Rules

• The number of items in a group k=N/n

• Range = Xlargest – Xsmallest
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
• Class interval (width)=
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

• Relative Frequency = Frequency / Total

• Cumulative Frequency = (Frequency / Total)*100
• Cumulative Percentage = Cumulative Frequency *100
𝑛+1
• 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
2
𝑛+1
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑
• 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = {𝑛 𝑛
2
, + 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 2
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 𝑋1 +𝑋2 +⋯+𝑋𝑛
• Sample Mean 𝑋= =
𝑛 𝑛

∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 𝑋1 +𝑋2 +⋯+𝑋𝑁
• Population Mean, 𝜇 = =
𝑁 𝑁

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋)
2
• Sample Variance 𝑆 2 =
n-1

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋)
2
• Sample Standard deviation, 𝑆 = √
n-1

∑𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝜇)
2
• Population Variance, 𝜎 2 =
𝑁

∑𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝜇)
2
• Population Standard deviation , 𝜎 = √
𝑁

𝑆
• Coefficient of variation CV = ( ) ⋅ 100%
𝑋

𝑋−𝑋
• Z-score, 𝑍 =
𝑆

• First quartile position: Q1 = (n+1)/4 ranked value.

• Second quartile position: Q2 = (n+1)/2 ranked value.
• Third quartile position: Q3 = 3(n+1)/4 ranked value.
• IQR is Q3 -Q1

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• Empirical Rule
o One standard deviation (µ ± σ)
o Two standard deviations (µ ± 2σ)
o Three standard deviations (µ ± 3σ)
∑𝑛 ̄ ̄
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋 )(𝑌𝑖 −𝑌)
• The sample covariance, 𝑐𝑜𝑣( 𝑋, 𝑌) =
𝑛−1
cov(𝑋,Y)
• Sample coefficient of correlation, 𝑟 =
𝑆𝑋 𝑆𝑌
∑𝑛 ̄ 2
𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −𝑋 ) ∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑌𝑖 −𝑌)
2
where, 𝑆𝑋 = √ and 𝑆𝑌 = √
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

𝑋 X number of ways in which the event occurs

• probability of occurrence = = =
𝑇 T total number of possible outcomes

number of outcomes satisfying A and B

P( A and B ) =
• total number of outcomes

• A marginal probability

• General addition rule P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P (A and B)

• Addition rule for mutually exclusive events
o P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
• A conditional probability

o ,

• A conditional probability for independent events

• The General Multiplication Rule

• Multiplication Rule for independent event
P(A and B) = P(A)P(B)
• Marginal probability for event A:

• Bayes’ Theorem

2
• Counting rule 1: -The number of possible outcomes is equal to 𝐾 𝑛
• Counting Rule 2: -The number of possible outcomes is equal to
(𝑘1 )(𝑘2 )(𝑘3 )
• Counting Rule 3: -The number of possible outcomes is
𝑛! = (𝑛)(𝑛 − 1) ⋯ (1)
• Counting Rule 4 (Permutations): -The number of possible outcomes is
n!
𝑛𝑃𝑥 =
(𝑛−𝑋)!

• Counting Rule 5 (Combination): -The number of possible outcomes is

n!
𝑛𝐶𝑥 =
X!(𝑛−𝑋)!

• Expected Value (or mean) of a discrete variable

𝜇 = E(𝑋) = ∑𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )

• Variance of a discrete variable, 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑁 2

𝑖=1[𝑥𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑋)] 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )

• Standard Deviation of a discrete variable.

𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √∑𝑁 2
𝑖=1[𝑥𝑖 − 𝐸(𝑋)] 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )

𝒏!
• Binomial Distribution Formula P (X=x |n, π) = 𝝅𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝝅)𝒏−𝒙
𝒙!(𝒏−𝒙)!

• Binomial Mean: 𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛𝜋

• Binomial Variance and Standard Deviation: 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝜋(1-𝜋) , 𝜎 = √𝑛𝜋(1-𝜋)

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
• Poisson Distribution Formula, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥|𝜆) =
𝑥!

• Poisson Mean: 𝜇 = 𝜆
• Poisson Variance and Standard Deviation: 𝜎 2 = 𝜆, 𝜎 = √𝜆
• Convert to X units to z, 𝑋 = 𝜇 + 𝑍𝜎