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DEMOLITION Building Demolition

– Opposite of construction: tearing - down of buildings and
other structures.

– Contrasted with deconstruction - taking down of buildings

while carefully preserving valuable elements for re-use.

– Can improve surrounding environment and make way for

new design.

– Contribute to the conservation of the earth's depleting stock

of natural materials, in most cases 85% of demolition
materials can be reduced, reclaimed, re-used and recycled.

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continue
– It is a specialize work in construction process and expert is
needed.
– Should be designated as priority by contractors - creates high
potential for risks to workers and the general public.
Definition
“Dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking any building or
structure or any part thereof by pre-planned and
controlled methods”
(MS 2318:2012 Malaysia standards 2012)

– Can be classified into two - Fully Demolition and Partial “Demolition works means the complete or partial
Demolition. dismantling of a building or structure. It is include
refurbishment, provided this work does not involve the
alteration of existing structural components”
(ACT Safe Demolition Work Code of Practice Third Revised
Edition 2000)
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General Requirement Pre-demolition Checks

1. Provide all available descriptions (Site Inspection)
• Drawings
1. GENERAL
• Site survey Check the site, building or structure and its contents for likely hazards
• Plan of survey
• Plan of services 2. ADJOINING BUILDINGS
Relationship and the condition of the adjoining building that can affects by the
• Extent demolish
2. Obtain the necessary approvals from Territorial
Authorities 3. USE OF THE BUILDING
Used of building in the past, may be dangers from explosive or flammable
3. Define of extend of the work substances, toxic substances, lead, asbestos and radioactive substances
4. Ensure the inspection of building and record existing
defects commences 4. PUBLIC SERVICES
Underground or above ground, such as gas, water, electricity, drains, telephone
5. Locate all the services cables, etc, must be relocated
6. Locate and notify the contractor of all known hazardous
condition pertaining to the site 5. DANGEROUS STRUCTURES
Type of construction and the cause of the damage or weakness
7. Maintain a degree of supervision and co-ordination
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Pre-demolition Checks Demolition Safety Checklist

(Structural Inspection)
1. Before works starts
1. Building plans
examine all available plans of the buildings where necessary
• Inspections of building by competent persons
2. Roof
check the condition of roof trusses and identify and mark any bracing that is • Recognize all public services
essential for its stability
• Demolition plan or method statement preparation
3. Walls • Load bearing capacity checking
identify and mark load-bearing walls and check whether party or cross walls are
• Props, scaffold, fencing, protective screens, lighting, danger notices,
properly bonded into front and rear walls
fire protection equipment arrangement
4. Cantilevered structures
• Local authority permission
cantilevered structures such as staircases, balconies, and cornices etc, which
are fixed to a building • Appointed competent supervisor experienced in demolition work
• Notified the neighbors
5. Concrete structures
signs of damage due to the corrosion of reinforcement or damage to the
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concrete

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Demolition Safety Checklist Demolition Procedures

1. General
2. During the course of the work All temporary works and protective structures, including hoardings,
• The site properly enclosed and is protective screen erected gantries. Screen, and scaffolds and propping should be erected before
demolition begins, and maintained in good order throughout the duration
• Erected of danger notices
of the work
• Sufficient propping to prevent premature structural collapse or
2. Disposal of debris and waste material
damage to adjacent property
demolished material should be lowered to the ground and the debris sent
• All ladders, cranes, cables and other equipment in good order. Any down in skips or enclosed chutes. When loading trucks or trailers, care
must be taken not to spill debris over the far side of the truck or trailer
floors in danger of being overloaded
• All protective closing and equipment used 3. Fire prevention
Combustible material in the vicinity of welding or cutting work shall be
• Pedestrians adequately protected
removed to a safe place
• Sufficient watering taking place to keep down dust
• Sufficient fire extinguishers or other fire fighting equipment on site,
and easily accessible.
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Demolition Procedures
4. Building
• To prevent injury from broken glass, all glass must be removed from windows
Stages and
before demolition begins Works -
• Opening in walls, floors and stairways, through which people could fall, must be flow chart
boarded up or be provided with the guardrail and toe board
of
• Notices erected to warn of the danger at each point entry demolition
• All stairs or installed ladder must be checked before use process
• When dismantling pitches roof trusses, the last frame should be guyed before the
second last truss is removed, because its stability depends on the support from
adjacent members

• Avoid free-standing walls by reducing the building in small lifts

• Remove a small section first in order to determine the direction of the main steel
when demolish reinforce concrete floor

• Column must be guyed before cutting or weakening the base, so that their fall may
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be controlled

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Demolition Plan The list of demolition plan:

– Is important which it is needed to be submitted to the local
authorities to get notified intention to carry out of
demolition work.
1. A plan showing the location of the building to be demolished, a detail of
topography of the site surrounding, detail of ground removal or back filling
and distance of the building from the other building that need to be
demolished.
2. The layout plans of all floors of the building to be demolished with adequate
sections which is:

– The demolition plan needs to include, showing the plan, i. The occupancy usage of the floor

such as the layout plan of all roof of the buildings that need ii. The structural support systems
to be demolished with adequate section and many more. iii. Principal material construction
iv. The condition of the building e.g. the degree of deterioration
v. Relationship of the building to be demolished with the neighboring
properties that affected by the demolition

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3. The structural arrangement and construction and construction of all

unconventional method structural. 8. The purposed provision of shoring and also the temporary support for
the building to be demolished.

4. The procedures for the demolition of the building (detail sequenced, or method
that will be adopted and list of equipment.
5. The route of movement of powered mechanical plant and equipment including
the method of lifting mechanical plant and also the additional structural
required to suit with the demolition.
9. A plan with details of the description notes on the purposed method
for handling and disposal of the debris like method of handling the debris,
transportation, time and frequency of debris proposal site, and also a
temporary parking layout for machineries.

6. All precaution measures for protection of public. Example likes (hording,

covered walkways, catch platforms, safety net, and etc.

7. The proposed for shoring and precautionary measures for all affected adjacent
buildings, slopes retaining structures and services at each stages of the
demolition work.
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Demolition process
The process can be divided into three main a) Pre-demolition phases
phases:
• Pre demolition Process also can be called as deconstruction
method.
• Activity consist of;
i. Site survey
ii. Site preparation and mobilization
iii. Decommissioning
iv. Soft stripping
v. Recycling and reuse

Activities Involved In the Execution of Demolition Work

Source: BS618717 -2000: Code of Demolition Hong Kong -1998 18

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i) Site survey
– It is an on- site investigation.
– To gain information about the site area, surrounding traffic, any obstacle
items.
– To identify the condition of the building whether it saves to carry out the
work.
– To identify what type of method of demolition need to use.
ii) Site preparation and mobilization
– Important to prepare the site.
– Contractor know the level of hazard, but people in surrounding area did
not really know about it.
– Need to apply safety precaution like, fencing and hording, safety
signboard, safety net, protection of existing services and property.
– The good preparation and mobilization of site also can make the
demolition work became more efficient and safe.
iii) Decommissioning
– Decommission also one of the important things.
– It done by terminating all charged system like electrical, gases piping,
water plumbing, telecommunication cables and also removing any
chemical agents that have been attached to the building.
– By terminating this item, indirectly it can reduce the hazardous level
during demolition work.
iv) Soft stripping
– Removal all non-structural items such as fixtures, fittings windows, lamp,
roof tile and many more.
– In other word this items have value which can be resale or maybe being re
used for other construction.
v) Recycling and reuse
– Related to the soft stripping process where the material that have a value
or can be reused or maybe can be recycle is being collected.

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b) Demolition phases i) Demolition

– a process where to break and tear part of building or structure into smaller
• Operation of demolition start or begin the work by dismantling fragment.
the structural part of the building: – is Demolition usually depends on what the techniques that were used in the
project.
– Normally involves the heavy equipment and machineries.
• Activity consist of; – the level of hazardous became higher during the demolition work and safety
i. Demolition precaution need to be taken.

ii. Waste management and recycling

ii) Waste management and recycling
iii. Environmental monitoring
– The waste generates from demolition project called as debris.
– needs to be manage wisely to avoid the environmental contamination and
pollution.
– The debris like steel and maybe concrete also was being collected for
recycling purpose.

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c) Post-demolition phases
iii) Environmental monitoring
• is a phase focus on the implement or effect after the
– Environmental quality is including element like the water, air, sound,
vibration and many more need to take alert and need to monitored demolition work or project had been complete.
during or after the work to ensure there are not causing any trouble to
the environment and also to the public safety and health.
• Activity consist of;

i. Environmental monitoring
ii. Site clearance

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i) Environmental monitoring Technique And Method Of

Demolition
– From a historical perspective demolition techniques have developed from time to
– the quality of the entire element like water and air quality need to be time.
checked whether it had reach a acceptable level.
– Involved from the simple method which is by hand into the complex method which
– It important to avoid problem arise after the demolition work done. is explosion.

ii) Site clearance

– all check list must be check like the cleared of site from any hazardous
material.
– All pits must be covered or being fill up with soil or make fencing to that
area.
– It also necessary to check temporary drainage system, it needs to ensure
whether the drain is block by the debris from the demolition or not.
– If yes make sure it been cleaned up to make it properly function as usual.

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Technique And Method Of

Demolition
– The advance of technology has brought much benefit to demolition work or
industry itself.

– From the innovation, it has had a major effect on the demolition

methodology where usually for demolition for high rise building and
structures, the demolition work is only possible done with crane and ball
(balling) or in other way by hand.

– Unlike the balling method, demolition by super high rise machine can be
said to be controlled. Therefore the introduction of high reach machine is
become necessary.

Method used by Country

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Demolition Technique
• From the history we can now know the techniques that were used in this
demolition industry.

• This industry itself had showed how complex and hard a demolish work can be and
it requires stable, agility, suitable equipment and most important producing massive
power to tear down the structures.

• According to BS 6187, 2000, the techniques of demolition can be group into 4 main
groups:
a) Demolition by hand
b) Demolition by machine
c) Demolition by chemical agents
d) Demolition by water jetting

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a) Demolition by hand Types of Demolition by hand

– The oldest method in the demolition. i) Rotary Hammer

– Usually involves tools such as hammers, wrecking bars, cutters and also a ii) Pneumatic hammer
shovel. iii) Electric hammer
– Over the past years the tools also become more advance, the work is iv) Hydraulic hammer
become faster and save time and more important it can reduce the uses of
human power. v) Gasoline hammer
– This technique usually involved in a small scale of demolition project vi) Chipping hammer
operation. vii) Diamond drilling and sawing
– In a large scale of demolition it usually use for weakening the certain place
viii) Hydraulic bursting
of structure first before the advance tools like pneumatic hammer,
hydraulic hammer and chipping hammer takes place to proceed with the ix) Hydraulic crushing
work. x) Hydraulic splitter

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i) Rotary Hammer
– Tearing apart of concrete
structure for boring a hole.
– It works powered by battery
ram that floats inside a
cylinder and is launched and
being retrieved by a piston.
– Then a shock-absorbing
airspace between the ram
and the piston compresses
and drives the ram forward as
the piston advances, then
sucks it back as the piston
retracts.
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iii) Electric hammer
– Almost same as rotary
hammer.
– But has more powerful
forces of blows.
– It has longer piston strokes
means the work can become
faster and also efficiency for
demolished.
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ii) Pneumatic hammer
– Also known as jack hammer
that combines a hammer and
also chisel.
– The function same as any hand
tools for demolition work.
– It can be mounted on lighter
carries.
– Works better in confined
space compare to hydraulic
hammer and lastly can
working underwater.
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iv) Hydraulic hammer
– Using an impact energy
which comes from hydraulic
oil supplied with a high
pressure.
– Operates with a completely
enclosed hydraulic system.
– Different with pneumatic
hammer, it is not suitable
for underwater work unless
its supply has been adapted
for that purpose.
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v) Gasoline hammer vi) Chipping hammer

– Is one of lightweight concrete breaker.

– Powered up by a gasoline.

– Can work at any condition or surface of

– It also had no limitation on demolition.
the movement compare to
the other hammer that
powered by electrical – For the small types it powered by electricity,
power. pneumatically or hydraulically.

– Only produced low stroke – Being used in vertical and overhead surfaces
energy compare to works and because of that it must be light in
hydraulic types of hammer weight.
and pneumatic hammer.

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vii) Diamond drilling and sawing viii) Hydraulic bursting

– First developed for quarry industry and – Known as the most economical
then implement to the demolished and practical methods for
industry. removing or tears up apart
reinforced or mass concrete.

– Powered by electrical motor, gasoline,

– It is being in pre-drilled holes and
or diesel.
expanded to induced control
cracking of the material.
– Need water as a cooling agent during
the cutting process. – Can easily use up to 5m thickness
of structure.

– Able to cut any type and thickness of

building structure. Suitable for heavy – Powered by either electric, diesel
demolition work. and petrol.
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ix) Hydraulic crushing x) Hydraulic splitter

– Or (rock splitter) involve in

– Also called as concrete crusher. breaking large block or structure of
building.
– Silent controlled demolition
techniques for crushing concrete – One of the controlled demolitions
without any vibration, minimal where it increase production and
noise and easy to handle. reduce the cost.
–
– Used for demolish wall, concrete – It is quiet and the direction of
slab or masonry. breaks can easily handle and
controlled.

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b) Demolition by Machine i) Demolition by Ball

– Balling attached to the crane.
– There are various types of machineries that powered by hydraulic attachment Knocked down by steel ball forces or
impact energy.
involve in this industry.
– The size of the machine depends on the size of the project.
– Need an expertise to control the
crane and the swing steel ball.
– Ball
– Wire rope pulling – Not practically in congested area.
Creates a great dust, noise and also
– Compact machines
vibration.
– Hydraulic shear
– Hydraulic impact hammer
– Hydraulic grinder
– Hydraulic grapple
– Hydraulic crusher
– Hydraulic pusher arm
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ii) Demolition by Wire Rope Pulling iii) Demolition by Compact Machines

– Compact machines usually being use for

the upper floor or inside of the building.
– This method is simple but the
hazardous is high.
– Used for cutting, dismantling, handling
and also for carrying or moving the
– This involve wire ropes that
debris.
fixed to key structural
members and then pulled by a
machine.

– Suitable for the project that

has big space of work.

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iv) Demolition by Hydraulic Shear v) Demolition by Hydraulic Impact

Hammer

– Applying heavy blows to a

point in contact with the
material.

– Used for primary and

secondary breaking work
including main structure or
breaking a big debris into
smaller part.

– This hydraulic shear jaw and blade use for cutting purposed.
– The disadvantages are it
produces a high noise, dust
– Allows cutting through anything such as wood, concrete, and steel. and vibration.

– Capable for heavy work.

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vi) Demolition by Hydraulic Grinder vii) Demolition by Hydraulic Grapple

– Grapple is design for handling process.

– Capable to grind through
concrete but not suitable for
– Carries a large debris such as column, beam
other material like wood and
and other structure.
steel.

– The jaw is used for grab and takes it to

– The processing teeth are
collecting area or debris area.
replaceable and easy to install or
for maintaining purposed.

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viii) Demolition by Hydraulic Crusher ix) Demolition by Hydraulic Pusher Arm

– Function to crush the structural part like beams and column.
– The use of machine and arm attachment.
– The jaw is powerful enough to crush almost every type of material.
– Using the arm to demolished or bring down the wall or structure.
– Also can be use for dismantling purposed, tearing apart of concrete and
– Its advantage is practically and also mobility of work.
reinforcement bar for recycle proposes.
– The disadvantages is it only can work in a large area and a firm surface.

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c) Demolition by chemical agents i) Demolition by Bursting

– Dangerous and highly expensive but it can make the demolition work
become easier and faster.
– Used in cases where relatively
– Safety precaution is highly required because it is dealing with bursting, hot
cutting and also explosion. quite, dust-free, controlled
– Recommended for highly expertise man power to manage and handle the demolition is preferred.
work.

– Both mechanical & chemical

– Bursting pressure bursting split the
– Hot cutting concrete.
– Demolition by Explosive/ Implosion
– toppling
– Both methods works by
– telescoping
applying lateral forces against
– shattering
the inside of drilled hole.
– implosion
– progressive collapse
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ii) Demolition by Hot Cutting iii) Demolition by Explosive/Implosion

– Needs expertise to handle the work.

Can be used to all type of structure
– This method is potentially
except for timber and brick structure.
gain sufficient heat energy in
the form of flame, spark and
also friction. – Safety procedure needs to be
considered because the hazarders are
very high.
– Hot cutting also involve of
disc grinder and also oxy fuel
gases. – 5 method of explosive or implosion;
– toppling
– Much safer because it can – telescoping
avoids from the risk of fire or – shattering
explosion.
– implosion
– progressive collapse
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Method of Explosive/Implosion

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d) Demolition by water jetting Previous project of demolition

– It use a highly pressure water jet stream pumped to erode the cement
involved in Klang valley.
matrix and also to wash out the aggregate.
– The maximum forced that can create by water jet is about 250N.
– Needs at least two worker to handle this machine.
– It reduced dust production and preventing fire hazards.

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