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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the
problem, theoretical and conceptual framework, and the constraints of the study. It
also includes the scope and delimitation, significance of the study and the
operational definition of terms used in the study.
Figure 1.2: Trajectory of charged particles movement, before and after the
magnetizing process (Chavan 2016)
This fact plays a major role in mixing, forming, and curing stages which all
contribute in producing better concrete. All that will contribute in producing a
highquality concrete which can overcome its lack of ability to resist
deterioration.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework shows the organization of key concepts essential
in the analysis, design and construction of the proposed (Influence of Magnetized
Water on the Strength Development of Concrete). The researchers will follow the
input-process-output paradigm as an aid for system analysis, design and
construction of the proposed project.
In this experiment, the researchers will establish a control batch of mix
that will use normal tap water while the other batches will use water that passed
through an increasing magnetic field up to a factor four. All batches of concrete
mix will have the same mix ratio of 1:2:4. The magnetization of water will be
carried out by using ferrite circular disc magnet and hosepipe. The intensity of
magnet will depend on the number of stacked magnets. The experiment will compose of
five different mix type. The mix type will then be classified as NWC, MWC1 (with
water content that will pass through one magnet), MWC2 (with water content that
will pass through two stacked magnets), MWC3 (with water content that will pass
through three stacked magnets), and MWC4 (with water content that will pass through
4 stacked magnets). The coarse and fine aggregates for the concrete mix will
undergo oven-drying to determine its moisture content. The moisture content of the
aggregates will be computed using
Moisture Content, MC (%)= ( (1.1)
Where Wmoist = moist weight of aggregate (kg)
And Wdry = oven-dried weight of aggregate (kg).
For the concrete mix, the cement, water and aggregates will then be mixed, moulded
in a cylinder, and cured as per specifications. The compressive strength test will
take place on the 7th and 28th-day strength of concrete. Each test will involve 20
concrete cylinder. The 20 test specimen will consist of four NWC cylinders, four
MWC1 cylinders, four MWC2 cylinders, four MWC3 cylinders, and four MWC4 cylinders.
The compressive strength will be computed using
(1.2)
Where F’c = compressive strength
Pmax = maximum compressive load, N (lb)
And Ag = gross area, mm2 (in2).
Using graphical analysis, the data obtained will be plotted in a graph to
show the relationship of the variables involved. For the cylindrical samples, the
compressive strength will be plotted against the number of magnets to determine the
effect of stacking magnets up to four on the properties of concrete specifically
the compressive strength, density, and slump. For both tap water and magnetized
water, the second graph will show the concrete compressive strength variation with
time.
By comparing the results, the concrete cylinder with magnetized water
will then be assessed to find out if the magnetized water increases the strength of
concrete as the number of stacked magnet also increases. Also, with the aid of the
T-test analysis, the researchers will evaluate if there’s a significant difference
between the magnetized water concrete and normal water concrete.
RESEARCH METHOD
The study will utilize experimental quantitative design, which made use of
different methods of analysis. The data that will be obtained through the
experiment will be analyzed and interpreted to present the influence of the
magnetized water on the early-age development of the concrete’s compressive
strength.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers will be considering two sample populations; magnetized water
concrete (MWC) and normal-water concrete (NWC). Both samples will make use of
ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregates (gravel) and fine aggregates (sand).
Class A concrete which has the ratio of 1:2:4 will be utilized. The researchers
will divide the mixing into 2 batches since each batch will require different types
of water. Each batch will be accurately measured in terms of aggregate volume,
cement weight and amount of water used in order to have a more consistent result.
Since there are no available standards that can be applied in the magnetization of
water, researchers developed a methodology that conforms to its definition. A
method that will utilize hose pipe and magnet wil be used in the production of
magnetized water.
Thirty cylindrical sample for both normal water and magnetized water concrete will
be used. The concrete samples from both types will undergo compression test at 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The comparison of the
results of the compressive strength through time of magnetized-water concrete and
the normal-water concrete will be established in a graph. The significance of the
increase in the early-age compressive strength of the concrete that used magnetized
water will be measured through T-Test method.
The apparatus to be used are ferrite circular disc magnet and a hose pipe,
the magnet will be used to magnetize the tap water while the hose will be used to
redirect the water from the source to the mixer.
The apparatus to be used are universal testing machine, this is a tool used
to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials; Leveling
material is used for leveling the concrete sample with the UTM to balance the force
that will be applied in the contact area of the concrete sample. This is to conform
with ASTM C39.
TREATMENT OF DATA
Compressive strengths with its given age for both normal-water concrete amd
magnetized-water concrete will be determined. Data obtained from concrete samples
that used normal water will be treated as the control group. This is then compared
to the other groups through the use of graphical analysis for the interpretation of
data.
The T-Test method will be used to evaluate the significance of the difference
between the compressive strength of magnetized water concrete and normal water
concrete.
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE
CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The initial researches and scientific tests about application of magnetic field in
manufacturing concrete and concrete blocks was commenced for military constructions
such as airports and jetties at 1962 in Russia. Khorshidi1, Ansari and Bayat (2014)
Water is the key ingredient in concrete for the different process including
hydration process, proper curing etc. When water mixed with cement which forms a
paste which binds the aggregate. Water causes the hardening of concrete by the
process known as hydration. Ramachandran (2018)
When water passes through a magnetic flux it is known as magnetized water. The
level of magnetization is controlled by the method used and water purity. The
structure of water is aligned in one direction after magnetization, and the
molecule sizes change after the bond angle changes, therefore viscosity and surface
area increases by magnetization, hence the hydration rate increases.
(Abdel-Magida, Hamdanb, Abdelgaderc, et. al, 2017)
Hydration reaction between cement and water depends on specific surface area, as
surface area of water is increased due to magnetization more water is available for
hydration and more number of cement particles are hydrated which results in
increase in efficiency of cement used in concrete. This increase in hydration will
lead to increase in the compressive strength of the concrete. Reddy,
Ghorpade, and Rao (2014)
To study further on the magnetized water Reddy, Ghorpade, and Rao (2014) conducted
a research on the use of magnetic water for mixing and curing of concrete and they
found out that the compressive strength of concrete increases with the usage of
magnetized water at early days of hydration (i.e within 28 days) and after 28 days
this increase is less compared to early days of hydration. The usage of magnetized
water in mixing of concrete also improves split tension, flexure and Impact
strength based on their long term strength studies up to 360 days. They also noted
that the magnetic water curing increases the strength of both normal water concrete
and magnetized water concrete.
Another research titled “An Experimental Study on the Use of Magnetized Water in
Concrete with M Sand as Fine Aggregate” aims to compare the compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural behaviour of Normal water concrete (NWC) and
Magnetized water concrete (MWC) for M20 grade of concrete mix. Ramachandran and Das
(2018) concluded that the magnetic water mix concrete show higher compressive,
split tensile and flexural strength rather than normal compacting concrete. Also
one of their objectives is to understand the magnetic water concrete (MWC) and its
characteristics in terms of workability and strength aspects and it turned out that
the use of magnetic water increased the workability of concrete because magnetized
water increase viscosity and surface area of the mix which in turn increase the
slump value.
APPENDICES
Project title: Influence of Magnetized on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
Research Promoter: Engr. Jonel Ian B. Lucas
Note: The Line Item Budget is meant for the research team to have a realistic
picture of the research cost right from the start. If the budget is beyond the
means of the team, the project can be scaled down or even changed altogether.
Chronogram of Proposed Activities
(Activity Plan and Schedule of Outputs APSO)
UGCP No.:
Faculty Research Promoter: Engr. Jonel Ian B. Lucas
Project Title: Influence of Magnetized Water on Compressive Strength of Concrete
C. Gathering of data
1 Collection of data
2 Organizing data
D. Processing of data
1 Statistical analysis, qualitative analysis, etc.
B. SCHEDULE OF OUTPUTS
Note: This is a general sample. Some modifications may be done according to the
specifics of the research project.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdel-Magida, T. I. M., Hamdanb, R. M., Abdelgaderc, A. A. B., Omerd, M. E. A., &
Rizg-Allah Ahmede, N. M. ,Effect of magnetized water on workability and compressive
strength of concrete, 193,(2017), 494-500.Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320728049_Effect_of_Magnetic_
Water_on_Properties_of_Concrete
Khorshidi, N., Ansari, M., & Bayat, M.,”An investigation of water magnetization
and its influence on some concrete specificities like fluidity and compressive
strength”. Vol. 13, No.5(2014).
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.13.5.649
Reddy, S. K., Ghorpade, V. G., & Rao, H. S., “USE OF MAGNETIC WATER
FOR MIXING AND CURING OFCONCRETE”. International Journal of
Advanced Engineering Research and Studies ,4(1), 93-95,(2014). EISSN2249–
8974.Retrieve from https://www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijaers/VOL%20IV/IJAERS
%20VOL %20IV%20ISSUE%20I%20%20OCTBER%20DECEMBER%202014/536.pd
f
Vinod kumar G.; Dr. Gopala & Krishna Sastry K.V.S,” EFFECT OF
MAGNETIZED WATER ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH
DIFFERENT POZZLOANIC MATERIAL”. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and
Control Systems. Vol. 9. ,( 2017). Retrieved from http://jardcs.org/papers/v9/si-
35.pdf