DS

Political History of Pakistan:

1947 India Pakistan war – Kashmir Problem – 12 March 1949 Objective Resolution – Liaquat visit of
US and SEATO & CENTO – Soviet turned down good will visit intension – cold war era – Urdu and
protest in Bengal - Douglas Gracey refusal to obey the orders of Jinnah for Kashmir – UN Mediation –
Karachi Agreement for halting hostilities and peaceful resolution - ease fire Jan 1, 1949 - 1948, Jinnah
died – attacks on Hindus in Pakistan – Liaquat Nehru Pact 1950 to protection of minorities on both
sides – Firing on protesters of Bengali language in Dhaka – then agreed for Bengali in 1956
constitution – 1951 attempted coup detat - Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army General Ayub
Khan and Defense minister Iskandar Mirza remained loyal to Liaquat Ali Khan- Rawalpindi Conspiracy
Case – Faiz Ahmed Faiz and MJ Akbar Khan arrested – Fiaz of Communist Party- Arrested un Safety
Act like MPO – Remained in jail for 4 years – Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy was his defense lawyer
(Bengali) -

PGII - Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment at the G7 Summit June 2022 launched in
Germany - US &G7’s Initiative – to better respond to the global demand for high quality
infrastructure financing, in low- and middle-income countries based on the trust principles of
the Blue Dot Network ( The Blue Dot Network (BDN) is a joint project of the United States, Japan,
and Australia that supports investment in high-quality infrastructure projects around the world. The
BDN works to raise money from investors by certifying projects to strict quality standards )

PGII is the renamed form of Build-Back Better World (BBBW) announced at 47th G& summit in June
2021 UK as ant-BRI. PGII is for energy, physical, digital, health, and climate-resilient infrastructure –
while focusing, during its implementation, on gender equality and equity, raising labour and
environmental standards and promoting transparency, governance, and anti-corruption measures-
discussions on opening serious, sustainable channels for unlocking public and private capital for
these projects in the developing world - catalysing like-minded countries, the private sector,
multilateral development banks, and development finance institutions to drive investment in quality
global infrastructure - transformative economic corridors- to date US has mobilized $30bn ( grants,
federal financing, and leveraging private sector investment) - development of the Lobito Corridor –
connecting Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia with global markets through Angola
to to Tanzania and, ultimately, the Indian Ocean – 500MW Solar Park in Angola – plans to construct
data centres throughout Africa - $300 million loan facility for the data center in Ghana - increasing
access to cloud-based technologies, bringing down the cost of internet - United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) - USTDA is
providing feasibility studies in Kenya to expand and improve healthcare in Kenya – US $ 500m
support to Tanzania for developing infrastructure in various sectors – US Indonesia Just Energy
Transition Partnership (JETP) - Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP)- Expanding Digital Access in Costa
Rica-Cybersecurity assistance, Financing support for 5G expansion: U.S. EXIM Bank – Romania &
Indonesia Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).

Future Objective: Over the next five years, the G7 governments and its private business sector will
invest $600 billion under PGII. It aims to offer an alternative to China's estimated $1 trillion
infrastructure investments worldwide over the past decade. The US-led G7 and Nato bloc [is]
accelerating its ‘pivot to Asia. But this plan comes rather late in the game," he adds. "China has
already established solid positions, lower costs and superior technical skills, notably in the fields of
civil engineering, construction, high-speed rail and renewable energy.

The World Bank’s Pakistan Climate and Development Report has estimated that 6.5-9pc of GDP will
likely be lost by 2050 to climate change if the situation persists. Last year floods destroyed crops and
infrastructure worth over $30bn. -climate-resilient infrastructure -Pakistan’s Geoeconomic Pivot,
authored by Moeed Yusuf and Rabia Akhtar -National Security Policy 2022 - COP28 Dubai Nov 2023-
Loss and Damage fund activation proposal by Pakistan - $100bn commitment at last summit for poor
countries not met - 33m people effected last year floods – temperature soared to 53 degrees Celsius
- National Adaptation Plan aims to mitigate these impacts through a strategic, government-wide
approach - World Bank estimates Pakistan needs $348bn by 2030 - climate-linked SDGs - Global Goal
on Adaptation — a collective commitment under the Paris Agreement yet to be capitalized – puh for
executing the L&D fund within the framework of the UNFCCC (UB framework convention of climate
change) and the Paris Agreement ( 2015) which covers climate change, mitigation, adaptation and
finance. ‫ سیالب اور شدید گرمی‬،‫ خشک سالی‬- )‫ اقوام متحدہ کے موسمیاتی ادارے (ڈبلیو ایم او‬- ‫ موافقت اور مالیات‬،‫تخفیف‬
‫دود‬0‫ک مح‬0‫یئس ت‬0‫ری سیلس‬0‫ ڈگ‬1.5 ‫و‬0‫ عالمی حدت میں اضافے ک‬- ‫ گرین ہاؤس گیسوں‬- ‫ سطح سمندر میں اضافے‬- ‫کی لہریں‬
‫دہ کے‬00‫وام متح‬00‫ئے اق‬00‫ر کمی النے کے ل‬00‫یز ت‬00‫ر اور ت‬00‫انے پ‬00‫ڑے پیم‬00‫راج میں ب‬00‫وں کے اخ‬00‫اؤس گیس‬00‫رین ہ‬00‫یے گ‬00‫نے کے ل‬00‫رکھ‬
‫ک‬00‫واتر خش‬00‫ریقہ میں مت‬00‫رقی اف‬00‫ مش‬- ‫ائی‬00‫د توان‬00‫ل تجدی‬00‫ قاب‬- ‫رتی ہے‬00‫سیکرٹری جنرل انتونیو گوتیرش کی کی پکار کا اعادہ ک‬
‫می‬00‫ پاکستان میں ریکارڈ توڑ بارشوں اور چین اور یورپ میں اب تک آنے والی گرمی کی شدید ترین لہروں جیسے موس‬،‫سالی‬
‫ر‬0‫انے پ‬0‫ وسمیاتی نگرانی اور ایسے واقعات کے بارے میں بروقت انتباہ کے نظام بن‬- ‫واقعات نے کروڑوں لوگوں کو متاثر کی‬
‫ر‬00‫بب خطے بھ‬00‫ مشرقی افریقہ میں مسلسل پانچ سالہ خشک سالی اور مسلح تنازعات جیسے دیگر عوامل کے س‬- ‫سرمایہ کاری‬
‫ ملین لوگ تباہ کن غذائی عدم تحفظ کا شکار ہیں‬20 ‫ – میں‬pak ‫ ارب ڈالر کا معاشی نقصان‬30 ‫سیالب سے مجموعی طو رپر‬
‫نرل نے 'ارتھ‬00‫یکرٹری ج‬00‫دہ کے س‬00‫وام متح‬00‫ اق‬- ‫و چکے تھے۔‬00‫ر ہ‬00‫ک بے گھ‬00‫ ملین لوگ اندرون مل‬8 ‫ تک‬2022 ‫ہوا اور اکتوبر‬
‫– ڈے' پر اپنے پیغام میں خبردار کیا کہ ''حیاتیاتی تنوع کا خاتمہ ہو رہا ہے اور دس الکھ انواع معدومیت کے دھانے پر ہیں‬

Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs, are countries' self-defined national climate pledges
under the Paris Agreement, detailing what they will do to help meet the global goal to pursue 1.5°C,
adapt to climate impacts and ensure sufficient finance to support these efforts - ‫حالیہ مشترکہ متعین قومی‬
‫نے‬00‫دود رکھ‬00‫و مح‬00‫رات ک‬00‫دیلی کے اث‬00‫شراکتیں (این ڈی سی) یعنی گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج پر قابو پانے اور موسمیاتی تب‬
‫میاتی‬0‫ا رہی ہیں۔ موس‬0‫ک ہی لے ج‬0‫دت ت‬0‫ری ح‬0‫ ڈگ‬2.5 ‫و کم از کم‬0‫اری زمین ک‬0‫کے لیے ممالک کی قومی سطح پر کوششیں ہم‬
‫مجھتے ہی‬00‫ تبدیلی کے حوالے سے بین الحکومتی پینل (آئی پی سی سی) میں شامل سائنس دان اس درجے کو تباہ کن س‬-IPCC
— Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -‫موسمیاتی تبدیلی کے خالف اقدامات کرتے ہوئے چار ترجیحی‬
‫رات کے‬00‫دیلی کے اث‬00‫میاتی تب‬00‫ خود کو موس‬،‫شعبوں میں پیش رفت کریں جن میں گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج کو محدود کرنا‬
‫ام‬00‫ا اہتم‬00‫ائل ک‬00‫ موسمیاتی تبدیلی سے ہونے والے نقصان پر قابو پانا اور اس مسئلے سے نمٹنے کے لیے مالی وس‬،‫مطابق ڈھالنا‬
‫امل ہیں۔‬00‫ا ش‬00‫ کرن‬- global climate finance windows simply cannot meet our growing needs- climate
investments needed in Pakistan and estimated by the World Bank to be five per cent of the country’s
GDP, or $20 billion annually – no grants and concessional lending -no option but to mobilize domestic
resources, in spite of its extremely narrow fiscal space - increasing investments in climate adaptation
will help expand the fiscal space needed for accelerated and sustained economic growth - The last
floods inflicted a loss of $30bn. This amount was more than the total disbursement by all UNFCCC
funds since their inception: the Global Environment Facility (1991), the Adaptation Fund (2001) and
the Green Climate Fund (2014). According to some estimates, they have collectively disbursed about
$22bn globally – From this Pak only got about $1bn - Nationally Determined Contributions and
National Adaptation Plan. –

03134151788 Eden Lhr, 0345 4090285 Johar, 0307 1188877 dh4, 0332-4409722 Gulberg Lgr(lect)
0313 5254408 Attia Rwp, 0333 5566821 Royal Rwp, 0321 5017981 Mairaj Rwp, +923455114510
Rustum, 0312 3534031 Ch shreef,
The latest edition of the Global State of Democracy report by the Stockholm-based International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance found a record number of democracies in decline -
International Day of Democracy, celebrated every year on Sept 15 - level of democracy enjoyed by
the average global citizen having dropped to 1986 levels – Economic Intelligence Unit’s 2022 report
concluded that only 8pc people in the world live in a ‘full democracy’, with over a third residing in an
authoritarian regime, 37pc in a flawed democracy and 18pc in a hybrid democracy, which is how it
classifies Pakistan. It also found 72 per cent of the global population (5.7 billion people) live in
autocracies — a substantial increase from 46pc a decade ago.

‫میر کے‬00‫وں و کش‬00‫) اور اس کے بعد کی قراردادوں میں استصواب رائے کا اصول جم‬1948( 47 ‫سالمتی کونسل کی قرارداد‬
( 2649 ‫رارداد‬0‫مبلی نے ق‬0‫نرل اس‬0‫دہ کی ج‬0‫وام متح‬0‫ا ہے۔ اق‬0‫ی کرت‬0‫ناخت کی عکاس‬0‫انونی ش‬0‫ود ارادیت کی ق‬0‫لوگوں کے حق خ‬
‫واز‬00‫د کے ج‬00‫وں کی جدوجہ‬00‫لط کے تحت لوگ‬00‫بی تس‬00‫) اور اس کے بعد کی کئی قراردادوں میں بار بار نوآبادیاتی اور اجن‬1970
‫– کی توثیق کی ہے‬

Modi while reducing space for democratic discourse in Kashmir, it promotes radicalization. Hindutva’s
religiosity is displacing Nehru’s secularism all across India, and Indian democracy is yielding to Hindu
majoritarian rule. Kashmiri nationalists must realise the grave dangers of giving more space to
religious extremists. In Palestine, after decades of struggle against Israeli occupation, the secular PLO
lost out to the religious radicalism of Hamas. So, blaming Modi only is half an explanation. It took
years to reach here. Years of pointing fingers on each other. Where lies the future? Does any solution
exist? A short retreat into mathematics: some equations indeed have solutions even if they need
much effort. But other equations can logically be shown to have no solution – nothing will ever work
for them. There is still a third type: that where solutions are possible but only under very specific
conditions.

‫ہ ہے‬00‫ہ زراعت پیش‬00‫ڑا حص‬00‫ا بہت ب‬00‫ادی ک‬00‫اری ٓاب‬00‫زرعی ٓامدنی پر ٹیکس کی باتیں ملک میں عشروں سے ہورہی ہیں کیونکہ ہم‬
‫لیکن اس ضمن میں کوئی قابل لحاظ پیش رفت اب تک نہیں ہوسکی ہے‬
‫تے جبکہ‬00‫راد ٹیکس نہیں دی‬00‫ہ اف‬00‫د زراعت پیش‬00‫فیص‬90‫تان میں‬00‫اف ہے کہ پاکس‬00‫المی بینک کی حالیہ رپورٹ میں کیا گیا یہ انکش‬
‫وبہ‬0‫ام مطل‬00‫ام میں تم‬00‫د جبکہ ٹیکس کے نظ‬00‫ک فیص‬0‫ہ ای‬00‫ا حص‬00‫وں ک‬00‫ے ٹیکس‬00‫تری س‬00‫ولی کی بہ‬00‫ر انکم ٹیکس وص‬0‫زرعی ٓامدن پ‬
‫ ہمارے نظام محصوالت کے نقائص کسی سے ڈھکے چھپے نہیں‬- ‫اصالحات سے دو فی صد تک بڑھ سکتا ہے‬
‫روڑ‬0‫ا رہ ک‬0‫کتا ہے کہ گی‬0‫ا جاس‬0‫ے لگای‬0‫مار س‬0‫ک کے ان اعدادوش‬0‫المی بین‬0‫ملک میں انکم ٹیکس کی مجموعی کیفیت کا اندازہ ع‬
‫ واں حصہ انکم ٹیکس میں رجسٹرڈ‬14‫الکھ یعنی کل تعداد کا محض تقریبًا‬80 ‫چالیس الکھ برسر روزگار افراد میں سے صرف‬
‫ہے‬
‫ان‬00‫تر ارک‬00‫پاکستان میں صرف تنخواہ دار طبقہ پورا ٹیکس دیتا ہے جبکہ شہریوں پر ٹیکس لگانے کے فیصلے کرنے والے بیش‬
‫ام ٓادمی‬00‫پارلیمنٹ اور حکمراں خود برائے نام ٹیکس دیتے ہیں ۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ ملک میں بالواسطہ ٹیکسوں کا بھاری بوجھ ع‬
‫ا ہے ۔‬0‫ا پڑرہ‬0‫کو تمام اشیائے ضرورت پر جی ایس ٹی اور بجلی گیس پٹرول وغیرہ پر بھاری محصوالت کی شکل میں ادا کرن‬
‫ر‬00‫ات اگ‬00‫در طبق‬00‫ جاگیردار اور مقت‬، ‫ وڈیرے‬، ‫ملک میں مہنگائی کے بے لگام ہونے کا بھی یہ ایک بڑا سبب ہے۔ بڑے زمیندار‬
‫ر‬00‫ور پ‬00‫ل ط‬00‫و مکم‬00‫اپنی ٓامدنی پر پورا ٹیکس ادا کریں تو صورت حال میں یقینا مثبت تبدیلی ٓاسکتی ہے۔ اس کے لیے معیشت ک‬
‫انچہ اس‬0‫ا ہے چن‬0‫ان کردی‬00‫ابلے میں بہت ٓاس‬0‫ی کے مق‬00‫و ماض‬00‫ل ک‬00‫الوجی نے اس عم‬0‫دستاویزی بنانا ضروری ہے اور جدید ٹیکن‬
‫سمت میں فوری اور نتیجہ خیز پیش قدمی کی جانی چاہئے‬

Indian’s SC decision on 370 comes on 11 Dec 2023. In August 2019, India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) had revoked occupied Kashmir’s special status by repealing Article 370 of the
constitution.

$600 billion in trade goods locks the two countries in an entangling embrace that neither can quit.
The US-China relations are like a bad marriage. The two sides hate and distrust each other, yet their
assets are all tied up together.

1000,000 is equal to 1 million, 1000 million is equal to 1 billion & 1000 billion is equal to 1 trillion.
Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson. The Murder of History is the other book
written by the nation. - In effect, political monopoly and economic monopoly are mutually
reinforcing. Similarly economic competition and political competition are also mutually reinforcing.
The former comes through “extractive institutions and monopoly” and later through “inclusive
institutions and competition”. The former comes through “elite capture” and later comes through
“inclusive democracies”. Countries periodically experience political crises -- “critical junctures” -- that
create pressure for existing institutions to change, but that the direction of that change cannot be
predicted in advance- This is how Nations fail or rise respectively. Extractive institutions are
institutions which are set up to provide benefit to a select elite. This contrasts with inclusive
institutions, which are set up for the benefit of all or most of the population. North & South Korea 1
Example.

Statistics

China GDP $17.701 trillion (nominal; 2023) $32.898 trillion (PPP; 2023)

US GDP $26.950 trillion (nominal; 2023 est.) $26.950 trillion (PPP; 2023 est.)

Pak GDP $340.64 billion (nominal; 2023) $1.57 trillion (PPP; 2023 est.)

India GDP $3.732 trillion (nominal; 2023 est.) $13.119 trillion (PPP; 2023 est.)

China Forex Reserves $ 3,101 bn (Oct 2023) India Forex Reserves $ 604 bn (Oct 2023)US Forex
Reserves $ 35 bn (Oct 2023) Pak Forex Reserves $ 12 bn (Oct 2023)

2 ‫الفور نے‬0‫ز ب‬0‫ر جیم‬0‫راعظم آرتھ‬0‫ء کے بدناِم زمانہ اعالِن بالفور میں برطانوی سیکریٹری خارجہ اور سابق وزی‬1917 ‫نومبر‬
‫یے‬0‫وں کے ل‬0‫طین میں یہودی‬0‫ومت فلس‬0‫انوی حک‬0‫ا کہ ’برط‬0‫و بتای‬0‫چلڈ ک‬0‫اس وقت کے ممتاز برطانوی صہیہونی الرڈ والٹر روتھس‬
‫ریاست کے قیام کے حق میں مثبت رائے رکھتی ہے‬

South Asia, home to a quarter of the global population. Pakistan’s National Clean Air Policy should be
implemented in synergy with climate change policies through a bottom-up approach.---election
manifestoes same as always: They all talk of the same issues: universal education, universal
healthcare, infrastructure development, devolution, tax reforms, women empowerment, energy
sector reforms, accountability for all, SOE reforms, agricultural reforms, poverty alleviation,
development of the IT sector, industry and trade, digital and financial inclusion, social protection, and
(not to forget) youth empowerment.-----the are not ready to implement them but only
slogans………..There seems to be an obvious disconnect between the politicians’ words and actions:
they well understand the need for expanding the tax base, yet they continue to bring unsustainable
tax reforms to protect themselves and their cronies; they speak of accountability, yet they adeptly
navigate the bureaucratic landscape to secure personal advantages. They couldn’t even digitise the
public sector till now!

Moreover, the irony of the situation is not lost when prominent politicians, having ascended to the
highest party positions based on lineage, talk of inclusion and equality of opportunity……Likewise,
talking about gender equality is one thing, and talking constructive steps to achieve it is another.
Inclusion of relative women, instead of professional and competent women, is not the
empowerment of women. We don’t want your favours; we need our rights!... TV anchors need to
redirect focus from petty political matters towards substantive debates and discussions on election
manifestos. Blame games need to stop, empty promises need to be dumped, and tall claims need to
go out the window. As voters, we need to be aware of the policy agendas, and they need to make
sense given the financial crunch. PPP’s “Zinda ha Bhutto Zinda ha”, PMLN’s “ Mujy q Nikala” , and
PTI’s “ Sbko jail bahjun ga ” may resonate emotionally, but they won’t address the pressing issues at
hand. In political speeches, politicians need to talk substance. We need to hear solutions, not elite’s
objectives of just attaining the chair.

IT is now almost a truism that Asia will be the focal point of geopolitics in the 21st century as Europe
was in the last 200 years. The reasons are evident: two-thirds of the world’s people inhabit Asia and
it produces more than half of world output. The rivalry now extends to trade and development,
including: access to natural resources; mutually exclusive trade blocs; rival development models and
institutions, and the struggle for control of global economic and financial institutions.

Spratly and Parcels Islands in South China Sea are being contested by China, Taiwan, Malaysia,
Buranai, Thailand and the Philippines. While in North East china Sea Ruby Islanads are being
contested by China and Japan. China’s ‘string of pearls’ position is being challenged by the US ‘string
of alliances’ around China. Fortunately, the power paradigm is not the only driving force in world
affairs today. The parallel paradigm of interdependence and convergence is also in play.

Siliguri Corridor: The “Chicken Neck” is the about 20km with corridor sandwiched between
Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal that connects marginalized eastern most India with rest of main land
India. Eastern most marginalized India consists of eight states named as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura (commonly known as the "Seven Sisters"), and
the "brother" state of Sikkim. India could be tight necked from this corridor.

Padma Bridges 2022 is the double or two levels bridge on Padma River (main distributary of Ganges)
in Bangladesh, that alone will contribute about 1.3% of GDP growth.

Pakistan’s economy is now facing one of its worst crises. Poor policy choices, combined with a
series of shocks — Covid 19, the 2022 catastrophic floods and adverse global conditions — caused
growth to slow, poverty to increase, and brought the country to the brink of debt default.

per capita income growth has been declining in the face of low productivity and high fertility.

First, Pakistan must address its human capital crisis. Second, to finance improvements in service
delivery and human capital development, Pakistan must generate more fiscal space through
reformation of tax system and other policy measures. Third, Pakistan must strive for a more dynamic
and open economy that promotes investment, growth, productivity through decentralization,
expansion of social safety nets, and tax reforms. Fourth, the agriculture sector must be transformed
to safeguard food security in the face of climate change and rising water scarcity. Fifth, energy-sector
inefficiencies need to be addressed faster and more consistently, as they have long been a drain on
public resources, particularly the problem of capacity charges.

78pc of 10-year-old children are unable to read an age-appropriate text, while over 20 million
children are out of school. Tax collection has remained at a low 10pc of GDP for decades. Abolishing
expensive tax exemptions and reducing compliance costs alone could quickly generate about 3pc of
GDP in added revenues. More could be raised at the provincial and local levels from undertaxed
sectors, like real estate, agriculture, and retail — potentially raising another 3pc of GDP. Expenditure
savings could be achieved by more efficient management of public resources. Most loss-making
public enterprises should be privatised. Poorly targeted subsidies in agriculture and energy should be
cut, while protecting the poorest. Overlaps between federal and provincial spending should also be
cut. These measures could provide savings of 3pc of GDP per year. Frequent overvaluation of the
currency coupled with high tariffs lead firms to focus on domestic markets, disincentivizing exports.
Tax distortions also discourage productive investment and support non-tradable sectors such as real
estate. Accelerating the sale of productive assets or selectively attracting foreign investment deals
may bring in much-needed forex reserves in the short term, but lasting impact will require
addressing urgently the core issues behind low investment and declining productivity growth:
levelling the playing field, spurring competition, cutting red tape and increasing policy predictability.
Fourth, the agriculture sector must be transformed to safeguard food security in the face of climate
change and rising water scarcity. Current subsidies, government procurement and price restrictions
lock farmers into low-value, undiversified farming systems and water-intensive crops.

‫جواہر الل نہرو کی ’ڈسکوری آف انڈیا‘ اور صدیق سالخ کی ’وٹنیس ٹو سرنڈر‬-- -‘ Suleman Taseer book “ Bhutto”,

300 ‫عالمی ادارہ صحت کے مطابق اگر ایئر کوالٹی انڈی‬-- ‫ دسمبر جوکہ یوِم صحت کے طور پر منایا جاتا ہے‬3 - 28 ‫کوپ‬
‫ئر‬00‫ہروں میں بھی ای‬00‫ر ش‬00‫ارے دیگ‬00‫لیکن ہم‬-----‫ا۔‬00‫ا گی‬00‫ارڈ کی‬00‫ ریک‬490 ‫ال ہی میں یہ‬00‫ور میں ح‬00‫حت ہے۔ الہ‬00‫ہے تو یہ مضِر ص‬
‫ال‬00‫ے ہرس‬00‫راج س‬00‫ونے والے اخ‬0‫ے ہ‬00‫ول س‬0‫لز فی‬00‫ابق فوس‬00‫عالمی ادارہ صحت کے مط‬----- ‫ کے قریب نہیں‬100 ‫کوالٹی انڈیکس‬
‫ارٹی اور‬00‫منٹ اتھ‬00‫پیکٹ اسس‬00‫ل ام‬00‫تان کی انوائرمنٹ‬00‫پاکس‬--‫ کالؤڈ سیڈنگ ٹیکنالوجی‬--------‫ الکھ لوگ ہالک ہوتے ہیں‬40 ‫تقریبًا‬
‫ٹرک‬00‫ڈی والی الیک‬00‫ بنگلہ دیش نے سبس‬،‫ارت‬00‫ بھ‬،‫ چین‬--- ‫کار ہے۔‬00‫ا ش‬00‫ود ک‬00‫رح جم‬00‫وا کی ط‬00‫نیشنل کلین ایئر پالیسی الہور کی ہ‬
‫ا۔‬0‫ور کی‬0‫ر غ‬0‫رنے پ‬00‫ اینٹوں کے بھٹوں کی نئی ٹیکنالوجیز اور تعمیراتی مقامات کو ریگولیٹ ک‬،‫ زیادہ پبلک ٹرانسپورٹ‬،‫گاڑیوں‬
‫ یہ سارے وہ پالیسی معامالت ہیں جو ساختی مسائل کو حل کرنے کے لیے ضروری ہیں۔‬---

An Overview of Government’s Poverty Alleviation Policies and Programs

1956 & 1973- Article 38 social welfare and no concentration - provision of food, clothing, housing,
education and medical relief and equal job opportunities - Article 37 of the Constitution specifies
how the State should play its role in human development by providing and promoting education
facilities and removing illiteracy.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES/SCHEMES : Agri-poverty-employment- backwardness – 1

Village Aid Program 1952-61 - The Chand Tara Club - It contributed Rs 6.1 million in cash and Rs 6
million in labor to aided self-help projects - Lack of inter-agency coordination was also a major cause
for the program not for succeed –

Basic Democracies (1959-70): Promoting democracy at the grass roots level and involving the local
population in the development process (2) - District and Union Councils -

Rural Works Programme (1963-72): To build upon V AIA program - to utilize the potential surplus
manpower in building and improving rural infrastructure - tied up with the Basic Democracies
institutions as a positive effort to speed up the tempo of local development in the rural sector - Rural
Works Programme became possible with support through the U.S. Food for Peace program - Comilla
experiment first pilot initiative in developing local cooperatives for implementing rural development
projects - renamed as People’s Works Programme in 1971 – District, Tehsil, Union and village councils
used to assign the task of completion of the projects – Program could not succeed as expected –
farm productivity remained low, however to some extent job opportunities, incomes, facilities
development - in only a little positive effect on the target group - contribution to the village
development

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP 1972-80): Centered on formation of Markezes - to

improve the socio-economic status of small and medium farmers - various sectors, i.e. water,
education, health, housing, agriculture services and inputs to the farmer - mixed performance –
People’s Works Programme (PWP 1972-82): Implementing social justice-oriented reforms – The
weakening of socialism spirit within PPP, these programs started losing the government patronage –
abandoned in early 1980s.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/pure-kashmir-nature-
freedom-and-counternationalism/E4562347F59C96D93E6257ECEAB9DB9D

https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/7/20/palestinians-have-a-legal-right-to-armed-struggle

https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/6/22/why-is-netanyahu-trying-to-disband-the-unrwa/

*National liberation has been expressly embraced, through the adoption of Additional Protocol I to
the Geneva Conventions of 1949. UNGA has also noted the right of peoples to self-determination,
independence, and human rights. Also, 1974, resolution 3314 of the UNGA prohibited states from
“any military occupation, however temporary”. Particularly this right of people is specially recognised
for the “peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination”. Right
recognised also includes the right to “struggle … and to seek and receive support” in that effort.
upheld the right of indigenous persons to evict an occupier.

Again in Dec 3, 1982, UNGA resolution 37/43 removed any doubt or debate over the lawful
entitlement of occupied people to resist occupying forces by any and all lawful means. The resolution
reaffirmed “the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for independence, territorial integrity, national
unity and liberation from colonial and foreign domination and foreign occupation by all available
means, including armed struggle”.

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February 2022 when Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In April 2023 Finland Joined
Nato and now in July Sweden under apprehension of Russian Aggression. Finland has already
reached Nato's agreed defence spending target of 2% of GDP, and Sweden has drawn up plans to do
so by 2026.

Even the Baltic states - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - countries that were once, unwillingly, part of
the Soviet Union, have joined the alliance. Only 6% of Russia's vast borders are with Nato countries,
yet the Kremlin is feeling encircled and threatened.

"Article 5". This views an attack on one member as an attack on all. Scandinavian states, Nordic
states, Baltic States.

UK, Finland together with US, Latvian and Estonian troops are part of Nato's so-called Joint
Expeditionary Force (JEF). Only 6% of Russia's vast borders are with Nato countries, yet the Kremlin is
feeling encircled and threatened.

he EU stopped importing Russian coal and banned refined oil imports. The US and UK banned all
Russian oil and gas imports. Germany stopped the opening of the Nord stream 2 gas pipeline from
Russia.

And as a signatory to the UN's 1948 Genocide Convention, South Africa has an obligation or right to
act or launch a case in ICJ or ICC. The governing African National Congress also has a long history of
solidarity with the Palestinian cause. Until the first democratic elections, in 1994, it too has faced
racial discrimination, segregation, dispossession, state-sponsored violence and aggression by a white
minority under the Apartheid rules.

West Taxes Intermediate (WTI) and Brent Cure Oil 71$ & 76$ per barrel. Barrel is equal to 160 litters
or 42 US Gallons or 35 Imperial Gallons. 17,000 ships go through Suez Canal every year mean 12% of
global annual trade, $ 1 trillion worth of goods - Analysts at S&P Global Market Intelligence said
nearly 15% of goods imported into Europe, the Middle East and North Africa were shipped from Asia
and the Gulf by sea. That includes 21.5% of refined oil and more than 13% of crude oil. But it is not
just about oil. Container ships carry all sorts of consumer goods seen in the shops including TVs,
clothes, trainers, and sports equipment. Delays to products reaching shops can be expected, due to
the Cape of Good Hope route adding about 3,500 nautical miles. Shipping companies have ceased
sailing in the region and insurance costs have risen 10-fold since early December. The fear is that fuel
prices will rise, and supply chains will be damaged. Almost 15% of global seaborne trade passes
through the Red Sea.

‫ائی کے‬00‫ توان‬،‫تری‬00‫ار میں بہ‬00‫وام کے روزگ‬00‫ ع‬،‫ال‬00‫ طبی دیکھ بھال اور صحت کی دیکھ بھ‬،‫معاہدوں میں انفراسٹرکچر کی تعمیر‬
‫ زراعت اور سمندری ماحولیاتی تحفظ کے معاہدے شامل ہیں‬،‫نئے ذرائع‬

Shift from geopolitics to geoeconomics is a wrong idea and is not applicable. One should manage
geopolitics for geoeconomics. The tsarist White Army, assisted by American, French and British forces
(among others), joined hands to bury the Bolsheviks.

‫ل میں لینن‬00‫ لیکن جب اپری‬،‫ا‬00‫ائی تھ‬00‫افی ڈرام‬00‫ان ک‬00‫ا امک‬00‫دلنے ک‬00‫زار کا تختہ الٹنا اور مطلق العنانیت کو بورژوا جمہوریت سے ب‬
‫سوئٹزرلینڈ میں اپنی جالوطنی سے واپس آیا تو اس نے محسوس کیا کہ معمولی فوائد غیر پائیدار ہیں۔‬

At over 135,000 characters long, the Guanzi is one of the longest early Chinese philosophical texts.
Named for the famous Chinese minister of state, Guan Zhong. Collection of ancient Chinese writings
about economics, politics, development 7 confusion ethic values necessary for state and society.

This forced UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres to invoke in early December Article 99 – used
only at times when international peace and security are threatened. Even then, the West took no
action; the US vetoed a subsequent resolution for a humanitarian ceasefire at the UNSC and then
voted against a nonbinding resolution at the General Assembly supported by 153 countries. The UK
abstained in both votes. The opposite happened when Russian War stared with Ukraine. Russia
vetoed and West and USA presented resolution after resolution in GA to make Russia naked in it
behavior. Nut now, in Gaza case?

What makes this more unpalatable than Russia’s veto at the Security Council is that unlike Russia, the
US and UK sanction people and countries on human rights violations & values and principles of
multilateralism and call for interventions on grounds of violations of human rights and democratic
values and very fundamentals on which the United Nations was built. glaring disregard for these
principles outside of its own geography. Russia doesn’t give lectures, while US& UK do.

If the US wants to save its global reputation, it should first and foremost stop standing in the way of
Security Council resolutions demanding a humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza. Those who claim the UN
has failed in the wake of this crisis are grotesquely wrong. The UN continues to unambiguously
report what is happening on the ground and call for global action. Whether it is the UNGA, the voice
of the collective conscience of the world, or the secretary-general, or the WHO chief or the UNICEF
chief – they have all made incredible efforts to get the world to act and stop the violence. Countries
job is not take positions (one side or other) on the issues, but countries jobs is to hold principles in
every situations. The Biden administration has put itself in a box … where it doesn’t have good policy
options.

several attempts have been made in the past through land reforms aimed at reducing the
concentration of land in few hands and reallocating the same to the landless tenants. Such land
reforms were made first in 1959. Under these reforms maximum land ceiling was fixed 500 acres of
irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. Nevertheless, the land distribution impact was found
limited as only 5 to 6 percent of the cultivated land was resumed from the big landlords and allotted
to the landless farmers. A second series of land reforms was launched in 1972. This slashed land
holding ceiling to 150 acres of irrigated land and 300 acres of unirrigated land. Subsequently in 1975,
the government exempted small holdings from the payment of land revenue, local and other cess
w.e.f. the 1975-76 Rabi crop. Again, on 5th January 1977 the government announced a further
reduction in land holding ceiling as it was refixed at 100 acres in irrigated areas and 200 acres in
unirrigated areas. The area resumed under the reforms of 1972 and 1977 respectively stood at
2.5mpercent and 8 percent of total cultivated area. The present political party in power is committed
under its manifesto to distributing state-owned land to the landless farmers along with essential
inputs.

Government is running a nation-wide food distribution and pricing system. Utility Stores Corporation
(USC). The USC has over 800 sale outlets all over the country. high level inter-ministerial committee
which meets every week to ensure that the prices of essential commodities do not record any
abnormal increase. The Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet takes, in its weekly
meetings, appropriate effective measures on the recommendations of the inter-ministerial
committee. Ministry of Food & Agriculture and Ministry of Industries and Production occasionally
hold meetings with the local producers particularly of sugar, wheat flour, vegetable ghee etc. to
convince them not to make any abnormal increase in their sale prices.

Employment creates schemes for poverty alleviation: credit programmes operated by the Small
Business Finance Corporation, the Youth Investment Promotion Society, and the Punjab and Sindh
Small Industries Corporations; the Self-Employment Programme; the Public Transport Revamping
Scheme (also known as the Yellow Cab Scheme); the First Women Bank’s Small Loans Scheme; the
National Self-Employment Program; and the Awami Tractor Scheme. All these schemes have been
run by the public sector and the State Bank of Pakistan has been arranging credit lines at
concessional rates.

These schemes have two main weaknesses. First, their recovery rate is lower, and their losses are
picked up by the Government through budgetary subsidy. Secondly, due to political interference,
instances have come to the notice that the credit has not reached the targeted group. Moreover, the
lack of knowledge, collateral and security requirements have stood in the way of the
poor/unemployed to benefit from these schemes. Under the present structural adjustment
Programme, the schemes have not found favor with IMF, World Bank, and other donors as these are
considered distortions in market-friendly system The government has, therefore, been obliged to
gradually increase the interest rate and thus over time the wedge between the average interest rate
and the concessionary interest rate in these schemes has considerably been reduced.
Social Welfare Departments and many NGOs are also associated in providing the social services
under these programmes.

TARGETED INCOME TRANSFER SCHEMES: Zakat * Usher from 1980. 2.5% directly deducted from
financial institutions accounts. Levied on individuals accounts. Not levied on foreign currency
accounts, WAPDA bearer bonds, special savings certificates, and other investments specified by the
Government are exempt. Usher (another Islamic levy) is levied on the produce of landowners that
exceed 948 kilograms of wheat or other crops of the same value. Usher is collected and transferred
locally. Utilities for poor and needy, in direct cash or through funding the hospitals for free services to
poor or to govr deptt for usage during a force majeure event.

The Pakistan Bait-ul-Maal programme was established in 1992. administered by the Ministry of Social
Welfare. disbursement of funds are the Food Subsidy Scheme (FSS) and the Individual Financial
Assistance (IFA) scheme. households whose monthly income is less than Rs 1,500 (regardless of
family size), and who do not receive Zakat assistance (because, for example, they are non-Muslim).
Other, Food Security Programme for the very poor families or families without a breadwinner. The
Programme includes a Food Coupon Scheme in selected cities to enable the families to buy flour,
cooking oil and pulses from stores and shop. So far it is confined to only 9 cities in the province of
Punjab.

Improved the poverty index but not well. Khadimat Committees were formed to assist.

SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEME: In Pakistan at present there are two social security schemes in operation.
Under the first scheme which was launched in 1967 through the Provincial Employees Society
Security Ordinance 1965, the employees of the industrial, commercial, and other establishments
drawing wages upto Rs. 3,000 a month are covered.
4414 Iftikhar Naz

English Essay

Urdu Essay

English Composition

Urdu Composition

Pakistan & Kashmir Affairs

Current Affairs

Islamic Studies

Islamic History

EDS 50

Analysis of:

1. Pakistan various policies and programs for poverty alleviation

2. Pakistan various policies and programs for industrialization, export promotion & economic
development
3. Pakistan various policies and programs for agricultural growth and land reformation
4. Pakistan various policies and programs for educational advancement and improvement in
literacy rat.
5. Pakistan various policies and programs for health sector improvements.
6. Pakistan various policies and programs for socio-economic development (overall)
7. Pakistan various five-years plans for development.
8. Pakistan various phases of constitutional developments & Implications
9. Pakistan various phases of political development and efforts for democratic rule
10. Pakistan various policies and programs for the family planning and population reduction
11. Pakistan various efforts for implementation of I