16 Prefabricated Building Structures - 17 - 18 - Colour

DECivil
GESTEC
PREFABRICATED
Master in Construction and Rehabilitation
BUILDING
Buildings Construction
STRUCTURES
Authors: Eng. Rui Machado, Arch. Filipe Lopes and Prof. Jorge de Brito
Coordination: Prof. F.A. Branco, Prof. Jorge de Brito,

Prof. Pedro Vaz Paulo and Prof. João Ramôa Correia
Translation: Prof. José Dinis Silvestre
1/119
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
DECivil
GESTEC
2. PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2.1. Footings
2.2. Columns
2.3. Beams
2.4. Roof beams
2.5. Slabs
2.6. Stairs
2.7. Panels
2.8. Fully prefabricated buildings
3. NON-TRADITIONAL FLOOR SYSTEMS

3.1. Advantages and disadvantages
3.2. Types
3.3. Applications
PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 2/119

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.4. Performance
DECivil
GESTEC 3.5. Execution
3.6. Quality control
4. REFERENCES

DECivil
GESTEC
1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION
The need for achieving ever higher construction rates,
without prejudice to safety and quality conditions, has lead to
DECivil
the search for new solutions for construction, where
GESTEC
prefabrication plays a leading role.
Precast elements have emerged as alternatives to the cast

“in situ” concrete structures, bringing advantages in the
reduction of the execution times and workmanship, and
in structural lightening.
Prefabrication is a technique and construction method in

which these elements are totally or partially produced in a
plant, according to industrial methods of serial
manufacturing.
The possibility of reuse and recycling of these elements, in

the deconstruction or dismantling stages of buildings, fits the
perspective of sustainable construction.

1. INTRODUCTION
Advantages of prefabrication
DECivil
GESTEC • speed of construction;
• production not-dependant on climatic factors;
• less workmanship needs;

• less dependent on local workmanship;
• effective quality control and more precise geometry;
• improvement of the construction work planning.
Which results in a
More
economic
solution
1. INTRODUCTION
Disadvantages of prefabrication
DECivil
GESTEC • need for heavier lifting equipment;
• transportation constraints;
• adequate communication routes;

• geographical location of the site in relation to the prefabrication
plant.

DECivil
GESTEC
2. PRECAST
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS

2. PRECAST STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
DECivil
GESTEC
Roof
Slabs
Roof
beams
Beams
Walls Columns
Footings

ELEMENTS
Description: 2.1. Footings
DECivil
GESTEC There are precast footings
comprising a protruding
pedestal on the upper face

of the foundation, box-
shaped, designed to
accommodate the lower end
of the column. They allow for

a optimisation of the
concrete and of the footing
excavation.
Some examples of
precast footings

ELEMENTS
2.1. Footings
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese

ELEMENTS
Description: 2.1. Footings
DECivil
GESTEC There are also precast footings with metallic anchor bolts to
ensure the mechanical connection to the column (with additional
concrete, if necessary).
v01
ELEMENTS
2.1. Footings
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese

ELEMENTS
Description: 2.2. Columns
DECivil
GESTEC
Precast columns usually have a rectangular
section, but can also be circular.
The minimum size is 300 mm to accommodate

the beam – column connection and ensure a
fire resistance of 2 hours.
They can reach a height of 12 m to 15 m.
Some examples of
prefabricated
columns
ELEMENTS
2.2. Columns
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese

ELEMENTS
Description: 2.3. Beams
DECivil
GESTEC Precast beams of constant inertia can overcome spans of:
- 4 to 8 m in reinforced concrete;
- 4 to 25 m in prestressed concrete.
NOTE: reference values
Some examples of
precast beam
sections
ELEMENTS
2.3. Beams
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese

ELEMENTS
2.4. Roof beams
DECivil
Description:
GESTEC
Precast roof beams are elements
with a variable inertia that can
overcome spans of:

- 4 to 12 m in reinforced concrete;
- 4 to 50 m in prestressed concrete.
NOTE: reference values
Sample sketch of a precast

roof beam

ELEMENTS
2.5. Slabs
DECivil Description :
GESTEC
The main types of precast
slabs are:
• Prestressed concrete
beams;
• Hollow core slabs;
• TT (or double tee) slabs;
• Floor plates.

Minos slabs ELEMENTS
2.5. Slabs
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese

ELEMENTS
2.6. Stairs
DECivil Description:
GESTEC
Precast stairs are elements that can
overcome spans up to 7 m. There are
two types of flights of stairs: the

intermediate and the initial / final.
Example of precast
stairs

ELEMENTS
2.7. Panels
DECivil Description:
GESTEC
Precast panels are
parallelepipedic elements
which can be up to 12 m in
height and 3 m in width, or
vice versa.
Vertical panel

GFRC PANEL
DECivil
GESTEC
Glass fibre reinforced
concrete

ELEMENTS
DECivil
GESTEC

ELEMENTS
2.8. Fully prefabricated buildings
DECivil
GESTEC
LinhaMais Rusticasa Neapo

www.graniminho.com
www.tsf.sapo.pt www.portugalemgrande.pt
DECivil
GESTEC
3. NON-TRADITIONAL
FLOOR SYSTEMS

3. NON-TRADITIONAL FLOOR
SYSTEMS
DECivil
PRECAST vs. CAST “in situ”
GESTEC
FLOOR SYSTEMS
HIGHER SPEED OF LESS MORE ECONOMIC

EXECUTION WORKMANSHIP
LOWER
HIGHER THERMAL
DISTURBANCE OF
INSULATION
THE PUBLIC SPACE
(in lightweight slabs)
LESS SELF-
ABSENCE OF
WEIGHT
FORMWORK
(in lightweight
slabs)

SYSTEMS
DECivil
PRECAST vs. CAST “in situ”
GESTEC
FLOOR SYSTEMS
WORSE ACOUSTIC WORSE SEISMIC

INSULATION WORSE FIRE
PERFORMANCE
(in lightweight slabs) PERFORMANCE
REPEATABILITY SLABS WITH A

OF THE SPANS RECTANGULAR
SHAPE
LOCATION OF NEED FOR

THE SITE IN LIFTING
RELATION TO THE ACCESS TO THE EQUIPMENT
PLANT SITE

SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil
BEAM-AND-BLOCK
GESTEC These floor systems are made of precast concrete (reinforced or
prestressed) beams, where vault bricks/hollow blocks are laid,
providing the lightening of the floor.
• WITH NORMAL CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS;

• WITH FIRED-CLAY HOLLOW BLOCKS;
• WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS;
• WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SOLID BLOCKS.
• REINFORCED CONCRETE Complementary concrete/ cast “in

situ” structural topping (with
secondary/distribution
reinforcement)
Beams
Blocks
SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil
BEAM-AND-BLOCK
GESTEC
• PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
In Portuguese

SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
GESTEC These floor systems are made of precast hollow core slabs, with
constant thickness ranging between 12 and 50 cm, overcome large
spans and can support significant loads (in reinforced and, especially,
in prestressed concrete ).
•PRESTRESSED CERAMIC
Estremoz
secondary
•REINFORCED CONCRETE school
31/119
SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
GESTEC These floor systems are made of precast hollow core slabs, with
constant thickness ranging between 12 and 50 cm, overcome large
spans and can support significant loads (in reinforced and, especially,
in prestressed concrete ).
• PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
NOTE: There are prestressed concrete hollow core slabs with a thickness higher
than 50 cm.
SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
DECivil FLOOR PLATES
GESTEC
These floor systems consist
of solid slabs made of
reinforced or prestressed
concrete floor plates, which
serve as formwork of a layer
of complementary concrete/
cast “in situ” structural In Portuguese

topping with a resistant Cross-
function. section
In Portuguese
Lateral
view
In Portuguese

SYSTEMS
3.2. Types
GESTEC
Floor plate floor systems are made of:
- floor plates:
- h = 5 to 10 cm, b = 0.7 m to 2.5 m, L (defined by request);

- reinforcement: longitudinal (reinforced or prestressed steel) and transversal;
- lattice girders (“treillis”) for handling and anchorage (connecting
reinforcement);
- layer of complementary concrete;

- secondary/distribution reinforcement (in current area);
- upper continuity reinforcement (over the supports).
In Portuguese

SYSTEMS
3.3. Applications
BEAM-AND-BLOCK
DECivil
GESTEC • DWELLINGS
• WAREHOUSES
• ROOF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE


SYSTEMS
3.3. Applications
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
DECivil
GESTEC
•INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS (CAST IN SITU
AND PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE, METALLIC, AND MIXED STRUCTURES)
• RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
• PARKING BUILDINGS
• FOOTBALL STADIUMS
0.21
0.36

SYSTEMS
3.3. Applications
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.3. Applications
DECivil
FLOOR PLATES
GESTEC
• RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

SYSTEMS
3.3. Applications
DECivil
FLOOR PLATES
GESTEC
• RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

SYSTEMS
3.4. Performance
DECivil
GESTEC STRUCTURAL LOADS SUPPORTED:
SELF-WEIGHT
SAFETY BUILDING ASSEMBLIES

LIVE LOADS
•REDUCED SELF-WEIGHT ALLOWS ACCIDENTAL IMPACTS

UNDER NORMAL USE
THE LIGHTENING OF THE SUPPORT
STRUCTURE INTERNAL STRESSES
DILATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS

BEAM-AND-BLOCK (HYDROTHERMAL VARIATION)
• POOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
• LOWER HORIZONTAL BRACING
The structural behaviour is similar to a slab with unidirectional steel reinforcement but, for it
to be, it is necessary to ensure and maintain the adherence between the complementary
concrete and the beams.
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
• LIMITATIONS ON THE POSITIONING OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENDED LOADS
• EFFECTIVE BRACING
the structural behaviour is similar to a monolithic slab with unidirectional steel reinforcement,
after a small complementary concrete casting.
SYSTEMS
3.4. Performance
DECivil
GESTEC
FIRE “REGULAMENTO DE SEGURANÇA CONTRA
INCÊNDIOS EM EDIFÍCIOS DE HABITAÇÃO”
RESISTANCE (FIRE SAFETY REGULATION IN RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS, in Portuguese)
ENABLE THE ESCAPE / EVACUATION OF THE

OCCUPANTS
STABILITY OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM

ELIMINATE THE RISK OF COLLAPSE FOR A

CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME (30 TO 90 MINUTES)
BEAM-AND-BLOCK
• BEAMS AND FIRED-CLAY BLOCKS ARE FROM M0 CLASS (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)
• WORSE PERFORMANCE THAN TRADITIONAL SOLUTIONS (DUE TO
PRESTRESSED WIRES THAT DO NOT RECOVER THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AFTER BEING
EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES, RISK OF BRITTLE FAILURE AND LOWER TCRIT)
HOLLOW CORE SLABS

• WORSE PERFORMANCE THAN TRADITIONAL SOLUTIONS
• 15 cm SLAB, Rf = 76 minutes 20 cm SLAB, Rf = 126 minutes
SYSTEMS
PRECAST ELEMENTS 3.4. Performance
DECivil
GESTEC THERMAL
ACOUSTIC
INSULATION
“REGULAMENTO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE INSULATION

DESEMPENHO TÉRMICO DOS EDIFÍCIOS” AIRBORNE AND PERCUSSION
(Regulation of the characteristics of thermal SOUNDS INSULATION
behaviour of buildings, in Portuguese)
EFFECTIVE WEAK
BEAM-AND-BLOCK
•BLOCKS FAVOUR THERMAL INSULATION
• FIRED-CLAY AND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE (WITH EXPANDED CLAY)
HOLLOW CORE SLABS

• DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF COATING
SYSTEMS
3.4. Performance
DECivil
GESTEC
STRUCTURAL FIRE
SAFETY RESISTANCE
THERMAL ACOUSTIC
INSULATION INSULATION
SOLID FLOOR PLATES

• PERFORMANCE SIMILAR TO CAST IN SITU SOLID SLABS (WITH
UNIDIRECTIONAL STEEL REINFORCEMENT )
LIGHTWEIGHT FLOOR PLATES (NOT USUAL)

• PERFORMANCE DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF LIGHTENING
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
3.5.1. PRESTRESSED BEAMS – PRODUCTION PROCESS
• CASTING BEDS
LENGTH - 100 m
EXITS - TOPS AND SIDES
CONCRETE PLANT
(plan view)

SYSTEMS
• CLEANING OF CASTING BEDS 3.5. Execution
DECivil CLEAN DIRT
GESTEC AUTOMATIC: MACHINE WITH ROTATING BRUSHES
MANUAL: USE OF HOSE AND BROOM
• APPLICATION OF RELEASE AGENT

AVOID THE ADHERENCE OF CONCRETE TO THE BED
AUTOMATIC: SPREADER DEVICE (MACHINE)
MANUAL: WATERING CAN

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
• PLACEMENT OF STEEL WIRES
DECivil
WIRES ARE STORED IN COILS
GESTEC
EXTENDED MANUALLY
FIXED AT THE ENDS
MOORING STRUCTURE

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• PRESTRESS APPLICATION
USING A HYDRAULIC JACK
PROTECTION PANEL
MANOMETER – ADEQUATE PRESSURE (STEEL WIRE)

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
• CASTING
DECivil
MACHINE WITH THE MOLD OF THE BEAMS
GESTEC
RECEIVE CONCRETE ON THE UPPER PART
WIRE-GUIDES (ON THE FRONT OF THE MACHINE)

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • AGGREGATES (STORAGE AND DOSAGE)
SEPARATED SILOS ACCORDING TO THE SIZING
CONVEYOR BELTS
CONCRETE PLANT

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil • CURING
GESTEC RESISTANCE REQUIRED TO CONCRETE
NATURAL – ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
ACCELERATED – HEATED STEAM
USE OF ADEQUATE ADDITIVES (CONCRETE)
• PRESTRESS TRANSMISSION (RELEASE OF

WIRES)
FROM STEEL WIRES TO CONCRETE (2 PROCESSES)
- GRADUAL LOOSENING - RELEASE
- WIRE CUTTING

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • CUTTING OF THE BEAMS
CUTTING MACHINE WITH GRINDING WHEEL
PREVIOUSLY DEFINED LENGTHS

SYSTEMS
• LIFTING AND TRANSPORT 3.5. Execution
DECivil IDENTIFIED (PRODUCTION DATE AND DIMENSION)
GESTEC BRIDGING CRANE WITH FIXING CLIPS
TRANSPORT BY FORKLIFTS

SYSTEMS
• STORAGE AND DISPATCH 3.5. Execution
DECivil SEPARATED IN GROUPS
GESTEC
STACKED AND SUPPORTED BY WOOD RAFTERS
KEPT IN CASTING POSITION
SHIPMENT AND TRANSPORT TO A CONSTRUCTION SITE - FORKLIFT
0.14

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil PRODUCTION DEFECTS
GESTEC
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (CONCRETE)

INSUFFICIENT STRENGTH
• PRESTRESS IN THE BEAMS

DEFICIENT TRANSMISSION
EXCESSIVE PRESTRESS LOSSES (SLIPPAGE OF THE WIRES)
• WIRE POSITIONING
PRESTRESSING WIRES POSITIONING
ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE COVER
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
• OTHER
TREAD THE BEAM (WHEN WITHOUT CONSISTENCY) • BEAM REUSE
GESTEC
DROP THE BEAM / FORKLIFT FENCE POSTS
FAILURE IN CASTING (CONCRETE) FILLINGS BELOW FOUNDATIONS
WATERJET THAT DEFORMS THE BEAM

FAILURE IN CONCRETE SUPPLY

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
3.5.2. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS - PRODUCTION
PROCESS
NOTE: FIRED-CLAY HOLLOW BLOCKS ARE THE MOST USED IN THIS FLOOR SYSTEM
• CLEANING OF THE PLATES

AVOID CONCRETE ADHESION
WASTE CLEANING
• STATIC MACHINE
PLACEMENT OF THE MOLD IN THE PLATES
CONCRETE POURING INSIDE THE MOLDS
BLOCK VIBRATION
MANUAL INSPECTION
STORAGE IN A HUMID AREA
STACKING AND WRAPPING UP WITH PLASTIC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil • STATIC MACHINE
GESTEC
• MOBILE MACHINE
OUTDOOR PRODUCTION
AUTOMATIC MACHINE (CASTING AND
VIBRATION)

SYSTEMS
A 3.5. Execution
Barreira A
DECivil 3.5.3. FIRED-CLAY HOLLOW BLOCKS -
Fábrica PRODUCTION PROCESS
GESTEC
Montes
BB
Doseador Doseador A – Raw materials exploitation

B – Raw materials storage
C – Pre-preparation of clay
A - Exploração de Matérias Primas
Desterroador Amassador Secador D – Preparation of clay de Matérias Primas

B - Armazenamento
FF C - Pré-preparação do Barro
E – Block molding (extrusion)
D - Preparação do Barro
E - Moldagem de Abobadilhas por Extrusão
F – Block drying
F - Secagem de Abobadilhas
Desintegrador Laminador
G – Block firing
G - Cozedura de Abobadilhas
D
D
H - Embalagem e Armazenamento de Abobadilhas
H – Packaging and storage of the blocks
Laminador Forno
GG
Amassador Fieira
EE
Apodrecedor Armazém
CC HH
In Portuguese Clientes

SYSTEMS
A) EXPLOITATION 3.5. Execution
DECivil METAL
3) SCREEN FEEDER 4) DISAGGREGATION
GESTEC DETECTOR
C) CLAY PRE-PREPARATION
1) CLAY PIT
2) STOCKPILE
5) GRINDING 6) LAMINATOR
7) KNEADER 8) ROTTING PROCESS

B) STORAGE PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 61/119
SYSTEMS
D) CLAY PREPARATION 3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
9) FEEDER 10) MIXER 11) LAMINATOR

E) MOLDING
EXTRUDER MOLD CUTTING MACHINE
F) DRYING G) FIRING E) PACKAGING 62/119

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
PRODUCTION DEFECTS OF FIRED-CLAY HOLLOW
BLOCKS
• craters due to carbonates;
• lamination;
• cracks from the onset of drying, of heating and firing (kiln area);
• reduction stains;
• drying, firing and storage efflorescences;

• other defects / non-conformities:
- dimensional deviations of the pieces (≤ 5mm);
- expansion due to high humidity (≤ 0.65 mm);
- insufficient flexural strength (≤ 1 kN).

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.4. BEAM-AND-BLOCK - ASSEMBLY
GESTEC
FLOOR COMPOSITIONS
• BEAMS
CLASS C35/45 CONCRETE (EN 206-1)
STEEL WIRES CLASSES Y1670C and Y1770C
• HOLLOW BLOCKS
LATERAL NIBS – SUPPORTED BY THE FLANGES (BEAM)

FIRED-CLAY, LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES (EXPANDED CLAY) OR CONCRETE BLOCKS
• COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE
CLASS C20/25 CONCRETE (EN 206-1)
COMPLEMENTARY
STEEL WIRES CONCRETE BEAM HOLLOW BLOCKS

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
In Portuguese
In Portuguese
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC

0.16

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
3.5.5. BEAMS – ON-SITE INSTALLATION
• RECEPTION OF MATERIALS
STORAGE IN AN APPROPRIATE AREA

• LEVELLING OF SUPPORTS
FOR LAYING THE BEAMS
• ASSEMBLY OF PROVISIONAL SHORING

INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT OF THE BEAMS

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • FORMWORK ASSEMBLY
OF MAIN BEAMS (WHEN CASTED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE PRECAST BEAMS)
AND OF SOLID AREAS
• PLACEMENT OF THE BEAMS

IN PARALLEL
SPACING BETWEEN – WIDTH OF THE BLOCKS

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • HOLLOW BLOCK PLACEMENT
BETWEEN THE BEAMS – SUPPORTED BY THE FLANGES

0.17 0.23  0.35

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • SECONDARY/DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT IN TRANSVERSAL SOLID BRACINGS
WELDED STEEL MESH (CONTINUOUS) PLACEMENT
0.18
• PLACEMENT OF WOODEN WALKWAYS

WORKERS AND CONCRETE CIRCULATION

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• ABUNDANT WATERING
TO IMPROVE ADHESION STRENGTH (COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE)
• CASTING AND REGULARISATION (COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE)

POURING AND COMPACTION
0.45 0.17 
0.21 
0.27
• MAINTENANCE OF CONCRETE MOISTURE CONTENT

DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF HARDENING

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.6. CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS
GESTEC
• TRANSVERSAL SOLID BRACINGS

SOLID RIBS WITH
i) 10 cm MINIMUM WIDTH
ii) PERPENDICULAR TO THE BEAMS
iii) MAXIMUM 2 m SPACING BETWEEN
iv) REINFORCED WITH 2 STEEL BARS ABOVE THE
BEAMS (2φ12, IN GENERAL)
FUNCTION: TRANSVERSAL BRACING OF THE SLABS

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.6. CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS
GESTEC
• EDGE SUPPORTS
- 10 cm MINIMUM SUPPORTED LENGTH – PRECAST BEAM LENGTH OVER

SUPPORTING BEAM
- SOLID AREAS (40 cm) WITH MINIMUM TOP REINFORCEMENT – PROVIDE SOME
RESISTANCE TO M- (CRACKING CONTROL)
Longitudinal direction Transversal direction

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• CONTINUITY SUPPORTS
1) SOLID LATERAL CONNECTION
(CONNECTION OF THE BEAM WITH CONTIGUOUS

FLOOR)
NOTE: MUST BE SOLID 40 cm FOR EACH SIDE

OF THE SUPPORT (WITH Astop)
2) LIGHTWEIGHT LATERAL CONNECTION

(LATERAL END CONNECTION WITH A SUPPORTING
BEAM)
NOTE: SOLUTION TECHNICALLY

WORSE THAN THE PREVIOUS
ONE

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• CONTINUITY SUPPORTS
3) SUPPORT IN A BEAM WITH CONTINUITY

NOTE: MUST BE SOLID 40 cm FOR EACH

SIDE OF THE SUPPORT (WITH Astop)

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil • LATERAL SUPPORT
GESTEC SOLID AREA IN A LATERAL CONNECTION
THE EXECUTION OF A SOLID AREA WITH TOP (CONNECTION TO THE CAPPING STIRRUP)
REINFORCEMENT IS ADVISABLE (CAPABLE OF
ABSORBING TENSILE STRESSES - CRACKING
CONTROL)
LIGHTWEIGHT LATERAL CONNECTION

(END CONNECTION WITH TWO BEAMS)
END CONNECTION WITH A BEAM

AND A WIDER BLOCK

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • PARTITION WALLS
- INCREASE OF THE DISTRIBUTION
REINFORCEMENT
- INSTALLATION OF
SUPPLEMENTARY BEAMS
• SUSPENDED LOADS (EQUIPMENT)

- BLOCKS DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH STRENGTH

- SUITABLE ACCESSORIES (IN THE CEILING)
• OPENINGS
- REMOVAL OF ONE OR MORE BLOCKS BETWEEN BEAMS
- TRANSVERSAL BEAMS (CALCULATED)

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• CANTILEVER
SOLID CANTILEVER
WITH BEAMS
INTERRUPTION ON THE
FLOOR
(CANTILEVER PARALLEL TO
THE BEAMS)
In Portuguese
CANTILEVER
PERPENDICULAR
TO THE BEAMS
(LATERAL CONNECTION)
In Portuguese

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.7. BEAM-AND-BLOCK COMPARED WITH TRADITIONAL
GESTEC
FLOORS - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
BETTER THERMAL INSULATION
DO NOT REQUIRE THE USE OF A CONTINUOUS FORMWORK

ALLOW THE LIGHTENING OF THE SUPPORT STRUCTURE
FAST AND EASY ASSEMBLY
MORE ECONOMIC (WORKMANSHIP AND FORMWORK)
UNIDIRECTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
WORSE ACOUSTIC INSOLATION
POOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
LESSER HORIZONTAL BRACING
HETEROGENEOUS CONSTITUTION OF THE FLOORS
SPECIAL ACCESSORIES TO SUSPEND LOADS ON CEILINGS
(ABSENCE OF) RESISTANCE TO NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS
WORSE FIRE PERFORMANCE
REQUIRE HIGH QUALITY WATERPROOFING
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 3.5.8. HOLLOW CORE SLABS – PRODUCTION PROCESS
• CASTING BEDS
• CLEANING OF THE CASTING BEDS

• APPLICATION OF THE RELEASE AGENT
• PLACEMENT OF STEEL STRANDS
• PRESTRESS APPLICATION
• CONCRETE PLANT
0.17 
0.14

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil • MOLDING
GESTEC

0.10 1.01
• CURING
• PRESTRESS TRANSMISSION

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• HOLLOW CORE SLAB CUTTING
• LIFTING AND STORAGE

• TRANSPORT AND DISPATCH

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil 3.5.9. HOLLOW CORE SLABS - ASSEMBLY
GESTEC
• CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED BY ADHERENT STEEL STRANDS
CLASS C40/50 (EN 206-1)

• STEEL STRANDS
USED ON PRESTRESS
CLASSES Y1770S and Y1860S
• COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE
CASTED OVER THE SLABS

CLASS C20/25 (EN 206-1)
CORES CONCRETE STEEL STRANDS
In Portuguese
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil 3.5.10. HOLLOW CORE SLABS – ON-SITE INSTALLATION
GESTEC
• RECEPTION OF MATERIALS
STORAGE IN AN APPROPRIATE AREA
PLACEMENT OF THE SLABS USING CRANES

• LEVELLING OF SUPPORTS
FOR SLAB PLACEMENT 
0.36
• CLEANING AND WATERING OF THE SLABS

TO IMPROVE THE CONNECTION WITH CAST IN SITU CONCRETE
• PLACEMENT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT

PRIOR TO COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE LAYER 
0.36
• CASTING OF TIE JOINTS

WATERING OF CAST IN SITU CONCRETE
CLEANING OF THE UPPER SURFACE
TREATMENT OF BOTTOM JOINTS AND SURFACE

0.40

SYSTEMS
3.5. execution
DECivil
GESTEC

0.40

2.52
PREVIOUS PROCEDURES INSTALLATION
PROJECT FOR ON-SITE PLACEMENT AND STORAGE ORGANISATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION

PRECAUTIONS: WORK:
• SLAB CLEANING; • ABSENCE OF FORMWORK;
•HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT; • LOW LABOUR NEEDS;
• STACKING LOWER THAN 1.5 m IN HEIGHT; • CRANE – SLAB HANDLING;
• INSTALLATION OF WATERPROOFING • TWO WORKERS ON THE EDGES.
MEMBRANES.
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
1.55
LATERAL
SUPPORTS
AFTER HOLLOW CORE SLAB PLACEMENT:

●SURFACE WATERING;
●VERIFY REINFORCEMENT IN THE SUPPORTS;
●COVERING THE CORES OF THE SLABS;
●CAST AND VIBRATE THE JOINTS.
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• ASSEMBLY DETAIL
In Portuguese
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
• ASSEMBLY DETAIL
In Portuguese
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil 3.5.11. HOLLOW CORE SLABS – CONSTRUCTIVE
GESTEC
DETAILS
• HIGH VERSATILITY;
• SUPPORTED IN (i) LOAD-BEARING

MASONRY WALLS, OR IN (ii) REINFORCED
CONCRETE OR (iii) METALLIC
BEAMS/STRUCTURES;
• SUPPORTED LENGTH ≥ 4 cm;

• OPENINGS - USE OF SPECIAL METALLIC
ACCESSORIES (TRANSFERENCE OF LOADS
TO ADJACENT PANELS);
• WELDED STEEL MESH;
• COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE  2.11
(COMPRESSION LAYER, MONOLITHISM

BETWEEN PANELS, CONTINUITY BETWEEN
FLOOR SPANS WITH TOP REINFORCEMENT).

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
• DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
PLACED WITHIN THE COMPLEMENTARY CONCRETE LAYER
GESTEC
• SLAB TYING/ ANCHORAGE (SUPPORTS)

EDGE OF THE BOARDS WITH 7.5 cm SUPPORTED LENGTH
• SUPPORT REINFORCEMENT
SUPPORT AREA WITH A SALIENCE
OPENINGS FOR THE SUPPORTS (ON SITE)

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
•DIRECT SUPPORT
GESTEC
THE EDGE OF THE SLAB RESTS OVER A SUPPORT
• INDIRECT SUPPORT
THERE IS NO BASE UNDER THE EDGE OF THE SLAB

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
In Portuguese
METALLIC
PROFILE

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
DOUBLE SUPPORT
PRECAST BEAM
SINGLE SUPPORT
PRECAST BEAM

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
• MOUNTINGS TO THE BOTTOM FACE
MADE DURING CONSTRUCTION WORKS
GESTEC
PLACED VERTICALLY WITHIN HOLLOWS
• CUTS
LONGITUDINAL CUT
SLAB SEPARATION
TRANSVERSAL CUT
CORNER CUT
• OPENINGS
SUPPORT OF THE SLAB
• CANTILEVER AREA
SOLID SLAB

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil 3.5.12. HOLLOW CORE SLABS COMPARED WITH
GESTEC
TRADITIONAL FLOORS
• FASTER EXECUTION; • MODULARITY OF THE STRUCTURE IS

REQUIRED;
• HIGH PRODUCTION CAPACITY
(REPETITION); • POOR ACOUSTIC INSULATION;
• ABSENCE OF FORMWORK AND SHORING • WORSE FIRE PERFORMANCE;

• REDUCTION OF THE STRUCTURE SELF-
WEIGHT; • LIMITATIONS TO THE APPLICATION OF
• EFFICIENT THERMAL INSULATION; CONCENTRATED SUSPENDED LOADS;
• SUPERIOR QUALITY CONTROL • HEAVY EQUIPMENT FOR INSTALLATION;

(PREFABRICATION); • NEED FOR ADEQUATE
• GOOD RESISTANCE TO ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORTATION MEANS;
AGENTS; • EXISTENCE OF APPARENT JOINTS.
• EFFECTIVE BRACING OF THE STRUCTURE.

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil 3.5.12. HOLLOW CORE SLABS COMPARED WITH BEAM-
GESTEC
AND-BLOCK FLOOR SYSTEMS
• HOMOGENEOUS BOTTOM SURFACE;
• SELF-SUPPORTING;
• POSSIBILITY OF ABSENCE OF COATINGS
ON THE BOTTOM SURFACE;
• HIGHER RESISTANCE TO
CONCENTRATED LOADS;
• FASTER EXECUTION;
• LESS EXPENSIVE HAND LABOUR
• GOOD RESISTANCE TO MECHANIC

ACTIONS AND TO THERMAL VARIATIONS;
• JOINT CRACKING DUE TO DIFFICULTY OF
CONCRETE ENTRANCE;
• LESS THERMAL INSULATION;
• HEAVY WEIGHT EQUIPMENT (CRANE);

• PRICE.
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.13. PRODUCTION PROCESS
GESTEC
Floor plates are casted in metallic casting beds whose lateral
faces (vertical) define the outline and the height of the
element to be casted.
The walls of the casting beds are made of removable metallic
profiles, and the top profiles have slots to place the
longitudinal reinforcement at the right level.
Metallic casting bed for the molding of floor plates

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
PRESTRESSED FLOOR PLATES PRODUCTION PROCESS
- placement of separators;
- placement of prestressing steel;
- placement of transversal reinforcement;

- prestress application;
- casting, pouring and compaction of

concrete;
- scratching (during the curing);
- floor plates cutting (orders).

Floor plate scratching
process
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 3.5.14. FLOOR PLATES - ASSEMBLY
Reinforced floor plates
- Class C20/25 concrete (EN 206-1);

- Class 500 plain welded steel mesh;
- Class 400 ribbed steel bars as the main reinforcement;
- Class 400 plain bars in the “treillis” anchorage reinforcement.
Prestressed floor plates

- Class C35/45 concrete (EN 206-1);
- Prestressing steel wires of class Y1770C of low relaxation;
- Plain bars in hanging hooks (4 or 6 hooks per floor plate).

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 3.5.15. FLOOR PLATES - ON-SITE INSTALLATION
The execution of solid slab floors using floor plates should
follow, in common situations, the next procedures:

1) Placement and levelling

of the shoring lines next to
the supports and on the
central area of the floor
plates, transversally to these;
Floor plates shoring

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 2) Placement of the floor plates,
juxtaposed, and their adjustment;
3) Installation of necessary
complementary shoring, depending
on the span and on the total
thickness of the slabs and on the
live loads resulting from the

Installed floor plates execution;
4) Placing the floor reinforcement over the supports and

reinforcement over the joints between floor plates, to improve their
tying and the performance in case of fire or earthquake;
5) Cleaning and watering of the upper surface of the floor plates
using a water jet, in order to avoid desiccation and to improve the
adhesion to complementary concrete;

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 6) Casting, pouring, regularisation and
compaction of complementary concrete,
ensuring its perfect adherence to the exposed
surfaces of the floor plates and the

maintenance of the required thickness of the
concrete layer above the floor plates;
7) Maintenance of concrete moisture content
on-site (curing), during the early days of

hardening, via watering, keeping the casted
Concrete pouring surface moist ;
8) Treatment of the joints and of the bottom
surface of the floor plates depending on the
coating material to be applied, after shoring
removal in accordance with minimum
regulatory periods.
Concrete regularisation PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 105/119

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
3.5.16. FLOOR PLATES – CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS
GESTEC
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Floors made with floor plates

must include, within the
complementary layer, a distribution
reinforcement of area not lower than
the one referred to in the technical

approval.
FLOOR PLATE ANCHORAGE Floor plates to be casted together with the beam
In the floors casted together with the beams that support them, floor
plates should be supported on the beam’s formwork. Main and
secondary reinforcement should be extended inside the beam, in order
to guarantee an adequate anchorage length.

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil SIMPLE SUPPORTS
GESTEC
In simple supports, a reinforcement must be installed next to the
upper face of the floor, made with bars spaced 250 mm maximum
and with a length of L/10, counted from the internal surface of the
floor support. This reinforcement, when there is no bending
moment in the support, must be calculated for a value of 15% of the
ultimate resisting moment.
Simple support

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil SUPPORTS WITH CONTINUITY
GESTEC
Slabs made with floor plates in which there is continuity over the
supports must be reinforced for design bending moments (M-Ed). The
reinforcement design must follow a similar procedure of the one used

in the design of solid slabs and in accordance with regulation in force.
Continuous support
SYSTEMS
JOINTS BETWEEN FLOOR PLATES 3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC • aim: transversal anchorage of the floor plates (important also for
seismic action); reduction of the risk of cracking of the bottom
surface of the floors, especially when traditional mortar coatings

are used (in which strips of textile fibre or a metallic mesh should
be applied);
• a reinforcement in orthogonal web must cover the space between
the treillis neighbours of the joint;

• area of the reinforcement bars of the joint ≥ distribution
reinforcement;
• maximum spacing of 0.25 m in both directions;
Joints between plates

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC
- In lateral vertical faces L reinforcements must be placed next to the
lateral faces of the plate, during the production stage; this
reinforcement is complemented by a continuity reinforcement
installed on-site in order to guarantee the anchorage between floor

plates;
- extra care should be given during shoring installation of floor plate
joints , in order to guarantee the levelling of the bottom face of the
floor plates.
In Portuguese
Joint between floor plates with a L reinforcement
SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC 3.5.17. FLOOR PLATES COMPARED WITH TRADITIONAL
FLOORS - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
- need for a small shoring amount and do not require the use
of a continuous formwork;
- require less hand labour than a traditional concrete slab,
simplifying the construction process and making it faster;

- reduce the quantity of reinforcement to be installed on-site;
- Allow a high quality control of the concrete and steel used in
floor plate production;
- guarantee a good bracing for seismic actions.

SYSTEMS
3.5. Execution
DECivil
GESTEC Disadvantages:
- need to provide adequate equipment for floor plate
handling;
- problems may arise at the interface of complementary
concrete / floor plate, due to possible mechanical actions,
vibrations or effects from accentuated thermal variations;
- its execution requires particular care to ensure the

connection between the floor plate and the complementary
concrete;
- possible cracking in the areas of connection between floor
plates, when there are continuous ceiling coatings;
- the profitability of the solution is associated to span
repetitions.

SYSTEMS
DECivil
GESTEC
ON-SITE RECEPTION: VERIFICATIONS
• PRODUCER BRAND
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS SHEETS
• MATERIAL CORRESPONDS TO THE PROJECT

ORDER FORMS
• DIMENSION OF THE ELEMENTS

REINFORCEMENT POSITION
• ROUGHNESS
IN LATERAL AND TOP SURFACES – CONCRETE ADHERENCE
• TOLERANCES
DEVIATIONS THAT MAY BE ACCEPTABLE (MARGIN OF ERROR)
BEAMS HOLLOW
LENGTH 20 mm
CORE SLABS
20 mm
REJECT
•CRACKING PENETRATING TO
WIDTH 5 mm 15 mm
THE INTERIOR
THICKNESS 5 mm • VOIDS IN CONCRETE
SYSTEMS
GESTEC
- floor plates must not present concrete cracks or flaws;

- the surface of contact between the floor plates and the

complementary concrete should present roughness;
- the difference of length of the floor plate regarding the order
should not exceed 20 mm;
- the cross section should not vary by more than 5 mm regarding

the order;
- main reinforcement should not deviate more than 3 mm vertically,
and 5 mm horizontally, in relation to the expected position;
- the lateral curvature of the floor plate should not exceed L/500 or
10 mm;
- prestressed floor plates should not present a camber higher than
L/300, for normal support conditions and when subjected to their
self-weight.

DECivil
GESTEC
4. REFERENCES

4. REFERENCES
“Ligações de Estruturas Prefabricadas de “Design of Multi-storey Precast Building
Betão” Structures”
Santos, S. Pompeu FIP recommendations - Thomas Telford
DECivil LNEC, 1985 Londres, 1994
GESTEC
“Ligações entre Elementos Prefabricados de “FIB Congress 1994 - Part C: Prefabrication”
Betão” Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte
Londres, 1982
Santos Silva, A.
IST, 1998
“Draft Guide for Design of Precast Wall
“Solução Prefabricada para um Edifício de Connections”
Grandes Vãos” Comité Euro-Internacional du Béton
Lúcio, V; Santiago, A. Lausanne, 1988
Congresso de Betão Estrutural 96

Lisboa, 1996 “Le Guide di modulo - Le costruzioni
prefabbricate”
“Aspectos práticos da prefabricação de Maria Piagnataro e Ettore Zambelli
paredes em painéis pesados” F.B.M - Milano
Branco, J. P. 1ª Edizione 1986
Edição do LNEC
“Prefabrication with concrete”
Catálogos de empresas Bruggling, A. S. G.;Huygue, G. F.
A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam 1991
 Civibral;
 Concremat; “Manual de la Construcción Prefabricada”
 Martifer; Koncz, T.
 Pavicentro; Editorial Blume
 Prainsa. Barcelona, 1968

4. REFERENCES
• BRITO, Jorge de - Folhas de apoio à disciplina Tecnologia da Construção de
Edifícios 2002/2003
DECivil
GESTEC • PAVICENTRO - Catálogo Técnico, CD-ROM (imagens, filmes e ficheiros DXF)
• Documento de Homologação, LNEC - DH574 “PREMOLDE-LAP: Pavimentos

aligeirados de pranchas prefabricadas de betão pré-esforçado” - Lisboa, 1999
• SECIL-PRÉBETÃO - Catálogos de Apresentação
• PAVIPREL - Catálogos de Apresentação

• PREFABRICADOS CASTELO - Catálogo Técnico, CD-ROM (imagens, filmes

e ficheiros DXF)
• ASSAP
• MAPREL - Painéis alveolares em lajes de edifícios, Porto, 1997 (Dossier Técnico)
• Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré esforçado,

Decreto-Lei n.º 349-C/83, de 30 de Julho
• SOLOARQUITECTURA – Manual AIDEPLA, imagens e filmes (Espanha)

4. REFERENCES
• GRUPPO CENTRO NORD - Manual e imagens

DECivil
GESTEC • LNEC - A qualidade em Pavimentos com Elementos Prefabricados, Lisboa 1983
• LNEC - Vãos Máximos de Lajes com Vigotas, Lisboa 1991


DECivil
GESTEC
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Operacional Sociedade da Informação - POSI

16 Prefabricated Building Structures - 17 - 18 - Colour

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DECivil

Coordination: Prof. F.A. Branco, Prof. Jorge de Brito,

Translation: Prof. José Dinis Silvestre

3. NON-TRADITIONAL FLOOR SYSTEMS

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 2/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 3/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 4/119

Precast elements have emerged as alternatives to the cast

Prefabrication is a technique and construction method in

The possibility of reuse and recycling of these elements, in

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 5/119

• less workmanship needs;

• improvement of the construction work planning.

• adequate communication routes;

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 7/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 8/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 9/119

pedestal on the upper face

of the column. They allow for

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 10/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 11/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 13/119

The minimum size is 300 mm to accommodate

They can reach a height of 12 m to 15 m.

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 15/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 17/119

overcome spans of:

NOTE: reference values

Sample sketch of a precast

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 18/119

• Hollow core slabs;

• TT (or double tee) slabs;

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 19/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 20/119

two types of flights of stairs: the

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 21/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 22/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 23/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 24/119

LinhaMais Rusticasa Neapo

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 26/119

HIGHER SPEED OF LESS MORE ECONOMIC

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 27/119

WORSE ACOUSTIC WORSE SEISMIC

REPEATABILITY SLABS WITH A

LOCATION OF NEED FOR

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 28/119

• WITH NORMAL CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS;

• WITH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE SOLID BLOCKS.

• REINFORCED CONCRETE Complementary concrete/ cast “in

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 30/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 33/119

cast “in situ” structural In Portuguese

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 34/119

- h = 5 to 10 cm, b = 0.7 m to 2.5 m, L (defined by request);

- layer of complementary concrete;

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 35/119

• ROOF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 36/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 37/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 38/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 39/119

PREFABRICATED BUILDING STRUCTURES 40/119