● Helps suppressed intrinsic
responses
● Is the study of how the brain works and how
it relates to our thoughts, perceptions, and
behaviors.
● Creates for the experience of the mind.
Brain- organ in our bodies that mostly directly
controls our thoughts, emotions, and other
motivations
● reactive and directive
● The main focus of brain function is
localization-refers to the specific areas of
the brain that controls specific skills or
behaviors.
Nervous System- the basis for our ability to
perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world
around us.
Forebrain
● the region located toward the top and front
of the brain.
● Responsible for cognition, emotional
processing
● The largest region.
● It includes:
1. Cerebral cortex
● Outer layer of the cerebral cortex
● Involved in receiving and
processing sensory information,
thinking and other cognitive
processing, and planning ang
sending motor information.
2. Basal ganglia- collection of nuclei
and neural fibers
● Crucial to the function of motor
systems
● Initiation of voluntary movements
● Regulation of emotions
● Deficit in Parkinson’s Disease
and Huntington’s disease
3. Limbic system
● Involved in learning, emotions,
and motivation
● Includes:
Hippocampus- essential for memory
formation.
Korsakoff’s syndrome- a disease that
produces memory functions. Lack
of vitamin B1 in the brain.
Septum-involved in danger and fear,
retrieval of memory
Amygdala-processing emotions, especially
in anger and aggression. Simulation in
Dysfunction leads to autism.
Visual agnosia- inability to recognize objects
4. Thalamus
● Transmits sensory information coming to
the cerebral cortex; includes several
nuclei (groups of neurons) specializing in
perception of visual stimuli, auditory
stimuli, pressure and pain, and
information that helps us sense physical
balance and equilibrium.
5. Hypothalamus
● Control center, body temperature
● Involved in endocrine system, autonomic
nervous system, survival behavior 4F
(fighting, feeding, feeling, fucking)
The Midbrain
Helps to control eye movement and coordination
Acts as the bridge for various functions.
It includes:
1. Superior colliculi
● Involved in vision, especially in visual
reflexes. Sensory information to the
eyes
2. Inferior colliculi
● Involved in hearing
● Auditory information
3. Reticular activating system
● Regulate and control the level of
alertness in individuals. Involved in
consciousness, attention,
cardiorespiratory function, and
movement, involved in sleep wake cycle
4. Gray area
5. Red nucleus
6. Substantia nigra
7. Ventra region
Hindbrain
● Controls basic bodily function functions and
coordinating motor movements
1. Cerebellum
 ● The little brain
● Essential to balance, coordination,
and muscle tone
2. Pons- acts as a bridge connecting different
regions in the brain, allowing
communication between them. Involved in
facial nerves and consciousness.
3. Medulla Oblongata- nerves cross here
from one side of the body to opposite side
of the brain; involved in cardiorespiratory
function, digestion and swallowing.

Postmortem and In Vivo
● Post mortem is a Latin term for“after death”
● In Vivo is a Latin term for “within the living”
Postmortem Studies
● Also known as autopsy
● It involves the examination and analysis of
brain tissue after an individual has died.
These studies are crucial for understanding
various neurological conditions, diseases,
and disorders.
Lesioning Technique- finding the damaged area
Studying Live Nonhuman Animals
● often referred to as "in vivo research"
involving animals
● It is a common practice in various scientific
disciplines, including psychology.
● Many early in vivo techniques were
performed exclusively on animals.
● Nobel Prize–winning research on visual
perception, it arose from in vivo studies
investigating the electrical activity of
individual cells in particular regions of the
brains of animals.
Ways to Study Live NonHuman Animals
1. Inserting a thin electrode next to a single
neuron in the brain of an animal
● To obtain single-cell recordings.
● They then record the changes in
electrical activity that occur in the cell
when the animal is exposed to a
stimulus.
● Used to study the individual neurons in
the brain.
2. Selective Lesioning
● Surgically removing or damaging
part of the brain to observe resulting
functional deficit.
● Primary purpose is to understand
the purpose of specific brain areas
by observing how the removal
affects behavior, and cognitive
functions.
3. Genetic Knock-out
● Manipulating genes, animals can be
created without certain kinds of brain
cells or receptors.
Studying Live Human
● referred to as "in vivo research" involving
live humans
● This area of study allows researchers to
investigate the structure, function, and
connectivity of the human brain while the
individual is alive.
● electrical recordings, static imaging, and
metabolic imaging
Types of Electrical Recordings
● involve the measurement and analysis of
electrical signals generated by neurons in
the brain.
● The brain transmits signals through
electrical potentials. When recorded, this
activity appears as waves of various widths
(frequencies) and heights (intensities).
1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
● records electrical activity in the brain using
electrodes placed on the scalp.
● It is essential for diagnosing and
researching conditions like epilepsy.
2. Event-Related Potential (ERP)
● is the record of a small change in the brain’s
electrical activity in response to a
stimulating event.
● provide good information about the
time-course of task-related brain activity.
● In any one EEG recording, there is a great
deal of “noise”—that is, irrelevant electrical
activity going on in the brain. ERPs cancel
out the effects of noise by averaging out
activity that is not task-related.
● Selective attention used this to test
● Examine language processing
3. Static imaging techniques
● Refer to non-invasive medical
imaging methods that capture
detailed images of the body's
internal structures or organs without
the need for real-time imaging.
Example of Static Imaging Technique
(X Ray based)
1. Brain Angiogram
● A brain angiogram highlights the
blood vessels of the brain.
● Examine the blood flow
● Diagnosed and plan the various
vascular treatment in the brain
2. Computed Tomography (CT)
● A CT image of a brain uses a series
of rotating scans to produce a
three-dimensional view of brain
structures.
● Assess injuries, tumors and other
abnormalities
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
● provides static images of the brain or other
body parts, highlighting anatomical details
● It uses strong magnets and radio waves to
create detailed images of brain structure.
● Pinaka favorite sa cogpsych because it’s
detailed
4. Metabolic imaging techniques
● rely on changes that take place
within the brain as a result of
increased consumption of glucose
and oxygen in active areas of the
brain.
● It provides valuable insights into
brain function, biochemistry, and
metabolism, which can be crucial for
diagnosing and studying various
neurological disorders.
Types of Metabolic Imaging Techniques
1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
● These still photographs of PET scans of a
brain show different metabolic processes
during different activities.
● PET scans permit the study of brain
physiology.
● PET scans measure increases in oxygen
consumption in active brain areas during
particular kinds of information processing.
● PET scans can assist in the diagnosis of
disorders of cognitive decline such as
Alzheimer’s by searching for abnormalities
in the brain.
2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI)
● is a neuroimaging technique that uses
magnetic fields to construct a detailed
representation in three dimensions of levels
of activity in various parts of the brain at a
given moment in time.
● This technique builds on MRI, but it uses
increases in oxygen consumption to
construct images of brain activity.
● An fMRI creates a magnetic field that
induces changes in the particles of oxygen
atoms.
● fMRI methods are used to examine brain
changes in specific patient populations,
including people with schizophrenia and
epilepsy
fMRI Related Procedure
1. pharmacological MRI (phMRI)
● combines fMRI methods with the study
of psychopharmacological agents.
Functional transcranial Doppler sonography
These studies examine the influence
(fTCD)
and role of particular
● It uses ultrasound technology to track the
psychopharmacological agents on the
velocity of blood flow in the brain. Because
brain. PhMRIs have been used to
the blood flow can be monitored on a
examine the role of agonists (which
continuous basis, the resolution of fTCD is
strengthen responses) and antagonists
superior to techniques such as PET. It is
(which weaken responses) on the same
noninvasive and easy to use, which makes
receptor cells.
it a good technique to use on children or
2. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-
people who have trouble cooperating with
● examines the restricted dispersion of
instructions.
water in tissue and, of special interest, in
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
axons.
● is a neuroimaging technique, but it is not
● Water in the brain cannot move freely,
primarily a metabolic imaging technique like
but rather, its movement is restricted by
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or
the axons and their myelin sheaths.
some forms of functional Magnetic
● DTI measures how far protons have
Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
moved in a particular direction within a
● can monitor blood flow in the prefrontal
specific time interval.
cortex. It also can monitor the amount of
● This technique has been useful in the
oxygen in the blood. Ascensor is attached to
mapping of the white matter of the brain
a person’s forehead and measurements are
and in examining neural circuits.
taken, usually before, during, and after
performing a task.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

● Involves placing a coil on a person’s head

and then allowing an electrical current to
pass through it. The current generates a
magnetic field. This field disrupts the small
1.STROKE
area (usually no more than a cubic
centimeter) beneath it. The researcher can
● Vascular disorder is a brain disorder caused
then look at cognitive functioning when the
by a stroke. occur when the flow of blood to
particular area is disrupted.
the brain undergoes a sudden disruption.
● Often used in brain research to investigate
brain functions and in clinical application to
● ISCHEMIC STROKE - a buildup of fatty
treat neurological and psychiatric disorders
tissue occurs in blood vessels over a period
of years, and a piece of this tissue breaks
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
off and gets lodged in arteries of the brain.
● measures brain activity from outside the
head (similar to EEG) by picking up
● HEMORRHAGIC STROKE - when a blood
magnetic fields emitted by changes in brain
vessel in the brain suddenly breaks.
activity. This technique allows localization of
brain signals so that it is possible to know
what different parts of the brain are doing at
different times.
● Application is used in the patients in
phantom laid plane

Symptoms of Stroke:
● numbness or weakness in the face, arms, or
legs (especially on one side of the body)
confusion and difficulty speaking or
understanding speech vision disturbances
in one or both eyes dizziness, trouble
walking, or loss of balance or coordination
severe headache with no known cause.
2. BRAIN TUMORS
● also called neoplasms.
● can occur in either the gray or white matter
of the brain.
● two types of brain tumor: primary and
secondary.
can either be benign or malignant
BENIGN TUMORS - do not contain
cancer cells.
MALIGNANT TUMORS - contain cancer cells.
Common Symptoms of Brain Tumors:
● headaches (usually worse in the morning)
● nausea or vomiting
● changes in speech, vision, or hearing
problems balancing or walking
● changes in mood, personality, or ability to
concentrate
● problems with memory muscle jerking and
twitching (seizures or convulsions)
● numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
LESSON 2: VISUAL PERCEPTION
Sensation- refers to the initial process through
which sensory receptors in the eyes detect and
respond to physical stimuli in the environment, such
as light.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
PERCEPTION IS THE SET OF PROCESSES BY
WHICH WE RECOGNIZE, ORGANIZE, AND
MAKE SENSE OF THE SENSATIONS WE
RECEIVE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
SENSATION- REFERS TO THE INITIAL
PROCESS THROUGH WHICH SENSORY
RECEPTORS IN THE EYES DETECT AND
RESPOND TO PHYSICAL STIMULI IN THE
ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS LIGHT
FROM SENSATION TO PERCEPTION
We do not perceive the world exactly as our eyes
see it. Instead, our brain actively tries to make
sense of the many stimuli that enter our eyes and
fall on our retina.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF PERCEPTION
JAMES GIBSON (1966, 1979)
provided a useful framework for studying
perception in hisinfluential work. He introduced the
concepts of distal (external) object, informational
medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual
object
DISTAL (FAR)- OBJECT IS THE OBJECT IN THE
EXTERNAL WORLD (E.G., A FALLING TREE).
INFORMATIONAL MEDIUM REFERS TO ANY
MEANS OR METHOD USED TO CONVEY,
TRANSMIT (E.G SOUND WAVES, LIGHT
PROXIMAL STIMULATION" REFERS TO THE
IMMEDIATE SENSORY INPUT OR STIMULATION
THAT AN INDIVIDUAL RECEIVES FROM THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
PERCEPTUAL OBJECT REFERS TO A MENTAL
REPRESENTATION OR CONSTRUCT THAT IS
CREATED BY THE BRAIN TO ORGANIZE AND
INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION FROM
THE ENVIRONMENT
GANZFELD.
WHEN YOUR EYES ARE EXPOSED TO A
UNIFORM FIELD OF STIMULATION (E.G., A RED
SURFACE
AREA WITHOUT ANY SHADES, A CLEAR BLUE
SKY, OR DENSE FOG), YOU WILL STOP
PERCEIVING THAT
STIMULUS AFTER A FEW MINUTES AND SEE
JUST A GRAY FIELD INSTEAD. THIS IS
BECAUSE YOUR EYES
HAVE ADAPTED TO THE STIMULUS.
GANZFELD
IS GERMAN AND MEANS “COMPLETE FIELD”
SEEING THINGS THAT AREN’T THERE,
or Are They?
BEFORE YOU RECOGNIZED THE FIGURE AS A
COW, YOU CORRECTLY
SENSED ALL ASPECTS OF THE FIGURE. BUT
YOU HAD NOT YET ORGANIZED THOSE
SENSATIONS TOFORM A MENTAL PERCEPT—A
MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF A STIMULUS
THAT IS PERCEIVED.WITHOUT SUCH A
PERCEPT OF THE COW, YOU COULD NOT
MEANINGFULLY GRASP WHAT YOU PRE-
VIOUSLY HAD SENSED.
BOTH CENTRAL TRIANGLES ARE OPTICAL
ILLUSIONS. THEY INVOLVE THE
PERCEPTION OF VISUAL INFORMATION NOT
PHYSICALLY PRESENT IN
THE VISUAL SENSORY STIMULUS.
WERE THE PARTHENON ACTUALLY
CONSTRUCTED THE WAY IT APPEARS TO
USPERCEPTUALLY (WITH STRICTLY
RECTILINEAR FORM), ITS APPEARANCE
WOULD BE BIZARRE.
HOW DOES OUR VISUAL SYSTEM WORK?
CORNEA - THE EYE COVERING THAT IS A
CLEAR DOME THAT PROTECTS THE EYE.
PUPIL- THE OPENING IN THE CENTER OF THE
IRIS.
THE VITREOUS HUMOR IS A GEL-LIKE
SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP THE MAJORITY
OF THE EYE.
RETINA - WHERE ELECTROMAGNETIC LIGHT
ENERGY IS
TRANSDUCED THAT IS, CONVERTED INTO
NEURAL ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSES
FOVEA, WHICH IS A SMALL, THIN REGION OF
THE RETINA, THE SIZE OF
THE HEAD OF A PIN.
THE RETINA CONTAINS THE
PHOTORECEPTORS, WHICH CONVERT LIGHT
ENERGY INTO ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
THAT IS TRANSMITTED BY NEURONS TO THE
BRAIN.
EACH EYE CONTAINS ROUGHLY 120 MILLION
RODS AND 8 MILLION CONES.
THE RODS ARE LONG AND THIN
PHOTORECEPTORS.
THE CONES ARE SHORT AND THICK
PHOTORECEPTORS AND
ALLOW FOR THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR.
PATHWAYS TO PERCEIVE THE WHAT AND THE
WHERE
THE DORSAL PATHWAY IS ALSO CALLED THE
WHERE PATHWAY AND
IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROCESSING
LOCATION AND MOTION INFORMATION;
THE VENTRAL PATHWAY IS
CALLED THE WHAT PATHWAY BECAUSE IT IS
MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROCESSING THE
COLOR, SHAPE,
AND IDENTITY OF VISUAL STIMULI
APPROACHES TO PERCEPTION
BOTTOM-UP
THEORIES
Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception
describe approaches in which perception starts with
the stimuli whose appearance you take in through
your eye
theories under BOTTOM-UP THEORIES
focuses on the analysis of raw sensory data and
the construction of perceptions from individual
sensory cues
2. Template Theory
2. Feature-Matching Theory
2. Recognition by Components Theory
Gibson’s theory
of direct perception
the sensory context provided by the environment, is
all we need to perceive and understand the world
around us
we do not need higher cognitive processes or
mental intermediaries to connect what we perceive
with what we have stored in our minds
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DIRECT
PERCEPTION THEORY:
He argued that the environment provides crucial
information for perception which includes factors
like lighting, texture, motion, and spatial
relationships between objects.
Gibson believed that the information we gather
through our senses (such as vision and hearing)
contains all the necessary cues and details for
perception.
Gibson suggests that we use various contextual
cues, such as texture gradients, to perceive depth
and distance.
He argued that we do not require higher-level
cognitive processes, beliefs, or complex thought to
mediate our perceptions.
Eleanor Gibson, a prominent researcher and wife of
James Gibson, conducted significant research on
infant perception. Her work showed that even
infants, who lack significant prior knowledge and
experience, can quickly develop perceptual
awareness, including depth perception, relying on
direct perception principles.
He emphasizes that perception occurs in the
everyday, real-world environment, rather than in
controlled laboratory settings where contextual
information may be limited.
ASPECTS OF NEUROSCIENCE RELATED TO
PERCEPTION:
Mirror Neurons and Person Perception
type of neuron found in the brain, specifically in
areas like the premotor cortex and the posterior
parietal cortex
become active both when an individual performs a
specific action and when they observe someone
else performing the same action in other words,
they "mirror" the actions they see.
contribute to our capacity to recognize and
empathize with others, aiding our comprehension of
their expressions, emotions, and movements
ASPECTS OF NEUROSCIENCE RELATED TO
PERCEPTION:
2. Separate Neural Pathways for Object Perception
located in the lateral occipital area process form,
color, and texture in objects
when people are asked to judge the length of an
object, they often cannot ignore its width,
suggesting that these features may be processed
together
color, form, and texture of an object can be
assessed independently, meaning that our brains
have specialized pathways for processing these
specific attributes
Template theory
Propose that our minds contain numerous intricate
templates or detailed models representing various
patterns we might encounter
We compare patterns against our collection of
templates and select the one that best matches the
observed pattern
EXAMPLES OF TEMPLATE MATCHING
1.Fingerprint Identification
2. Barcode Scanning
3. Playing Chess
4. Face Recognition
Template-matching theories face challenges in
explaining aspects of letter perception. They
struggle to account for our ability to identify different
letters from a single physical form.
These theories would require an impractical
number of templates to accommodate variations in
size, orientation, and form of letters, making
storage and retrieval time consuming.
ASPECTS OF NEUROSCIENCE RELATED TO
TEMPLATE THEORY:
There is a difference in how the brain responds
when presented with letters compared to digits.
2. The activation of a specific brain area, located on
or near the left fusiform gyrus, is more active when
individuals are presented with letters as opposed to
digits.
3. Different regions of the visual cortex specialize in
processing different types of visual stimuli.
feature matching theory
Proposed an alternative explanation for pattern and
form perception.
Instead of comparing a whole pattern to a template
or prototype, these theories suggest that we match
individual features of a pattern to features stored in
our memory.
PANDEMONIUM MODEL
Conceived by Oliver Selfridge
1. Image Demons
Receive a retinal image and pass it on to feature
demons.
2. Feature Demons
Calls out when matches are made between the
stimulus and the given feature.
3. Cognitive Demons
Shout out possible patterns stored in memory
based on the features noticed
4. Decision Demon
Listens to the cognitive demons and decides what
has been seen based on the most frequently
shouting cognitive demon.
“pandemonium” refers to a noisy, chaotic place and
hell
FOUR KINDS OF PANDEMONIUM MODEL:
In the study, people had to spot either big letters or
small letters. When the small letters were close
together, they were quicker at identifying the big
letters. It didn't matter if the small letters matched
the big one when finding the big letters. But for
small letters, they were faster if they matched the
big ones.
When letters are placed far apart, people have an
easier time identifying the individual small letters
rather than the big overall letter. But when the
letters are close together, they struggle to spot the
small letters if they don't match the big one.
ASPECTS OF NEUROSCIENCE RELATED TO
FEATURE MATCHING THEORY
Neuroscience, particularly single-cell recording
studies in animals by researchers like Hubel and
Wiesel, supports feature-matching theories.
recognition by
components theory
Provides an explanation for how we form stable 3-D
mental representations of objects using simple
geometric shapes called geons (geometrical ions).
GEONS
- simple geometric components
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF RECOGNITION
BY COMPONENTS THEORY:
we rapidly recognize 3-D objects by first observing
their edges and then decomposing them into these
geons.
Geons are viewpoint invariant even in the presence
of visual noises.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF RECOGNITION
BY COMPONENTS THEORY:
This ability to maintain object recognition across
various viewpoints is a key aspect of the RBC
theory and the use of geons. It demonstrates how
our brains can quickly and accurately identify
objects despite changes in perspective or visual
noise, enhancing our ability to perceive and interact
with the world around us.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF RECOGNITION
BY COMPONENTS THEORY:
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex (i.e., the lower
part of the temporal cortex) react stronger to
changes in geons than to changes in other
geometrical properties (e.g., changes in the size or
diameter of a cylinder.
RBC theory explains how we may recognize
general instances of chairs, lamps, and faces, but it
does not adequately explain how we recognize
particular chairs or particular faces.
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF RBC THEORY:
CHALLENGING EVIDENCE OF RBC THEORY:
Viewpoint-Invariant Neurons
If Biederman's theory is accurate, studies should
reveal neurons in the brain, particularly in the
inferior temporal cortex, that respond to properties
of an object that remain consistent regardless of
the viewpoint (i.e., viewpoint-invariant properties).
Other studies have shown that many neurons
respond primarily to a specific view of an object and
gradually decrease their response as the object is
rotated (Logothetis, Pauls, & Poggio, 1995). This
finding contradicts the notion of Biederman's theory,
which suggests that recognition relies on
viewpoint-invariant geons.
TOP-DOWN
THEORIES
Propose that our prior knowledge, expectations,
and cognitive processes play a significant role in
shaping how we perceive and interpret sensory
information.
Suggest that our mental framework and context
influence what we see and how we make sense of
the world around us.
constructive approach to perception
The perceiver actively builds a cognitive
understanding or perception of a stimulus.
Perception is not solely driven by sensory input but
is actively constructed by the perceiver's cognitive
processes and concepts.
Also is known as intelligent perception because it
states that higher-order thinking plays an important
role in perception.
constructive approach to perception
Constructive perception helps explain perceptual
constancies, where we perceive objects as stable
despite changes in sensory input.
During perception, we quickly form and test various
hypotheses regarding percepts. The percepts are
based on the following:
ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTIVISTS,
what we see (the sensory data)
what we know (knowledge stored in memory)
what we can infer (using high-level cognitive
processes)
Constructive perception requires intelligence and
thought processes to combine sensory data with
previous experiences effectively.
Constructive approach is favored because is that
bottom-up (data-driven) theories of perception do
not fully explain context effects.
CONTEXT EFFECTS:
Refer to how the surrounding environment and
context influence perception.
Configural-Superiority Effect
THREE IMPORTANT CONTEXT EFFECTS IN
PERCEPTION:
which objects presented in certain configurations
are easier to recognize than the objects presented
in isolation
2. Object-Superiority Effect
THREE IMPORTANT CONTEXT EFFECTS IN
PERCEPTION:
a target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D
object is identified more accurately than a target
that forms a part of a disconnected 2-D pattern
3. Word-Superiority Effect
when people are presented with strings of letters, it
is easier for them to identify a single letter if the
string makes sense and forms a word instead of
being just a nonsense sequel of letters.
house
huseo

HOW DO BOTTOM-UP THEORIES AND
TOP-DOWM THEORIES GO TOGETHER?
CONTRADICTIONS ON THE STUDY OF
PERCEPTION
CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION THEORY
(TOP-DOWN)
DIRECT PERCEPTION THEORY (BOTTOM-UP)
The role of prior knowledge and cognitive
processes is important in perception.
Sensory receptors provide complete and
information, and perception.
INSTEAD OF SEEING DIFFERENT THEORIES
OF PERCEPTION AS CONFLICTING, WE CAN
THINK OF THEM AS WORKING TOGETHER.
Sensory data can be unclear or incomplete
sometimes due to factors like poor lighting.
We usually use both our sensory input and our
previous knowledge to understand what we see.
Our brain processes what we see in different
stages.
PERCEPTION OF
OBJECTS AND FORMS
THREE COMMON POSITIONS REGARDING
MENTAL REPRESENTATION IN PERCEPTION
Viewer-Centered Representation
dependent on surface view
easy to construct
surface description changes with the viewpoint
description of the object is independent of where
the viewer is located.
object is stored in a way that best represents it
no alignment required
more compact single representation
object is stable across different orientations
2. Object-Centered Representation
information is characterized by its relation to a
well-known or prominent item
emphasizes the object's relationship with
recognizable landmarks in the environment
recognizing objects and navigating in familiar
surroundings
3. Landmark-Centered Representation
THE PERCEPTION OF
GROUPS—GESTALT LAWS
Developed in Germany in the early 20th century.
gestalt approach
Founded by Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), Wolfgang
Köhler (1887–1968), and Max Wertheimer
(1880–1943)
Useful for understanding how we perceive groups
of objects or even parts of objects to form integral
wholes.
Based on the notion that the whole differs from the
sum of its individual parts
Suggests that objects or elements that are close to
each other in space are perceived as related or
grouped together.
PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY
PRINCIPLE OF SIMILARITY
Suggests that objects or elements that are similar
in appearance are perceived as related or grouped
together.
PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY
People tend to perceive and organize visual
elements into continuous and smooth patterns or
lines rather than disjointed or fragmented ones.
gestalt principles of form perception
People tend to perceive incomplete or fragmented
shapes as whole and complete objects.
PRINCIPLE OF CLOSURE
LAW OF SYMMETRY
Balanced and harmonious arrangement of
elements on either side of a central point, line, or
axis.
Suggests that we tend to perceive visual arrays in
ways that most simply organize elements into
stable and coherent forms.
THE LAW OF PRÄGNANZ
Organize visual elements into coherent and
meaningful patterns rather than perceiving them as
a collection of unrelated parts.
TWO DIFFERENT PATTERN RECOGNITION
SYSTEM
TOPIC #4
FEATURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM:
The first system specializes in recognizing parts of
objects and in assembling those parts into
distinctive wholes.
Can also be used in face recognition.
FEATURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM:
CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM
The second system specializes in recognizing
larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects
or the constructions of the objects.
most relevant to recognizing faces.
CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONAL EFFECT
If you stare at a distorted face for a while and then
stare at a normal face , the normal face will look
distorted in the opposite direction.
Face recognition occurs in the fusiform gyrus of the
temporal lobe.
•Cognitive processing of faces and the emotions of
the face can interact.
•Studies indicate that in some with negative
emotions; such as fear, your amygdala processes
the emotion automatically,
•Highly anxious people's amygdala always proses
fear automatically, but less anxious people tend not
to.
TOPIC #4
THE NEUROSCIENCE RECOGNIZING FACES
AND PATTERN
There is evidence that emotion increases activation
within the fusiform gyrus when people are
processing faces.
People with autism have impaired emotional
recognition. Scanning their brains reveals that the
fusiform gyrus is less active than in nonautistic
populations.
The Expert-Individuation Hypothesis
-the fusiform gyrus is activated when one examines
items with which one has visual expertise.
This theory is able to account for the activation of
the fusiform gyrus when people view faces because
we are, in effect, experts at identifying and
examining faces.
Prosopagnosia - the inability to recognize faces -
Implies damage to the configurational system.
The ability to recognize faces is especially
influenced by lesions of the right fusiform gyrus,
either unilateral or bilateral.
People with schizophrenia tend to look at fewer
sailent features of a face and also exhibit fewer
long fixations.
TOPIC #5
THE ENVIRONMENT HELP YOU SEE
THE ENVIRONMENT HELP YOU SEE
TWO MAIN CONSTANCIES
Size Constancy - the perception that an object
maintains the same size despite despite changes in
the size of the proximal stimulus.
Shape Constancy - the perception that an object
maintains the same shape despite changes in the
shape of the proximal stimulus
when our perception of an object remains the same
even when our proximal sensation of the distal
object changes.
our perceptual system has system has
mechanisms that adjust our perception of the
proximal stimulus.
Perceptual Constancy
DEPTH PERCEPTION
Depth
the distance from a surface, usually using your own
body as a reference surface when speaking in
terms of depth perception.
Binocular disparity
your two eyes send increasingly disparate images
to your brain as it approaches you.
Binocular convergence
your two eyes increasingly turn inward as object
approach you.
Monocular depth cues - can be represented in just
two dimensions and observed with just one eye.
Binocular Depth Cues - based on the receipt of
sensory information in three dimensions from both
eyes. It use the relative position of your eyes.
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF DEPTH PERCEPTION
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
V5 REGION OF VISUAL CORTEX
visual shape is processed in the ventral visual
stream
concerned in human motion complex
hMT
depth and shape information
VENTRAL OCCIPITAL & VENTRAL TEMPORAL
LATERAL OCCIPITAL CORTEX
PARIETAL CORTEX
different features of the stimulus are analyzed
parietal cortex is involved in top-down processes
that influence the areas in the primary visual cortex
where the visual stimuli are being processed in the
beginning
the shape that was inferred is then compared with
the shape representation

TOPIC #5
DEFICITS IN PERCEPTION

AGNOSIA
VISUAL-OBJECT AGNOSIA
people that can see all parts of the visual field but
the objects they see do not mean anything to them.
people who have trouble perceiving sensory
information caused by the damage to the border of
the temporal and occipital lobes, restricted oxygen
flow to areas of the brain, or as a result of traumatic
brain injury.
Difficulties in Perceiving the “What”

SIMULTAGNOSIA
PROSOPAGNOSIA
the disorder is associated with the damage to the
right temporal lobe of the brain which resulted to
severe impaired ability to recognize human faces
people who are unable to pay attention to more
than one object at a time caused by the disturbance
in the temporal region of the cortex.
Difficulties in Perceiving the “What”

OPTIC ATAXIA
is an impaired ability to use the visual system to
guide movement.
the “how” pathway is impaired

Ataxia results from a processing failure in the

posterior parietal cortex , where sensorimotor
information is processed.
Difficulties in Knowing the “How”
OPTIC ATAXIA

ACHROMACY
also called rod monochromacy. People with this
condition have no color vision at all. The true form
of pure color blindness.
People with this form of color-blindness have
difficulty in distinguishing red from green although
they may be able to distinguish dark and light.
Anomalies in Color Perception
DICHROMACY

PROTANOPIA
extreme form of red-green color blindness
trouble seeing greens with symptoms similar to
protanopia
Anomalies in Color Perception
DEUTERANOPIA
TRITANOPIA
confusion of blues and greens, and yellows that
disappear or appear as light shades of reds

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!