. In this project, The PERMAG 406 neodymium was used to produce the magnetized
water. It has 9000 gauss power and circulates in magnetic device for 60 min. Result shows that compressive and
tensile strength is increased by 67.85 % and 62.13% respectively when compared to conventional concrete.

1. Introduction
The world most widely used building material is according to experts
is concrete. Water, sand, cement, and a rock aggregate are the main
components of standard concrete compositions. Concrete strength is
increased by using plasticizers and admixtures; they are used to make
concrete more fluid or workable by adding them to cement paste [1].
These substances, often known as workability aids, are added to new or
early-stage concrete to alter its workability properties.
In this project, we used magnetized water to increase concrete
strength. Compared to concrete made with regular water, concrete made
using magnetised water is stronger The study’s objective is to improve
the standard compliance of water and lower the water cement ratio,
which will decrease the cement consumption and the porosity of con­
crete [2].
In the presence of a magnetic flux water it becomes magnetised. The
method and water quality used determine the magnetism level. After
magnetization, the orientation of the direction of water structure and
the bond angle varies, so do the sizes of the molecules. Therefore,
magnetism increases viscosity and surface area, which accelerates the
hydration process. Toledo et al. made the assumption that after
magnetization, the broken hydrogen bonds led to the development
hydrogen bonds that are stronger which contributed to a very high level
viscosity, in a research study effects on liquid water of a static magnetic
field [3]. The disruption of hydrogen bond-induced water clusters
caused with the use of magnetic field raises water activity. Because
magnetised water molecules are smaller than regular water surrounding
the cement is thinner it would be with regular water molecules. Less
water is needed as a result, which enhances the characteristics of
hardened concrete. The method of treating water with magnets helps to
strengthen it and restore many of the qualities that were lost due to
desalination and environmental contamination [4]. Water ions are
correctly reorganised throughout the magnetic treatment process,
whereas they take on a random structure in tap water. Scientific studies
have demonstrated that water undergoes more than 14 changes after
being exposed to a magnetic field, including changes in electrical con­
ductivity, dissolved oxygen levels, the capacity to dissolve acids and
salts, crystallisation, reaction speed and permeability maintains its
magnetic intensity for 8 to 12 h before beginning a slow, progressive fall.
However, some characteristics of the water remain unchanged even
after spending a long time in the magnetic field. In light of the advan­
tages of magnetic water, numerous businesses and industrialist strive to
create the magnetization devices [5]. When using permanent magnets,
no electrical current is applied. Instead a permanent magnet magnetic
field is created by tiny magnetic fields that are created by each magnet’s
atoms and their mutual alignment.
2. Experimental program
2.1. Cement
It was found that cement has a specific gravity of 3.10 and a standard

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: preethi.p@kahedu.edu.in (P. PARTHEBAN).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.10.090
Received 27 June 2023; Received in revised form 10 October 2023; Accepted 13 October 2023
2214-7853/Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International
Conference on Advances in Materials, Mechanics, Mechatronics and Manufacturing.

Please cite this article as: PREETHI PARTHEBAN, N. BALASUNDARAM, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.10.090
P. PARTHEBAN and N. BALASUNDARAM Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Characteristics of Cement.
Properties Results IS 542:1987 requirement

Specific gravity 3.14 3.11–3.15

Fineness 5.5 % Should not exceed 10 %
Consistency 32 % In between 31 and 34
Initial setting time 42 min 30 min minimum
Final setting time 211 min 600 min maximum

Fig. 2. Magnetic fluid conditioner.

Table 2
Hardness of Magnetized water.
2.24, Modulus of fineness is 6.7, Bulk density is 1800 kg/m3 and the
SI NO Magnetic water recirculation time (mins) Hardness
water absorption is 0.71 percent [8].
1 0 310
2 15 260
3 30 213 2.6. Magnetized water
4 45 200
5 60 250 The first research and testing on the utilisation of a magnetic field to
6 75 225
produce concrete for military constructions began in Russia in 1962.
7 90 190
Due to the influence of a magnetic field, the mass is decreased from 13
molecules to 5 or 6 molecules.Due to the smaller and less dense clusters
in magnetic water compared to conventional water, the water layer
surrounding the cement particle is thinner. The Fig. 2 shows the Mag­
netic fluid conditioned used in the laboratory.
All of PERMAG (N406) is made up of incredibly strong neodymium
rare earth magnets. It is the tool used to produce a magnetic field that is
extremely powerful and concentrated. It has a magnetic field with an
intensity of 9000 gauss.Since 10,000 gauss is equal to 1 Tesla, PERMAG
N406 has a 0.9 Tesla magnetic flux density. The Fig. 3 shows the
Magentized water setup (AUTOCAD diagram).

Fig. 1. Sieve analysis of M Sand. 2.7. PH value

consistency in percent of 34 after a series of studies were carried out
using locally available Grade 53 Penna Cement (OPC) of Cement Brand
in accordance with IS 8112–1989. There are 43 min of initial setting and
128 min of final settings respectively [6]. The Table.1 shows the prop­
erties of Cement.(See Table 2).
2.2. Fine aggregate
It is obtained and found that the readily accessible manufacturing
sand complies with grading zone-III of IS 383–1970. Numerous tests
have been carried out in accordance with the guidelines provided in IS
383 (1970), and the results have shown that the fine aggregate has a
specific gravity of 2.60.
2.3. Properties of fine aggregate
The fine aggregate should be no larger than 4.75 mm. It is preferable
for sand to have a nodular shape that is not entirely circular [7]. When
compared to fine aggregate, coarse aggregate’s form is more important.
The Fig. 1 shows the sieve analysis of M sand.
2.4. Coarse aggregate
In a laboratory, crushed stone aggregate with a 20 mm aggregate size
that complies with IS 383–1970 was created. A variety of its properties
have been tested.
2.5. Properties of coarse aggregate
Only the amount of finer material allowed by specification is present
in this aggregate, the majority of which is retained on a 4.75 mm IS
sieve. 20 mm course aggregate is what we utilise. Spectral Gravity is
(PH stands for potential of Hydrogen), It is a measurement of the
acidity or alkalinity of compounds that are soluble in water. A pH value
ranges from 1 to 14, with 7 representing the intermediate (neutral) level.
The pH level is a reliable way to determine whether water is soft or hard.
The findings of the current study indicate that the pH value increases as
magnetization progresses over time and at each magnetization intensity.
The pH range of magnetised water is between 7.6 and 8.5. The Fig. 4
shows the pH Value conducted on the laboratory. The pH value of
normal water is 7.36 and magnetized water for 60 min is 8.31.
2.8. Hardness
Fluids should be classified as soft up to 60 mg/l (milligrams/litre) of
calcium carbonate, moderately hard up to 120 mg/l (milligrams/litre),
hard up to 180 mg/l (milligrams/litre), and very hard over 180 mg/l
(milligrams/litre), according to general guidelines. Sources/Usage:
Certain content may be subject to restrictions. The magnetization causes
a reduction in the number of water molecules inside the water cluster
from 13 to 5 or 6, which charges the water particles. This finally causes
the water’s hardness to diminish, enhancing the concrete’s strength in
comparison to using regular water. On a sample of regular water, we
first tested for hardness. For comparison purposes, the same test was
then performed on a sample of magnetised water. The Table 3 shows the
harness of magnetized water.
3. Mix design
Adopting the Indian design code for concrete, specifically the
guidelines provided by the IS 456:2000 to prepare a standard concrete
mix with a specified cylinder grade of M20 and M40. While maintaining
a slump range of 7.5 to 10 cm. And adhering to the prescribed limits for
fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The proportions of all com­
ponents mix outlined in Table 3.

2
P. PARTHEBAN and N. BALASUNDARAM Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Magnetized water set up.

3.1. Compression strength test

According to Indian standards concrete compressive strength is

described as 15 × 15 × 15 cm size cubes tested after 28 days. To confirm
the estimated compressive strength expected after 28 days, compressive
strength tests are also performed in the field every 7 days. The same is
done to prepare for a failure scenario and implement the essential safety
measures. The strength of the concrete below which it is predicted that
not more than 5 % of the test results will fail is referred to as the typical
strength. This compressive strength value is constrained for design
purposes by dividing by a safety factor, whose value is determined by
the design methodology employed. The Fig. 5 shows the Compression
test conducted on structural laboratory.
Load applied in the specimen
Compression strength of concrete =
Cross area of the cube

Fig. 4. PH value.
3.2. Split tensile strength test

When using a compression testing machine, a cylindrical specimen is

Table 3 loaded until it breaks along its vertical diameter by placing it horizon­
Mix Design Propotion for M20, M40 and M60 grade concrete. tally between the loading surface. The specimen and separately the
Mix Cement Fine Coarse Water W/ cylinder-shaped stress pattern. When the load is applied along the
Design (kg/m3) Aggregate Aggregate (kg/ (kg/m3) C generic an element on the cylinder’s vertical diameter is put under a
(kg/m3) m3)
horizontal compressive stress.
M20 320 742 1000 210 0.60
M40 460 640 1000 210 0.45 2P
SplitTensileStrength =
M60 480 620 1000 210 0.42 πLD
Here P stands for the cylinder’s compressive load, L is the cylinder’s
overall length and D is Diameter. Tensile splitting strength on average at
14 days obtained for cylinder specimen incorporating used magnetized
water. The Fig. 6 shows the Compression test conducted on structural
laboratory.

Fig. 5. Testing of Cubes in Compression testing machine (M20, M40, M60).

3
P. PARTHEBAN and N. BALASUNDARAM Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Testing of Cylinder in Compression testing machine (M20, M40, M60).

Fig. 7. Graph between Compression strength of Conventional Concrete and Magnetized water concrete.

Fig. 8. Graph between Split Tensile strength of Conventional Concrete and Magnetized water concrete.

4. Results
The Figure presents the strength results of various concrete mixtures
(M20, M40 & M60) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days along with the dry density at
28 days [9]. The compressive strength of concrete compression test
shown in Fig. 7, the tensile test shown in Fig. 8. Notably the significant
enhancements in strength were observed across all ages particularly at 7
days. These improvements can be attributed to the utilization of
magnetized water (MW) and the enhanced efficiency it brings to the
concrete mix. The effectiveness of MW is particularly notable during
early ages, as it facilitates better charge distribution and promotes early
strength development [10,11].
5. Conclusion
The compression strength of conventional concrete and magnetized
concrete are found. Using magnetic water in place of regular water to
increase the compressive strength compared to conventional concrete.
By replacing magnetized water, 14 days of curing gives good compres­
sion strength [12]. There is no need for adding superplasticizers and

4
P. PARTHEBAN and N. BALASUNDARAM
admixtures to increase strength, indeed of using magnetized water in
concrete but for M20, M40, M60 as per code book IS 10262:2009 adding
some superplasticizers. After 60 min of rotating the water through
magnetic flux, Increase Ph value of water from 7.8 to 8.6. The hardness
of water is observed to reduce from 310 mg/lit to 250 mg/lit after 60
min of circulation through PERMAG [13]. Compressive strength is
increased by 67.85 %, 71.45 %, 70.32 %respectively when compared to
the conventional concrete for M20, M40, M60. Tensile strength is
increased by 62.13 %, 68.53 %, 69.11 %respectively when compared to
the conventional concrete for M20, M40, M60. Boost concrete’s work­
ability without adding extra water, which doesn’t lessen fractures. In
order to prevent the addition of chemical admixtures to concrete in
order to boost its strength for M20. Magnetized water increased the rate
of hydration.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
PREETHI PARTHEBAN: Methodology, Investigation, Formal anal­
ysis. N. BALASUNDARAM: .
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
References
[1] Afshin H, Gholizadeh M & Kkhorshidi N, “Improving Mechanical Properties of
High Strength Concrete by Magnetic Water Technology”, Transaction A: Civil
Engineering, Vol.17, No.1, (2010), pp.74-79.
[2] Pradnya U, Rahul DP & Abhijeet PW, “Performance Evaluation of Magnetic Field
Treated Water on Convectional Concrete Containing Fly Ash”, International
Journal of Science Technology and Management, Vol.5, No.2, (2016), pp.68-77.
[3] W. Youkai, W. Huinan, L. Zhuangwen, Effect of magnetic field on the physical
properties of water, Results Phys. 8 (2018) 262–267.
[4] Mousa AM & Hmed AS, “The Effect of Magnetic Water on Dissolv-ing Kidney
Stone”, Eng. & Tech. Vol.26, No.5, (2008), pp.1-7.
[5] Abdel Tawab RS, Younes MA, Ibrahim AM & AbdleAziz MM, “Testing Commercial
Cater Magnetizers: A Study of TDS and pH”, Fifteenth International Water
Technology Conference, (2011).
[6] Sadeghipour O, “The Effect of Magnetized Water on Physiological and Agronomic
Traits of Cowpea”, Journal of Research in Chemical Metallurgical and Civil Eng.,
Vol.3, Issue 2, (2016), pp:195-198.
[7] Huchler LA, MarTech Systems PE & Lawrenceville NJ, “Non-Chemical Water
Treatment System: Histories, Principles, and Liter-ature Review”, International
Water Conference, (2002).
[8] ASTM C33, “Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates”, Annual Book of
ASTM Standard, Philadelphia, (1989).
[9] Iraqi Classification No.45/1984 with the Adjustment, No.20/2010, “Aggregate
from Natural Sources for Concrete and Building Construction”.
[10] B.S. 1881, Part 116, “Method for Determination of Compressive Strength of
Concrete Cubes”, British Standards Institution, (1989), pp.3-8.
[11] Lingeshwaran N, EFFECT OF BASE ISOLATION IN MULTISTORIED REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDING, 2017, IAEME, Vol 8, Issue 3, pp. 878-887.
[12] Perumal, K; Kumar, A; Lingeshwaran, N; Susmitha, Sambaraju; Experimental
studies on flexural behaviour of self-compact concrete beam, Materials Today:
Proceedings, Vol 33, 2020, Elsevier, pp. 129-135.
[13] Kumar, A; Pratheba, S; Rajendran, R; Perumal, K; Lingeshwaran, N; Sambaraju,
Susmitha; An experimental study on the mechanical properties of concrete
replacing sand with quarry dust and waste foundry sand, Materials Today:
Proceedings, Vol 33, 2020, Elsevier, pp. 828-832.