Long answer questions and answer

Q1. What do you understand by the concept development?

Development is an historical process of change which occurs over a very long period but
it can be and usually is manipulated by human agency. Development implies on overall
positive change in the physical quality of life. This positive change for the better
encompasses economic as well as social aspects. Therefore, development not only calls
for economic growth but also the equitable distribution of the gains made from economic
growth. In other words, development implies growth with justice. It means an
improvement in the quality of life through better health, education, housing and overall
material and social welfare.

1. Soil nutrient depletion and imbalances:- Nutrient depletion is a form of resource

depletion and refers to the loss of nutrients and micronutrients in a habitat or parts
of the biosphere. While nutrient imbalances refer to situations when one or more
essential plant nutrients are either deficient or available in excess of what plants
take up at a given time.
2. Grameen Bank:- is a microfinance organization and community development
bank founded in Bangladesh. It makes small loans (known as microcredit or
"grameencredit") to the impoverished without requiring collateral.

3. Samurthy Programme:- is a national poverty alleviation programme in India

which provide access participation of the poor in the production process by
increasing access to resources for self-employment, enhancing their health and
nutritional status as well as improving rural infrastructure.

4. District Planning committee:- A district planning committee (DPC) is the

committee created as per article 243ZD of the Constitution of India at the district
level for planning at the district and below. The committee in each district should
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the municipalities in
the district and prepare a draft development plan for the district.
5. Meaning of Demography: - Demography is the scientific study of human
populations primarily with respect to their size, their structure and their
development; it takes into account the quantitative aspects of their general
characteristics.
Rural Society: This term is used for a small society, which comprises only a few
hundred households, who mostly produce their own food. Agriculture is the mainstay of
their life. In this society, the number of people engaged in non-agricultural pursuits is
small, but these members also practice agriculture

Tribal Society: This term is used for a small society, smaller than the typical agriculture-
based society. It is largely isolated from other societies and the centers of civilization.
The tribal communities practice a large number of economic pursuits, ranging from
hunting and food gathering to settled agriculture
Great Tradition: It is the tradition of the intellectual class called ‘literati’ who live in
cities.
Little Tradition : It is the tradition of the unlettered people in villages and cities.

The Concept of Caste

Caste is the main social institution of Indian villages. Referred to as jâti, jât, zât or
various other local terms, it is a collectivity of people, related also by the ties of kinship
and marriage, which has a ‘monopoly’ over an occupation. It provides its specialized
services and the products of its occupation to other caste groups. Harold Gould
characterizes caste as a ‘monopolistic guild’.
Jajmni System
In the jajmani system, at the center is the family of the agriculturist (zamindar). It
receives services from the families of occupational castes. One who receives services is
known as jajman, the patron. The families that provide services are known as kamin,
kam karne waley, or kamgars (workers). In other parts of India, terms such as parjan,
pardhan, balutedar, etc., are also used for the providers of goods and services. All these
words literally refer to the same people, i.e. those who ‘work’ for others, and one may
call them clients.
Panchayat
It is a small body of elders that takes up the cases of dispute among people, and
pronounces its judgement, which the contending parties are expected to follow.
The three salient characteristics of the joint family in India are:
i) Kinspersons belonging to the joint family share common religious beliefs,
common property and a common residence. ii) All the descendants of the joint
 family (male and female), recognized by the principle of descent, have an equal
right on the family property. These rights are called coparcenary. iii) The head of
the household in a patrilineal family is usually the eldest male, who is called
karta. His main job is to work towards the unity and integrity of the family. He is
the manager of the property and is supposed to supervise it well and keep it
together by saving it from all forces that try to break it.
Development
is a long-term process. Therefore, strategies have to be followed to achieve the
objectives of development. Among the different objectives it may be necessary to lay
priorities for each one of them. A plan in effect does this. It makes a deliberate attempt
to achieve the objectives of development.
Primary Objectives of Rural Development
To improve the living standards by providing food, shelter, clothing, employment and
education; b) To increase productivity in rural areas and reduce poverty; c) To involve
people in planning and development through their participation in decision making and
through decentralization of administration; d) To ensure distributive justice and
equalization of opportunities in the society.

The Grameen Bank (GB)

The Grameen Bank was started in 1983 as a public sector credit institution to supply
credit to the rural landless and those with holdings less than 0.5 acres (0.2 ha). Every GB
branch is managed by a field manager and a group of band workers (BW) who deliver
the banding services. The BWs help in forming a group of five prospective loanees and a
number of groups in the same locality are federated into a centre. The elected centre
chief conducts weekly meetings and recommends loan proposals. The credit for the
approved loan proposals is disbursed by the BW at a weekly meeting. The loan is to be
repaid in weekly instalments.
The green revolution
The green revolution was intended to provide a breakthrough in agricultural production
and yield. It was primarily directed towards regions with favourable initial conditions.
The main success was achieved in the wheat growing regions in the North West of the
country. However, by its very nature, it was selective and a target specific strategy.
Rural Development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic
wellbeing of people living in rural areas.
Characteristic of Rural Development
 Rural society * Rural demography * Rural social structure
Rural society
Implies small society, small population and extends over a shorter physical area.
Tribe: a group of persons having common characters, occupation or interest.
Peasants: - Is a pre-industrial agricultural labourer or farmers with limited land
ownership.
Tradition:- refers to customs, rituals, belief, folklore, habits in a given ethnic group.
Types of Tradition: 1. Little tradition 2. Great tradition
Rural Demography:- is the statistical study of human population
Rural Social Structure
Caste: Ascriptive in nature and practiced in India, it involves high caste, low caste and
middle caste
Jaymani System: a Patron and client are the class of jajmani system
Distribution of power in Rural Indian: the main dimension of power system were;
Zamindari system, the caste system and village panchayat
Importance of Rural Development
- Removal of inequality and poverty
- Increase in material welfare of the people
- Increase in social well being like education, health, housing
- Equal distribution of the gains of development among different group of people in
region or country.
Indicators of Rural Development
 Economy, * Education * Health * Environment * Culture and leisure * Research *
Agriculture

AGRARIAN CLASSES
1. Feudalistic agrarian systems; Generally controlling substantially large areas of
land but they do not engage in cultivation directly.
2. Capitalist agrarian system:- Farmers generally owning or controlling substantial
land holding, who get their land cultivated with the help of wage labour under their own
direction or delegated supervisor called capitalist farmer.

GREEN REVOLUTION
Refers to high yield varieties of agriculture production by incorporating modern tools
such as biochemicals.

MAIN COMPONENT OF GREEN REVOLUTION

- An improved technology in the form of high yielding variation (HYV) of crop
- A package of practices which consists of appropriate application of chemical
fertilizer
- An overall strategies include government policies.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Administrative structure:- is a typically hierarchical arrangement of lives of authority.
NEEDS OF ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Organizational structure are Important because they help business implement efficient
decision-making process. The machinery of government (MOG) is the interconnected
structures and processes of government such as the functions and accountability of
departments in the executive branch of government.

ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
1. National level 2. State level 3. District level 4. Block and village levels
COUNCIL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PEOPLE’S ACTION AND RURAL
TECHNOLOGY (CAPART)
Is an autonomous society under the ministry of rural development established in 1988 to
promote voluntary action towards implementation of project the system later came to be
known as Panchayati Raj which was inaugurated by the then prime minister Pandi
Jawaharkak.
PANCHAYATI RAJ
Is a three-tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development.
AIMS OF PANCHAYAT RAJ
Is to develop local self-governments in districts, zones and villages.
 FOUR (4) COMMITTEES WERE INITIATED DURING THE BIRTH OF
PANCHAYAR RAJ
1. Asoka melta committee; 1977
2. GUK Rao
3. LM Singhavi
4. Sarkaria
SALIENT FEATURES OF AMENDMENT (PAN. RAJ)
1. Gram sabha
2. Three tier model
3. Reservation of seats
4. Composition of panchayats
5. Duration of panchayats
6. Conduct of elections
7. Finance commission
8. Development activities
COOPERATIVES SOCIETY IN RURAL DEV.
C.S is an organization form to provide financial assistant to its members and the members
are responsible for raising capital and help those in need.
PRINCIPLES OF COOPERATION
1. Voluntary and open membership
2. Democratic member control
3. Member’s economic participation
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and information
6. Cooperation among cooperative
7. Concern for community