Federal University of Technology, Akure [FUTA]

School of Engineering and Engineering Technology,

Department of Material science &Metallurgical Engineering
Proposal on
Production of refractory material using steel slag and aluminum dross for
furnace application

November, 2023

Akure, Ondo, Nigeria

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1. Introduction
Industrial production is accompanied by issues such as generation of waste and depletion of natural
resources as well. Industrial wastes accumulate over time bringing about critical environmental
and public health detriments (Abdulkadir et al., 2015). One of the most important and strategic
industries producing wastes, are steel rebar and aluminum production industries. Dumping solid
waste in open space and excavated land creates environmental pollution in the form of dusts and
leachate apart from huge financial liability. Moreover, available land is also scarce now-a-days for
dumping the solid waste due to alarming growth in human population. A major thrust therefore
needs to be given on the scope of reuse of these solid wastes(Basu et al., 2002). Steel slag is a by-
product from the production of iron and steel and is one of the main sources of environmental
pollution caused by heavy metals. For several years, industries, lack pollution control regulations
especially for metals and hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the accumulation of heavy metals in the
environment produces toxic materials which directly or indirectly causes neurological, hepatic,
cancer or renal upsets (Garcia-guinea et al., 2010). There is concern all over the world as the
accumulation of metals increases the direct or indirect risks to human beings, since they produce
toxic effects such as neurological, hepatic, cancer or renal upsets. For instance, high levels of
cobalt could act inhibiting the growth of plants and could harm lungs and heart (ATSDR 2004),
lead could induce damage in nervous system or kidneys (ATSDR 2007, vanadium could produce
lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose and a sore throat (ATSDR 1992).
Therefore, these metals are highly toxic even in minor quantities. Increasing the quantity of the
heavy metals in our resources is currently an area of greater concern, especially since a large
number of industries are discharging their metal containing effluents into the freshwater without
any adequate treatment (Editors & Salomons, n.d.). Heavy metals become toxic when they are not
metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissues. They may enter the human body
through food, water, air or absorption through the skin when they come in contact with humans in
agriculture, manufacturing, pharmaceutical, industrial, and residential settings so in general, Slag
may adversely affect the living and occupational environment, and its disposal in landfills can have
potential environmental impacts . Additionally, extraction of non-metallic building materials from
rivers, such as slag, can disrupt the structure of the riverbed, affect sediment intake, and harm the
river ecosystem. Therefore, the utilization of slag in infrastructure construction should be carefully

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regulated to ensure environmental protection and sustainability(I.A. Yola, 2021). Aluminum dross
is a hazardous by-product of the aluminum smelting industry. The waste aluminum dross generated
is usually dumped which is an environmental threat as it contains many hazardous chemicals. The
management of Aluminum dross can be done by conversion to different value-added products.
Aluminum dross can be utilized as it is for other application or it will processed to separate the
valuable products from it and use for other products. The application area for utilization of
aluminum dross without processing is a construction industry. Most of application for construction
areas like road construction, building, and cement processing utilizes the aluminum dross as it is
without processing. The application areas for aluminum dross with processing of dross like
washing, leaching with chemical, calcing are furnace refractory material and ceramic materials by
using the aluminum oxide found in the aluminum dross(Mukhopadhyay et al., 2004).

1.1 Background
In both steel and aluminum factories, high amount of solid wastes is generated and dumped to the
environment. Regarding this as there is no isolated or prepared area to dump this solid waste, the
society will suffer with occupational safety issues directly. So in order to solve this, there must be
methods to utilize these solids wasted and reduce the effect it may has on environment.

In other side, it is becoming common to make furnace refractory materials by mixing different
chemicals. The practice of making this refractory material, however, focuses on mixing
commercially available chemicals designed and prepared for this purpose. Instead of using these
commercially available chemicals, it is important to use industrial wastes as input for refractory
material construction. Besides, since developing country is not well in waste resource utilization,
it is also important to expand and adapt the activities that use these waste resources because the
advantage of using solid waste products as resources is significant from economic and
environmental safety the point of view.
This study focuses on the utilization of steel and aluminum factory solid waste as a raw material
for construction of furnace refractory materials.
Previously researchers were studied on utilization of Aluminum slag (dross) and steel slag
separately to diferent useful purposes. Some of the previous researches that were revised during
preparation of this proposal are described as follows.

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(Gozde Ozerkan et al., 2007) conduct research on aluminum slag utilization with title of “The
effect of aluminum dross on Mechanical and corrosion properties of concrete”, evaluated the
mechanical properties of cement mortars by adding partial replacement of aluminum containing
salt slags to either sand or cement. It was found that the both compression and flexural strengths
decrease with increasing slag contents, irrespective of the curing period. Further, it was observed
that up to 10%replacement, there is no significant decrease in strength.
In (López-Delgado et al., 2009) research work, The aluminum dust samples are collected from
secondary aluminum smelter. The sample was homogenized in a mixer and quartered to required
weight. The aluminum and silicon oxide (Sio2) content was determined using atomic absorption
spectrometry and gravimetric determination respectively. Also niturare and sulfure of aluminum
was calculated. Then different compositions were formulated and melting the sample Aluminum
dust with wash quartz sand and CaCO3 in electrical muffle furnace was performed in several
heating stages. Finally, the melts were cast in to molds and annealed, then glassy crystalline
structure of the material was confirmed using XRD, mechanical property, thermal property, other
relevant properties ware analyzed.

(Bing et al., 2019) conduct research on title of “Properties of Steel Slag and Utilization Technology
of Steel Slag at Home and Abroad” and this paper expounds the application of steel slag in
sintering and blast furnace production, steel slag cement, road engineering, agricultural fertilizer
and environmental protection at home and abroad. It reviews and describes General situation of
domestic steel slag utilization, like Road engineering or backfilling materials, cement, Fertilizers
and soil improvers. In this paper, they able to identify which content of the slag specifically allow
it for each applications.

(Vlcek et al., 2013)on title called “Slags from steel production Properties and their utilization”
tried to compare the properties of slags from steel industry with samples obtain from laboratory.
Then it summarizes present state of material utilization of the steel slags with focus on emphasize
of the possible sources of the slag volume instability. (Ramaswamy et al., 2019) studies the
potential to synergize the characteristics of the favorable contents of aluminum dross and its
availability (in tons) via synthesis of refractories and thereby develop a value added product useful
for the modern industries. In this work, Al-dross as received from an aluminum industry which

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comprised of predominantly Al2O3, MgAl2O4 and AlN, was used to develop the refractories. The
dross refractory pellets were subjected to thermo-physical and structural properties analysis:
XRD(structural phase), SEM (Microstructure), EDS (chemical constituents) and thermal shock
cycling test by dipping in molten aluminum and exposing to ambient (laboratory. (Das et al., 2007)
studied on Production of g-alumina from waste aluminum dross. In this study domestic aluminum
dross was treated for developing a suitable process flow sheet to obtain g-alumina a high valued
product. Initially H2SO4 leaching was carried out for both un-washed and washed dross. With un-
washed dross the leaching efficiency achieved was 71% but washing of dross followed by leaching
raised the recovery to 84%. Washing of dross is essential to have higher alumina recovery and also
to recover salt for recycling. The liquor obtained after treatment of the dross with acid was further
processed to obtain aluminum hydroxide of amorphous nature by hydrolyzing aluminum sulphate
with aqueous ammonia. The aluminum hydroxide was then subjected to calcinations, which
resulted in the formation of g-alumina at 900 °C. The other research conducted on reusing of
aluminum dross was on reuse of aluminum dross as an engineered product. Two kinds of aluminum
dross from industrial streams were selected and characterized. They have shown that dross can be
applied directly, or accompanied with a simple conditioning process, to manufacture refractory
components. Dross particles below 50 mesh are most effective. Mechanical property evaluations
revealed the possibility for dross waste to be utilized as filler in concrete, resulting in up to 40%
higher flexural strength and 10% higher compressive strength compared to pure cement, as well
as cement with sand additions(Dai & Apelian, 2016).

(Yi et al., 2012b). On his research entitled as “Application of slag in steelmaking” indicates that
Steel slag with CaO content above 50% can be used as sinter ore fluxing agent, partially replacing
the commercial lime. The slag addition can improve the quality, reduce fuel consumption due to
the heat liberation of Fe and FeO oxidation reaction, and decrease the cost of sinter ore. In
(Ramaswamy et al., 2019) work, Al-dross as-received from an aluminum industry which
comprised of predominantly Al2O3, MgAl2O4 and AlN, was used to develop the refractories. AlN
possesses high thermal conductivity values and therefore was leached out of the dross to protect
the performance of the developed refractory. The washed dross was calcined at 700° and 1000°C
to facilitate gradual elimination of the undesired phases and finally sintered at 1500°C. The dross
refractory pellets were subjected to thermo-physical and structural properties analysis: XRD
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(structural phase), SEM (Microstructure), EDS (chemical constituents) and thermal shock cycling
test by dipping in molten aluminum and exposing to ambient (laboratory). The findings include
the favorable prospects of using aluminum dross as refractories in metal casting industries.

1.2 Problem Statement

Based on data gathered from the industries, during the production steel rebar, in one time melting
of 5-ton induction furnace 3-5% of slag will be produced and during production of aluminum
casting, 5-10% slag (waste) is produced. The Steel slag shows significant environmental hazard
and the aluminum slag (waste) is very polluting and has been designated as hazardous waste in
European catalogue and hazardous waste list with code 02 01 10 (Abdulkadir et al., 2015), and it
is very dangerous to dispose of it on landfill.

Therefore, it is difficult for the factories to dispose of this dangerous waste because there is no
suitable way and place to dispose of it, and currently various aluminum factories are putting the
waste in bags and rebar factories are dumping in the compound. Therefore, utilizing this slag and
dross in a way that does not pollute the environment, is necessary to ensure relief for factories and
safety for the environment. Beside as the refractory material constructed will substitute the
imported refractory material and creates job opportunities, it will have contribution for GDP

This study investigated aluminum oxide and magnesium aluminum oxide, which are found in
aluminum slag and forms Hazardous Waste when reacted with water or moisture. Using this
hazardous waste forming compounds for furnace refractory purposes and turn the chance of
contributing environmental pollution into a good and usable opportunity

1.3 Aim of the Research

The general aim of this project is to utilize industrial solid waste (slag) from steel and aluminum
Industries combinedly for refractory material purposes.

1.4 Objectives of the Research

 Eliminate steel industry solid waste pollution by 95-100%
 Reduce the impact of aluminum casting industries on environment by 80%
 Develop 80-95% efficient refractory material
 Publicize new resource utilization methods for industries

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  Reduce waste disposal and economic burden of the industries

1.5 Research Question

 How much solid waste is generated from steel and aluminum factory?
 Where did the industries dump the slag (waste) after production?

1.6 Gap
As per literature review, previously researches have been published on aluminum factory solid
waste utilization for different purposes such as utilization of solid waste for Paving Block
Production, concrete and refractory and utilization of steel slag for road construction. In addition
to utilization of both steel and aluminum slag for one purpose, these researches focus on utilization
of solid waste for refractory material by following easy methodology.

1.7 Research Justification

Currently, as we thought about building industries and industrialization, we also need to think
about their environmental pollution and prepare a solution. In view of the fact that each
manufacturing industries pollution and addition of extremely dangerous wastes to the
environment, it is necessary to think about such issues and find a solution to reduce the damage
by giving equal consideration as the productivity of the industries. From this study, slag (waste)
from steel and aluminum casting factories can be saved from dumping it into the environment and
polluting, by providing Furnace refractory materials, reduces the cost of factories lost for furnace
refractory material and Also, since there is no convenient way to dispose of steel and aluminum
factories solid waste, it creates a convenient environment for factories to dispose of it.

1.8 Scope of the research

This research focuses on using slag (waste) from steel and aluminum casting factories to other
useful purposes, and by studying the properties of mild Steel melting furnaces and the properties
of materials used to construct this mild steel melting furnace, as it strives to make convenient and
better refractory materials.

1.9 Expected Contribution to Knowledge

As it is already stated in research gap, even though some researches have been conducted
previously on application of steel and aluminum solid waste for various application separately,
this research will provide new methodology to use both steel and aluminum solid wastes for one
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application. The new methodology is based on extracting compounds useful for construction of
refractory material from both steel and aluminum solid wastes to produce one product.

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2. Literature Review

2.1 Introduction to aluminum Dross

Aluminum dross is formed on the surface of molten Aluminum that is exposed to furnace
atmosphere during primary and secondary Al fusion processing. The Al dross usually is a mixture
of free Al metal and nonmetallic substances, like aluminum oxide, nitride, and carbide; salts; and
metal oxides. The overall chemistry depends on the alloying elements present in the molten Al
and the metallurgical practices(Manfredi et al., 1997). There are two types of dross. The “white
dross” which is obtained from primary melting operations and may be comprised of oxides of
aluminum, magnesium and silicon etc. with about 15 – 70% recoverable metallic aluminum and
“black dross” which is obtained from secondary smelting operations and typically comprised of
a mixture of oxides of aluminum alloys and slag, with smaller percentages (12 to 18%) of
recoverable aluminum contents (Hwang et al., 2006). As in any industrial waste, the general
composition or contents of the constituents may be variable. In addition to small quantity of
metallic aluminum (Al), dross is generally comprised of oxides of aluminum and magnesium and
mostly nitrides of Al such as AlN as well (Hyung-Kyu & Yoon, 1999).

Introduction to Steel Slag

Steel slag is a solid waste from steel production. It can be categorized as carbon steel slag and
stainless steel slag according to the type of steel, and as pretreatment slag, basic oxygen furnace
slag (BOFS), electrical arc furnace slag(EAFS), ladle refining slag (LFS and casting residue
according to the steelmaking process(Liu, 2009). Steel and steel slag annual output of 2010 in
China reached to 626.7 million tons and 90 million tons respectively (Yi et al., 2012a). However,
the current utilization rate of steel slag in china is only 22%, far behind the developed countries
like USA, Japan, German and France, of which the rates have been close to 100%. In these
developed countries, 50% of slag has been used for the road project directly, with the remaining
part for sintering and iron-making recycling in plant (GAO et al., 2011). The amount of deposited
steel slag (mainly BOFS) in china has been accumulated to more than 300 million tons, which
leads to the occupation of farm land and pollution of groundwater and soil (Liu, 2009). Therefore,
improving the utilization rate of steel slag is an imperative way for the steel enterprise to realize

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sustainable development. The research progress of steel slag utilization is overviewed in the
present paper.
Iron/steel slag is composed mainly of CaO and SiO2. Further, BF slag contains Al2O3 , MgO, S,
etc., and steelmaking slag contains iron oxides (FeO, Fe2O3), MnO, P2O5 , etc. in addition to the
BF slag(Lim et al., 2016).
The density of steel slag lies between 3.3-3.6g/cm3. In appearance, steel slag looks slag a loose
collection, and appears hard and wear-resistant due do its high Fe content. The grind-ability index
of steel slag is 0.7, in contrast with the value of 0.96 and 1.0 for blast furnace slag and standard
sand respectively. The steel slag mainly consists of SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, FeO, Al2O3, MgO, MnO,
P2O5(Shi, 2004).The chemical component of steel slag varies with the furnace type, steel grades
and pretreatment method(Jing-gang, 2009), (Motz & Geiseler, 2001). The main mineral phases
contained in steel slag are di-calcium silicate (C2S), tri-calcium silicate (C3S), RO phase (CaO-
FeO-MnO-MgO solid solution), tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), olivine, merwinite and free-
CaO (Chengjun, 2008). The utilization way of steel slag is closely related to its chemical and
physical characteristics. Introduction to Refractory’s Refractories are inorganic, non-metallic,
porous, and heterogeneous materials which are composed of thermally stable mineral aggregates,
a binder phase, and additives. The principal raw materials used in the production of refractories
are the oxides of silicon, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, and zirconium. There are some non-
oxide refractories like carbides, nitrides, borides, silicates and graphite. Refractories are heat
resistant materials used in almost all processes involving high temperatures and / or corrosive
environment. Refractories insulate and protect industrial furnaces and vessels due to their excellent
resistance to heat, chemical attack, and mechanical damage (Bathia, 2012).

2.2 Introduction to Refractory’s

Refractories are inorganic, non-metallic, porous, and heterogeneous materials which are composed
of thermally stable mineral aggregates, a binder phase, and additives. The principal raw materials
used in the production of refractories are the oxides of silicon, aluminum, magnesium, calcium,
and zirconium. There are some non-oxide refractories like carbides, nitrides, borides, silicates and
graphite. Refractories are heat resistant materials used in almost all processes involving high
temperatures and / or corrosive environment. Refractories insulate and protect industrial furnaces

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and vessels due to their excellent resistance to heat, chemical attack, and mechanical damage
(Bathia, 2012).

2.3 Requirements of Refractory Materials

Important properties of refractories are chemical composition, bulk density, apparent porosity,
apparent specific gravity and strength at atmospheric temperatures. These properties are often
among those which are used as ‘control points’ in the manufacturing and quality control process.
The chemical composition serves as a basic for classification of refractories and the density,
porosity and strength is influenced by many other factors. Among these are type and quality of the
raw materials, the size and fit of the particles, moisture content at the time of pressing, pressure at
mould, temperature, duration of firing and the rate of cooling(Bathia, 2012).

Detailed below are tables which illustrate typical physical and mechanical properties for different
purity grades of Alumina

Table 1. Typical physical and mechanical properties of 86% to 99.9% Alumina(Oxide, 2001)

Aluminum Grade
Property 86% 94% 97.5% 99.5% 99.9% 99%recry* saph**
Density (.gcm-3) 3.5 3.7 3.78 3.89 3.9 3.9 3.985
Dielectric Constant 8.5 9.2 9.5 - 9-10.1 9-10.1 7.5-10.5
Dielectric Strengt(KVmm-1) 28 30-43 10-35 10-35 17
Volume Resistivity Ohm.cm >1014 >1014 >1014 >1014 >1014 >1014 >1014 >1016

Thermal Conductivity(Wm-1K-1) 15 20 24 26 28-35 28-35 41.9

Thermal Expansion Coefficient 7 7.6 8.1 8.3 8 8 5.8
Specific Heat 920 900 850 753
-1 -1
(JK kg )
Compressive Strength(Mpa) 1800 2000 1750- 2200- 2200-2600 2100
2500 2600
Modulus of Rupture (MPa) 250 330 262 320-400 260
Hardness (Vickers kgf.mm-2) 1500 - 1500- 1500-1650 1500-
1600 1650 1650
*recrystallized
** Sapphire

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2.3.1 Applications
With such a range of composition and properties, alumina ceramics find a wide range of
applications. Some of the major application areas can be grouped as shown in table 2
Table 2. Example applications for a range of Alumina’s(Oxide, 2001)

% Al2O3 Grain size Porosity Applications Area

>99.6 Fine closed Electrical, Engineering,
Biomedical

>99.8 Fine zero Lamp tubes, Optical

>99.6* (recrystallised) Medium closed High temperature uses
95 – 99.5 Fine closed General electrical,
engineering
80 - 95 Fine closed Low duty electrical (spark
plugs)

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3. Methodology

3.1 Material preparation

The materials needed to do this project are identified as follows

3.1.1 Material for grinding

First the steel and aluminum slag (waste) sample is collected and brought to the place Prepared to
do the project, and then it will be grinded to powder and prepared for further step. To do this a
material that will grind the sample is required

3.1.2 Washing material

We need to wash the grinded sample with hot water at the required temperature to remove the
nitride from it, so we need to prepare a washing material to help us do this.

3.1.3 Heating material

According to the objective of the project, it is necessary to mix the steel slag and aluminum slag
and sinter the sample up to 1000 degree centigrade in order to separate the aluminum oxide
(Al2O3) and magnesium aluminum oxide (Mg-Al3O4) compound that will be used as furnace
refractory material. To do this, proper we need to prepare a heating device.

3.1.4 Blending Material

The refractory material made by using aluminum oxide and magnesium aluminum oxide that will
be obtained by exposing the sample to 1000 degree centigrade will be tested for shock absorption
property and according to some literatures revised previously on aluminum oxide, it may lack the
required level of shock absorption [3].so if the above case is happen, we will intend to add a
material called zirconium to increase the shock absorption properties.

3.1.5 Testing materials

3.1.5.1 X-Ray detraction

This material will be used to analyze the Crystalline Phase Structure (XRD) and will be used to
perform the Crystalline Phase Structure Analysis of the refractory material at the end of this
project.

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3.1.5.2 Metallurgical microscope
This instrument is used to study the microstructure of the refractory material at the end. Therefore,
to perform this task it is necessary to prepare the equipment.

3.1.5.3 Thermal Shock Tester

This equipment will be used to test the final result of the project, i.e. the shock absorption
properties of the refractory material.

3.2 Sample preparations

Samples will be collected from steel and aluminum smelters of selected factories and brought to
the place of project. The sample collection process involves taking samples randomly from
selected factories. The reason is that there is no need to follow a different sampling method in
terms of the objectives of this project. The main thing is to use the surplus, which is very dangerous
for the environment and human health for another important issue.

3.3 Characterization of the sample

The steel slag samples and aluminum dross samples will be collected and characterized [fig 3.1]
before further process. This will help us to identify the content of the sample, as it is mandatory
for the processing

Fig 3.1 characterization of steel and aluminum solid waste samples.

3.4 Grinding the sample

The sample ones characterized, it needs to be further grinded and crushed in powder form to be
used for further processing. So, the sample will grinded and prepared in the amount determined
during the project so that it will be ready for the next step.

3.5 Washing
We will wash the grinded aluminum sample with hot water at the required temperature to
remove the nitride from it, so we need to prepare a washing material to help us do this.

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 3.6 Acid Leaching
Acid Leaching is done to precipitate silica and obtain liquid phase. The acid that will be used for
leaching is Sulfuric Acid having concentration range of 30%-50 %( V/V) for time range of 10-15
hours. It is believed that Leaching aluminum dross for prolonged time @such temperature
increases the production of alpha alumina with increased percentage yield. HCl leaching is also
applied to steel slag for removal of phosphores from the slag as it is existes P2O5 in steel slag.

3.7 Separation of aluminum oxide (Al2O3 and magnesium aluminum oxide)

(Mg-Al3O4)
This step is the step used to fulfill the main purpose of the project. Steel slag and aluminum slag
will mix and sintered to require temperature (1700⁰C -2000⁰C) to make a chemical reaction takes
place. In this chemical reaction, based on chemical contents of steel and Aluminum slag (as shown
in APPENDEX A&B), Iron oxide and magnesium oxide from steel slag will react with pure
aluminum found in aluminum slag and forms (aluminum oxide (Al2O3) plus molten iron) and
(magnesium- aluminum oxide Mg-Al3O4) respectively. The proper care required in above step also
applies here.

Then we will poured the molten iron from the molten steel and aluminum dross so that high amount
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and magnesium- aluminum oxide Mg-Al3O4 containing slag will be
separated for further process.

3.7.1 Treating to remove Iron

After the chemical reaction takes place in the above step, some of the iron content will be removed as a
molten iron from the furnace. But not all of the iron content will be removed as molten metal, due to
solidification, oxidation and other factors at the moment of molten iron pouring.so Treating liquid phase
obtained from acid leaching with Ammonia @acidic PH will Precipitate the remaining iron as Iron
hydroxide i.e. separate Iron hydroxide and obtain iron free liquid phase. The ammonium can have a
concentration in ratio of 1:1.

3.7.2 Treating to separate Magnesium-Aluminum hydro oxide.

Treating Iron free liquid with Aqueous Ammonia at alkali PH Precipitate Aluminum hydro oxide and
separate aluminum hydro oxide plus mg- aluminum oxide.

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3.7.3 Sintering

Dry the separated Magnesium- Aluminum hydro oxide at temperature range of 100-200 degree centigrade
for a time range of 15 minutes to 1 hour and Obtain ALPHA-ALUMINA and Magnesium -Alumina with
size of 200nm - 700nm.

3.8 Addition of Aluminum oxychloride

This hydrometallurgical method will be developed for metal aluminum utilization from secondary
aluminum dross. This method is based on aluminum leaching in copper chloride water solution.
As a result, an aluminum oxychloride solution and solids, consisting of copper and oxides will be
obtained. In order to copper chloride solution regenerate hydrochloric acid will be added to the
solids. The aluminum oxychloride solution might contain 56 g/l Al 2 O 3. The molar ratios will be
Al:Cl=0,5; OH:Al=1. Aluminum hydroxide will be the final product from the secondary aluminum
dross alkaline leaching (Method for aluminum dross utilization.Pdf, n.d.).

3.9 Testing
According to the above steps, finally obtained refractory material will tested to ensure that it has
the expected properties such as Crystalline Phase Structure (XRD), microstructure, and shock
absorption (Yi et al., 2012c).

3.10 Providing the refractory material

Finally, a refractory material with good heat-absorbing, shock-absorbing, corrosion-inhibiting
properties and good Energy Efficiency is ready for use

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 4. Action Plan
Table 2 detail Action Plan

Working Months Month1 Month2 Month3 Month4 Month5 Month6 M nth7 M nth8 Month9
o o
Weeks 12 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 41 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 41 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Proposal Feedback
correction
Sample collection
Sample preparation
Melt sample at
required
Temperature
Extract the
compounds
Test
Improvement
Publicize result

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Appendix A Typical steel slag chemical composition (Lim et al., 2016).

Constituent Composition (%)

CaO 40 - 52
SiO2 10 - 19
10 - 40
FeO
(70 - 80% FeO, 20 - 30% Fe2O3)
MnO 5-8
MgO 5 - 10
Al2O3 1-3
P2O5 0.5 - 1
S < 0.1
Metallic Fe 0.5 - 10

Appendix B Typical Aluminum slag chemical composition (Adeosun, 2014).

Constituent Composition (%)

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 49%
Pure Aluminum 31%
Aluminum Nitride (Al2N3) 7%
Other compound 13%

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