Part 8

Design for Bending (flexure):

One‐way Slabs

Reinforced Concrete Slabs

• Uses:
• Floors and roofs in buildings
• Bridge decks
• Building walls
• Tank walls
• Retaining walls
• Supports
• RC beams
• Steel beams
• Masonry or concrete walls
• Columns
• Ground (slabs on grade)

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 1 of 15

 Definition
• One‐way slabs are concrete structural floor panels
for which the load is transferred primarily in one
direction. LS
For all-edge supported
slabs usually

LL
 2.0
LS
LL

hf

LS = Short clear span, LL = Long clear span 3

Definition
• If beams are only provided on two sides of a solid
slab, the loading direction follows the beams
regardless of LS and LL.
LL LL

LS LS

Note that the load path followed the beam locations and was
not dictated by the span length

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 2 of 15

 Slabs
• Slabs are usually:

• Horizontal
• Of constant thickness
• Square or rectangular
• Continuous over several supports
• One‐way slabs are designed as a rectangular beam with b=1 m

One‐way Slabs
• Loads
• Slabs are usually designed for uniform loads
• For heavy concentrated loads, provide (if possible) beams
directly below them.
• Usually, stirrups are not needed

• Reinforcement – two directions

• Main reinforcement ‐ short direction
• To resist moment
• Secondary reinforcement – long direction
• To resist temperature and shrinkage cracking
6

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 3 of 15

 Behavior of One‐way Slabs
• Deformed surface is almost cylindrical
• Load is transferred in one direction only
• Consider a 1 m wide strip
• Curvature in short direction LS is much more than curvature
in long direction LL.
• Much higher moment in short direction
• Main steel in short direction LS

•  Design is similar to beam design (b = 1 m)

7

Behavior of Two‐way Slabs

• Deformation surface looks like a dish
• Load is transferred in two directions
• Consider a 1 m wide strip
• Curvature in short direction LS is more than long direction LL.
• More moment in short direction
• Main steel in short and long directions

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 4 of 15

 Reinforcement in One‐way Slabs
• Short direction: use the amount of steel needed to
resist the factored bending moment or As,min ,
whichever is larger

• Long direction: use temperature and shrinkage

reinforcement (minimum area of steel)

• Temperature and shrinkage steel is the minimum

area of steel to be used in long and short directions
(ACI318 – 14 Table 7.6.1.1)

Reinforcement in One‐way Slabs

• Table 7.6.1.1 (ACI318 – 14)

10

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 5 of 15

 Reinforcement Spacing in One‐way Slabs
• Maximum spacing of reinforcement
 3h
• Short direction S max  min 
450 mm

 5h
• Long direction S max  min 
450 mm

• Practically, the bar size is selected to have a spacing

that is greater than 1.5 times the slab thickness, to
avoid excessive cost of bar fabrication and
handling.

11

Slabs Reinforcement
 
As mm 2 /m  Ab 
 1000 mm 

 S mm 
Ab  The cross - sectional area of a single bar
S  bar spacing
Usually
Bars dia.= 10-20 mm Conventional bars
Usually
S = 75 – 300 mm

Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)

12
Welded rolls

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 6 of 15

 Example 8.1
• The one‐way RC slab shown carries a uniformly distributed service live
load of 6 kN/m2. The slab also supports a wall at the end of the cantilever
of weight of 15 kN/m. The concrete to be used is normal weight concrete
with compressive strength fc’ = 21 MPa and the yield strength of the used
steel fy = 420 MPa. Use No. 13 bars.

13.5 m

4.0 m 1.5 m
13

Example 8.1
1. Select the slab thickness.
2. For a strip of 1 m wide, draw the SFD and the BMD.
3. Design the main steel.
4. Design the secondary (shrinkage and temperature)
steel.
5. Sketch sections and plans of the slab showing the
designed reinforcement details.

14

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 7 of 15

 Example 8.1
Table 7.3.1.1
ACI 318-14

15

Solution
1. The one‐way slab system consists of two parts:
• One‐end continuous slab
• Cantilever slab
According to Table 7.3.1.1 ACI 318‐14

4.0 m 1.5 m

l 4.0 l 1.5
hmin    0.167 m, hmin    0.15 m
24 24 10 10

Use h=0.18 m = 180 mm

16

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 8 of 15

 Solution
2. For a 1.0 m wide strip, the ultimate (factored)
loads are:

wD  bh c  1.0m 0.18m  24kN / m 3  4.32kN / m 

wL  1.0m  6kN / m  6.0kN / m
2

wu  1.2wD  1.6 wL  1.24.32   1.66  14.78kN / m
QD  15kN / m  Qu  1.2151m  18kN
wu Qu

4.5 m 1.5 m

17

Solution
Qu=18 kN
 M A 0 wu = 14.78 kN/m
 5.5 
14.78*5.5*  18*5.5  4.0RB  0
 2 
RA 4.0 m RB 1.5 m
RB  80.65kN 
 Fy  0 40.18 kN
RA  80.651814.78*5.5  0 18.65 kN 18.0 kN
RA  18.66kN 
SFD

Note that the point of 1.26 m

40.48 kN
zero-shear corresponds
to the location of the -43.63 kN.m
maximum moment
BMD
11.78 kN.m
18

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 9 of 15

 Solution
These equations were given in previous lectures:

Mu
R
bd 2

M  R 
1- 1-2.36 'u,max2  1- 1-2.36 ' 
 f c bd   fc 
ρreq.  
f  f 
1.18 y'  1.18 y' 
 fc   fc 

19

Solution
3. M u ,max (ve)  11.77 kN .m and M u ,max (ve)  43.63 kN .m
a  Design for M u ,max (ve)  43.63 kN .m
db 12.7
d  h- cover -  180  20   153.7 mm
2 2 (Assuming No. 13 bars)
6
43.63 x10
R  2.05MPa
0.91000153.7 2
1  1  2.362.05 21
 req   0.00521,
1.18420 21
 As req.  bd  0.005211000153.7   801mm 2 / m  Controls
As ,min  0.0018bh  0.00181000180   324mm 2 / m
Ab 129
S  *1000  *1000  161mm Use No. 13 @ 160 mm
 As req. 801
20

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 10 of 15

 Solution
Or, using Table A.3  Use No. 13@ 160 mm
S max  min 3h  3 *180  540, 450   450mm  Use No.13@160mm
Ab 129
  As used x1000  x1000  806mm 2 / m
S 160
Check capacity
As f y 806420  a 19.0
a   19.0mm, c    22.32mm
0.85 f b
c
'
0.85211000  1 0.85
c 22.32
  0.145  0.375    0.9 Since f’c=21MPa
d 153.6
 19 
M n  0.9806420153.6  10 6  43.9kN .m  M u ,max OK
 2

21

Design Aids ‐ Table A.3

22

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 11 of 15

 Solution
b  Design for M u ,max (ve)  11.77 kN.m
11.77 x106
R  0.55MPa
0.91000153.6 
2

1  1  2.360.55 21
 req   0.00134
1.18420 21
 As req.  bd  0.001341000153.6  206 mm 2 /m  As ,min  324 mm 2 /m
 As  As ,min  324mm 2 /m
Using No. 10 bars;
Ab 71
S *1000  *1000  219mm  S max  450 mm
As 324
 Use No.10 @ 210 mm
23

Solution
4. Design of the reinforcement in the long direction (using No. 10 bars)

As  0.0018bh  0.00181000 180  324 mm 2 /m

Ab 71
S x1000  x1000  219 mm
As 324
S max  min 450 mm, 5h  1000 mm   450 mm
 71 
 Use No.10 @ 210 mm  As  x1000  338 mm 2 /m 
 210 
No. 13@160 mm

5.

No. 10@210 mm
24
Concrete cover = 20 mm from all sides

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 12 of 15

 Solution
6. Practical detailing
No. 13@150 mm

No. 10@200 mm

25

Analysis of Continuous Beams and One‐way Slabs

• Continuous beams and one‐way slabs need to be analyzed

to determine the internal shears and moments.
• They are structurally indeterminate as the number of
unknowns exceed the number of equations of equilibrium.
• Computer software need to be used.

26

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 13 of 15

 Analysis of Continuous One‐way Slabs
• The ACI 318 provides an alternate method for the
analysis of the continuous beams and one‐way slabs.

• The following conditions need to be satisfied to be able

to use this method:

• Two or more spans.

• Spans are approximately equal (difference between two
adjacent spans ≤ 20%).
• Uniformly distributed loads only.
• Live load ≤ 3 times dead load (L ≤ 3 D).
• Prismatic (constant) cross sections.

27

Analysis of Continuous One‐way Slabs

• From ACI 318‐11:

28

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 14 of 15

 Analysis of Continuous Beams and One‐way Slabs: SFD

l1 l2 l3

wu l 1 wu l 3
wu l2
2 2
2

1.15wu l 1 wu l 2 wu l 3
2 2 2

29

Analysis of Continuous Beams and One‐way Slabs: BMD

l1 l2 l3

 wu lavg
2  wu lavg
2  wu lavg
2

10 11 11
 wu l12
 wu l42
24
24

wu l12 wu l22 wu l32 wu l42

14 16 16 14

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

support for members built integrally with
supports, where support is spandrel beam 30

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 15 of 15

 Analysis of Continuous Beams and One‐way Slabs: BMD

l1 l2 l3

 wu lavg
2  wu lavg
2  wu lavg
2

 wu l12 10 11 11
16  wu l42
24

wu l12 wu l22 wu l32 wu l42

14 16 16 14

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

support for members built integrally with
supports, where support is a column
31

Part 8: One-way slabs Page 16 of 15