Types of Compression Members

• Strut-
compression member which may have any orientation i.e.
vertical, Horizontal or inclined
• Column-
Design of Columns Carries compression force always in Vertical Direction
• Pedestal-
short compression member (height-to least lateral dimension < 3)
• Wall-
A compression member having one of the lateral dimension very
large compared to other lateral dimension

Dimensions of Column Classification of Compression Members based on dimensions

Notations used for dimensions of columns: A compression member is called column if:
b = shorter dimension of cross-section  unsupported length l  60 b if restrained at both ends
D = Larger dimension of column (for Rect.) 100 b 2
 unsupported length l  for cantilever columns
D = Diameter of Column (for circular) D
l = Unsupported length of column
l  D  4b
(length which is free to buckle)  le > 3b
A compression member is referred as Pedestal if:
le = Effective Length of column
(i) l e  3 b least lateral dim ension 
(distance bet. pts. of inflexion)
(ii) D  4 b
le = k l
A compression member is known as Wall if:
Where, k is a factor which  effective height to thickness ratio
depends on support conditions l le H hight 
 30 and
b t thickness 
 length of the wall L> 4 t
D

1
Columns CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS
• used primarily to support compressive loads Classification of columns based on Slenderness ratio
• In the structural frames, The ratio of effective height (le) and least lateral dimension (b) is
• Slab load is transferred to beams referred as Slenderness ratio and calculated as (le/b)
• Beams transfer the load to columns Based on slenderness ratio, columns are divided in two categories
• Columns transfer the load to soil through foundation
• Columns primarily carries compressive loads, however, because of • Short Column [(le/b)  12]
monolithic connection between beam and column, columns are • strength governed by strength of the materials and the geometry
subjected to moment about one axis or both the axis. of the cross section
• Moreover, columns are subjected to moments due to lateral loads • Slender columns [(le/b) > 12]
• strength significantly reduced due to lateral deflections
Beam Beam
Loads
P (buckling)
Column h Classification of Columns Based on loading conditions
Slab b • Concentrically loaded columns
Beam h l
Column Beam Beam • subjected to axial force only
b
Slab
• Eccentrically loaded columns
Footing • subjected to moment in addition to the axial force
Beam Beam
• May have uni-axial bending or bi-axial bending
Soil

Classification of Columns Based on Type of Reinforcement Effect of Lateral Reinforcement on Behaviour of Columns at Ult. Stage
Tied Column- Rect./Square/Circular (A) No Lateral Reinforcement (B) With Lateral Ties (C) With Spirals
• Longitudinal bars tied with ties
• Rect./Square column – Rect./Square Ties
• Circular Columns – Circular Ties
Spiral Column- Circular only PA PB PC
• Long. bars are tied with helical (spiral) bars
Composite Column
• Steel I-section are embedded in column
Concrete filled Tubes
• Concrete is filled in the steel tubes

Load carrying capacity of columns : PC > PB > PA

2
Columns Tied with Lateral ties Columns tied with Helical Reinforcement-
• Main longitudinal reinforcement bars are enclosed • Main reinforcing bars (in
by lateral ties (rectangular/square/circular) longitudinal direction) are enclosed
• The use of lateral ties, reduces the unsupported by continuously wound spiral
length of the main reinforcing bars (free to buckle). reinforcement.
• Lateral Ties provide confinement to the concrete • Spirally tied columns
core – Exhibit higher strength
• Ties experience tensile force. Square Column compared to that of
circular/rectangular
– Spirally tied columns are found
to perform better under seismic
loads compared to tied columns

Rectangular
Column

Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

• Axial loading tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced
columns having the same cross-sectional areas of concrete and steel
reinforcement behave in the same manner up to the ultimate load.

• At ultimate load tied columns fail suddenly due to excessive

cracking in the concrete section followed by buckling of the
longitudinal reinforcement between ties within the failure region.

Failure of a tied column Failure of a spiral column • In case of spirally reinforced columns, once the ultimate load is
reached, the concrete shell (cover) covering the spiral, starts to peel
Deformation off. Only beyond this stage, the spiral effect comes in to action
and provides confinement to the concrete core, thus enabling the
11 column to sustain large deformations before final collapse occurs.

3
Failure of Tied Columns Various types of lateral Ties in in Rectangular Columns

Classification of Columns Based on Type of Loading Column Load: Tributary area method
Axially Loaded Columns
Columns subjected Axial Load PLUS Bending @major axis

Columns subjected Axial Load PLUS Bending @minor axis

Columns subjected Axial Load PLUS Bi-axial Bending

24

4
 Column Load: Beam reaction method Load Summation on Column Section for Design

First, transfer the load from slabs to beams (supporting the slab)
Calculate the reactions of beam and apply these reactions to the column

26

Effective Length of Column Effective Lengths for Columns with Different Support Conditions
Effective Length: length corresponding to the distance between points of inflection
in a column when it is in buckling mode.
Effective Length (lE)= k*l
l= Total unsupported length of column
k= Factor for effective length

a) Braced against side sway and both ends Fixed Rotationally

b) Braced against sides way and one end fixed and other pinned
c) Braced against sides way and both ends free pinned
d) Un-braced against sides way and both ends Fixed Rotationally
e) Un-braced against sides way and both ends Fixed Rotationally
f) Un-braced against sides way both ends fixed Rotationally

5
 MODES OF FAILURE OF COLUMNS

Mode 2 Failure
Mode 1 Failure due to
failure : combined effects of
axial load and Mode 3 failure
Compression (l/D>30):
failure moment
failure due to elastic
buckling failure

Mode 1 failure : GUIDELINES FOR LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

• Failure of column occurs due to Material failure
• This type of failure is observed in shorts columns (le /D < 12)
• No lateral deformation and collapses due to material failure
• Compression failure
Mode 2 Failure Long columns :
• Failure due to combined effects of axial load and moment
• This type of failure occurs in short columns subjected to axial load
plus moment.
• The axially loaded columns having intermediate slenderness ratio
(12 <le/D <30) may have little moment from beam due to minor
eccentricity, as a result they are subjected to axial load plus
moment
Mode 3 failure (le/D>30):
• Even under small load, failure occurs much before the material
reaches the yield stresses (due to buckling)
• Failure due to elastic instability of column
• This type of failure is known as ‘Elastic buckling failure’
Minimum longitudinal steel:
• 0.8% of the gross cross-sectional area of the column required
Note: If for any reason, provided area of column > required area, then minimum steel
will be calculated based on area of column required area not the actual area provided
Minimum reinforcement for pedestal
• 0.15% per cent of the cross-sectional area provided
Maximum longitudinal steel:
• As per IS 456, steel in column may be provided upto 6%
• Practically Max. amount steel in columns is limited to 4% of the gross cross-
sectional area of column to avoid congestion of bars
Minimum No. of longitudinal bars:
• For rectangular Columns: Minimum No. of Bars = 4
• For Circular columns: Minimum no. of bars = 6
Minimum Diameter of bars:
• Minimum diameter of Longitudinal bars = 12 mm
Requirements For Long. steel in Circular Columns:
• Long. steel bars must be at equidistant
circumferentially
• Maximum peripheral distance = 300 mm

6
Transverse Reinforcement Various types of lateral Ties in in Rectangular Columns
• In columns, each longitudinal bar must be tied to avoid buckling
• Shape of Transverse (Lateral) reinforcement depends on shape of Every Longitudinal bar is to be tied
Column cross-section
– Rectangular Section
• Lateral ties
• polygonal links Provided internal angle ≤ 1350
– Circular Section Columns:
• circular rings
• spiral

angle
≤ 1350

Transverse Reinforcement in Rectangular/Square Section Columns Transverse Reinforcement in Rectangular/Square Section Columns
a) If Extreme Longitudinal bar spacing  48tr all the Longitudinal
bars will be tied by single tie and additional open ties may be a) If Extreme Longitudinal bar
provided for in-between longitudinal bars (if required) spacing  48tr all the
Longitudinal bars will be tied
by single tie and additional
open ties may be provided for
in-between longitudinal bars
(if required)
b) If the longitudinal bars are not
spaced more than 75 mm on
either side
• Transverse reinforcement
shall only go round corner
and alternate bars

7
c) For longitudinal bars placed in more than one row:
• transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer-most row in
accordance with (a) above, and
• no bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face
than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row.
d) For longitudinal bars arranged in a group such that
• they are not in contact, and
• each group is adequately tied as per (a), (b) or (c) above, as
appropriate,
• Transverse reinforcement for the compression member as a whole
may be provided assuming that each group is a single longitudinal
bar for determining the pitch and diameter of the transverse
reinforcement.
• The diameter of such transverse reinforcement should not,
however, exceed 20 mm

Pitch and Diameter of Lateral Ties Helical Reinforcement

(a) Pitch: (a) Pitch:
The maximum pitch of transverse • Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation
with the turns of the helix spaced evenly and its
reinforcement shall be the least of the
ends shall be anchored properly by providing one
following: and a half extra turns of the spiral bar.
I. the least lateral dimension of the
Pitch of helical reinforcement shall be determined
compression members; same as for lateral ties in general
II. sixteen times the smallest diameter of the • If an increased (5%) load on the column is allowed
longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied;
• the maximum pitch shall be the lesser of 75 mm
and
and one-sixth of the core diameter of the
III. 300 mm. column, and
(b) Diameter of Lateral Ties: • minimum pitch shall be the lesser of 25 mm and
Diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties three times the diameter of the steel bar forming
I. shall be not less than one-fourth of the diameter of the largest the helix.
longitudinal bar, (b) Diameter:
II. and in no case less than 6 mm. The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be same as for ties

8
Minimum Eccentricity Design Strengths of Concrete and steel for LSD of columns
• Columns are rarely truly concentric Strength of Concrete in Compression in Columns (as per IS456)
• Even an axially loaded column will have accidental eccentricity due to • Maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression = 0.002
inaccuracy in construction, material variation, etc. • Since, the columns are designed for Minimum Eccentricity, strength of the
• According to IS456, even an axially loaded is to be designed for mini. ecc. concrete (corresponds to 0.002 strain) is reduced by 10%
ex min ≥ greater of (l/500 + D/30) and 20 mm • Thus, the design strength of concrete in the design of short-column
ey min ≥ greater of (l/500 + b/30) and 20 mm = 0.9x strength corresponds to 0.002 strain = 0.9 x 0.446fck  0.40 fck
where l, D and b are the unsupported length, larger and least lateral Hence, Design strength of Concrete in columns = 0.40 fy
dimension, respectively. Strength of Steel in Compression in Columns
• As we know, for Short Columns, Maximum values of lex/D and ley/b should • Stress in steels corresponds to 0.002 strain (based on linear interpolation):
not exceed 12 • For Fe-415: Stress at 0.002 strain = 0.789 fy
• Hence, for, short columns: • For Fe-500: Stress at 0.002 strain = 0.746 fy
Max. unsupported length, l = 12 D (or 12b when b is considered) • Since, the columns are designed for Minimum Eccentricity, strength of the
• Thus, for a short column, Mini. eccentricity considered in code becomes steel (corresponds to 0.002 strain) is reduced by 10% (similar to concrete)
ex,min = 12D/500 + D/30 = 0.057D  0.05 D; • Thus, the design strength of concrete in the design of short-column
ey,min = 12b/500 + b/30 = 0.057b  0.05 b = 0.9x strength corresponds to 0.002 strain
Since, according to IS 456, every column is designed for at least 0.05D and • Design strength of For Fe-415 in columns =0.9x 0.789 fy = 0.7101 fy
0.05b, therefore, even a column subjected to axial load and moment M may • Design strength of For Fe-500 in columns = 0.9 x 0.746 fy = 0.6714 fy
be designed as short column if • For simplicity, IS 456 recommends a uniform strength for both the steels
 
ex M x / P   ex , min  0.05D  ; and e y M y / P  e y , min  0.05b   e y , min  0.05b  Hence, Design strength of steel (Fe415/ 500) in columns = 0.67 fy

Governing Equation for Axially Loaded Short (Tied) Columns • For designing a column, if the dimensions of column are not fixed,
• Factored concentric load applied on short tied columns is resisted by assume % of steel, p (between 0.8% to 4%) and calculate Ag using the
concrete of area Ac and longitudinal steel of areas Asc following equation
Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc Pu/Ag = 0.4fck + (p/100) (0.67fy – 0.4fck)
where
• For circular section columns: Equate the above determined Ag to
Pu = factored axial load on the column,
/4D2 and calculate diameter of column( D).
fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete,
• For square section columns: Equate the above determined Ag to D2
Ac = area of concrete (Net),
and calculate side length of square ( D).
fy = characteristic strength of Long. reinforcement in compression,
Asc = area of longitudinal reinforcement in columns. • For rectangular section: Assume appropriate ratio of ‘b’ and ‘D’ (b:D)
Design of Axially Loaded Short (Tied) Columns and equate the above determined Ag to bD, and determine the
• For the design of column, the equation is recast in terms of Ag, the dimensions of rectangular section.
gross area of concrete and p, the percentage of compression • Round-off the dimensions of column
reinforcement employing • Once, gross dimensions of the column are fixed (after round-off),
Asc = pAg/100;  Ac = Ag - pAg/100 = Ag(1 – p/100) calculate percentage of steel using the strength formula of column
Thus; Pu = 0.4fck Ag(1 – p/100) + (pAg/100)x0.67fy Pu = 0.4fck Ag + (p/100) (0.67fy – 0.4fck)Ag
Pu = 0.4fck Ag + (p/100) (0.67fy – 0.4fck)Ag • Provide the transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) as per the IS456
or, Pu/Ag = 0.4fck + (p/100) (0.67fy – 0.4fck) specifications (discussed earlier)

9
Example 1: On Short Column with Lateral Ties
A column of height 1.5 m, is pinned at bottom and effectively restrained
against rotation and held in position at top. It is subjected to a factored
axial load of 2460 kN under the dead load and live load. Design the
column. Grade of Concrete is M30 and steel is Fe415.
Solution : Step 1 : Size of column
Pu  0 . 4 fck Ag  0 . 67 f y  0 . 4 f ck  Asc
pA g
 0 . 4 f ck Ag  0 . 67 f y  0 . 4 f ck 
100
100 Asc
Assu min g , p   2%
Ag
2
2460  10 3  0 . 4  30  Ag  0 . 67  415  0 . 4  30  Ag
100
 Ag  144333 mm 2
For square column , side of the column  142024  377 mm
Adopting column of size 400 mm  400 mm
Step 4: Estimation of Longitudinal Reinforcement
 
Pu  0.4 f ck Ag  0.67 f y  0.4 f ck Asc
2460  1000  0.4  30  400  400  0.67  415  0.4  30 Asc
Asc  2030 mm 2
Minimum reinforcement in column (as per Cl. 26.5.3.1) = 0.8%
Hence, minimum amount of steel in column
= (0.8/100)400400 = 1280 mm2
Asc determined = 2030 mm2 > 1280 mm2 OK
According to Cl. 26.5.3.1 (d), dia. of long. bar NOT less than 12 mm
Providing 4 bars of 20 mm and 4 bars of 16 mm which gives area
Are of steel provided = 4(/4)202 + 4(/4)162 = 2060 mm2 >2030
Provided percentage of reinforcement
= 2060/(400400)  100 = 1.29% < 4% OK
Step 2: To Check Whether the Column is Short or Long
• Boundary conditions for column are given as
• at Bottom : Pinned
• at top : Effectively restrained against rotation but held in position
• Refer Table 13.1 (Table 28 of IS 456)
• Effective Length factor, k = 2.0
• Unsupported length o column, L = 1.5 m
• Effective Length of column, Le = kL = 2.01.5 = 3.0 m
• Slenderness ratio (Le/least lateral dimension, b) = 3.0/0.4 = 7.5 < 12
• Hence, column may be classified as short column
Step 3: Minimum Eccentricity (Cl. 25.4 of IS 456)
Minimum Eccentricity emin = Max. of [{(L/500) + (b/30)}, 20]
= Max. of [{(1500/500) + (400/30)}, 20] = 20 mm
Also, Maximum eccentricity for short column up which column may be
designed as axially loaded column = 0.05 b = 0.05400 = 20 mm
Hence, formula for short column (given in code) may be used for design
Step 5: Estimation of Transverse Reinforcement and pitch
• Determination of Diameter of Transverse Reinforcement
• According to Cl. 26.5.3.2(c) –(2), diameter of transverse
reinforcement should not be less than
• (1/4) of largest diameter of Longitudinal bar = 20/4 = 5 mm
• Not less than 6 mm
• Adopting diameter of transverse reinforcement as 8 mm
• Determination of pitch of Transverse reinforcement
• According to Cl. 26.5.3.2(c) –(1), pitch of transverse reinforcement
should NOT exceed the following
• The least lateral dimension of column (= 400 mm)
• 16  smallest diameter of longitudinal bar (=1616 = 256 mm
• 300 mm
• Hence pitch of transverse reinforcement = 250 mm
• Providing 8 mm  transverse reinforcement (ties) @ 250 mm c/c
10
Step 6: Detailing of Reinforcement Example 2: On short column with lateral ties having predefined
Adopting 40 mm cover clear cover to transverse reinforcement. dimensions
Details of section are shown in Fig. A short rectangular column having an unsupported length 2.5 m and
effective length 3.0 m carries factored axial compressive load of 2000
kN. Architectural requirements dictate the column size as 600 mm by
450 mm. Design the column using M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Step 1: Estimation of Dimensions of Column
Since dimensions of column are given, this step is skipped
Step 2: Determine column is short column or Long columns
Since, column is rectangular, slenderness ratio to be checked in both
direction
Here, unsupported length of the column is same for buckling about major
and minor axis. However, in general, it may be different.
Slenderness ratio for buckling about Minor axis of bending
(Lx/b) = 3000/450 = 6.67 < 12
(Ly/D) = 3000/600 = 5.00 < 12
Hence, column may be classified as Short Column

Step 3: Check for Minimum Eccentricity (Cl. 25.4 of IS 456) Step 4: Estimation of Longitudinal Reinforcement
Minimum Eccentricity ex,min = Max. of [(L/500) + (b/30), 20] 2000 x 103 = 0.4x25x450x600 + 0.67x415xAsc
= Max. of [{(2500/500) + (450/30)}, 20] = 20 mm Above equation shows that the First term on right hand side > Left hand side
Minimum Eccentricity ey,min= Max.[(2500/500) + (600/30), 20] = 25 mm term  Asc will come –ve
Hence, column may be designed in accordance with code, will include 20 It indicates that concrete itself is sufficient to carry the design load and steel
mm ecc. for buckling about minor axis and 25 mm eccentricity for buckling is not required.
about major axis. However, according to code, we need to provide minimum reinforcement
Also, a column may be designed as short column if the ‘Minimum Minimum Reinforcement will be calculated based on the area of concrete
eccentricities’ not exceed the extreme limit for ‘Minimum eccentricities for required to resist the load
short column’ Ac = 2000×103/(0.4×25) = 200000 mm2
Extreme limit for ‘Mini. Ecc’ for buckling about minor axis Minimum Steel required = (0.8/100)×200000 = 1600 mm2
= 0.05 b = 0.05450 = 22.5 mm
Extreme limit for ‘Mini. Ecc’ for buckling about major axis
= 0.05 D = 0.05600 = 30 mm
Since, the calculated Minimum eccentricities for bending about minor and
major axis ( = 20 mm and 25 mm resp.) are LESS than the Extreme limits
for ‘Mini. Ecc’ for buckling about minor and major axis (= 22.5 mm and 30
mm resp.), the column may be designed as a short column and the formula
given in code is applicable.

11
Governing Equation of Short Axially Loaded Columns with Helical Ties Design of Axially Loaded Short Column with Helical Reinforcement
• Columns with helical reinforcement exhibit more strength than Assuming the condition of Helical reinforcement, satisfies the condition,
columns with lateral ties
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐𝑘
• Higher strength of spirally reinforced columns is due to the enhanced ≥ 0.36 –1
confinement effect. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
• Cl. 39.4 of IS 456 recommends 5% additional strength in the Spiral The column may be designed using the following relation
reinforced column compared to tied columns provided the following
Pu 1.05 (0.4 f ck Ac  0.67 f y Asc )
condition is satisfied:
If pitch of Helix is p, volume of helical Reinforcement in One Loop
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐𝑘
≮ 0.36 –1 = 𝜋 𝐷 −𝜙 𝑎
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
Ag = Gross area of Column section Where, asp= c/s area of spiral reinforcement
Ac = Area of concrete Core Dc= Diameter of Core (up to outer face of spiral bar)
Dg ϕsp= Diameter of spiral reinforcement Dc

=>  Dc  sp asp A  f

 0.36  g  1 ck p
 2  c  fy
A
D p
c
4 𝑓
𝑝 ≤ 11.1 𝐷 − 𝜙 𝑎
Dc 𝐷 −𝐷 𝑓

Example 3: On Design of Short Column with Lateral Ties Note that the calculated diameter is based on assumed % of steel,
Design a circular column with helical reinforcement subjected to an axial therefore, adopted diameter may be more or even less than calculated.
load of 1500 kN under service dead and live load. The column has an Amount of steel required will be calculated based on adopted diameter.
unsupported length of 3.0 m with ends effectively held in position but
Check for slenderness ratio:
not restrained against rotation. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Eff. Length of column
Solution:

Pu  1.05 0.4 f ck Ag  Asc   0.67 f y Asc  le = kl = 1.0  3.0 = 3.0 m
(le/D) = (3000/400) = 7.5 < 12  Short column
Asc  pAg 100
Check for Minimum Eccentricity:
  pA  pA   l D 
Pu  1.05 0.4 f ck  Ag  g   0.67 f y g  emin  Max. of   , 20 mm 
  100  100   500 30 
 

Pu  1.05 Ag 0.4 f ck 
p
100
0.67 f y  0.4 f ck   3000 400 
 Max. of  

, 20 mm 
  500 30
  
Assu min g , p  2.5%
 Max. of 19.33 , 20  20 mm

1.5  1500  103  1.05 Ag 0.4  25 
2.5
0.67  415  0.4  25 Limiting eccentricity of column (to be designed as axially loaded)
 100 
= 0.05D = 0.05400 = 20 mm
Ag  128305 mm 2 Since, emin not exceeds the Limiting Eccentricity, therefore, column
Diameter of Column, D  404.18 mm; Adopting diameter of column as 400 mm may be designed as axially loaded short column

12
     415
1.5  1500  103  1.05 0.4  25   4002  Asc   0.67  415  Asc  p  11 . 1320  6   28 
  4   400 2
 320 c2  25
 Asc  3306 mm 2  p  28 . 13 mm
Also , Pitch p  Lesser of 75 mm and D c 6 
Pr oviding 11bars of 20 mm iameter
provided area  3454 mm 2  3306 mm 2 OK
 p  Minimum 75 and 320 / 6 
3454
% of steel provided , p   100  2.75%  0.8 % &  4% OK  p  53 . 34 mm
 4  4002 
Diameter of helical re inf orcement , sp  long or 6 mm Max . Limit for Pich  Minimum of 28 . 13 and 53 . 34 mm 
4
 Max . Pitch that may be provided , p max  28 . 13 mm
20
 or 6 mm  sp  6 mm Also , as per code the pitch should not be less than p min
4
fy where , p min  Greater of 25 mm , 3 sp 
pitch of the spiral , p  11.1Dc  sp asp 2
 
D  Dc2 f ck  Greater of 25 mm , 3  6 
Considering 40 mm clear cov er to helical re inf orcement
 25 mm
Diameter of Core, Dc  400  40  40  320 mm
Let us adopt pitch p  25 mm
Area of cross  sec tion or spiral , a sp   4   62  28 mm 2

Check for Spacing of Longitudinal bars ( circumfrential dis tan ce)

2 Dc / 2  sp  L / 2 
Circumfrential Spacing of long. bars 
11
2 320 / 2  6  20 / 2 

11
 82.25 mm  300 mm OK

400mm

40mm 40mm

13