Q.

HO
Glucose
Oxime H (open
chai
form)n Ans.14.3. Q.
H0H H H HO Ans. 14.2. o.
|NH,-HOoH Glucose H H
CH,0H CH=NOH CH,OH solution The How
-OH Lactose
ofWhat being Ans. 14.1.
H -OH -H each which
Alternatively, being are
BIOMOLECULES
Inwater.
-OHH -ÖH 4 -OH CHcyclic do irespective
QUESTIONS
EDXERCISES
AND
GlucoseGlucose
contrast,
simple compounds)
to you of isarepolar are that
produce
hemiacetal D-(+)-glucose athe Due
explain diassacharide. molecules
non-polar molecules these contains
expected benzene of to or
CipH,O1
+H,0
Lactose
like the this sucrose e
arNCERT
compounds
the form the dissolves five
fact insoluble
CHCo
CH,OH molecules
dissolve having
(molecular extensive
openabsence products
and On that and are
HO
-H of
a-Glucose
B-Glucose H INTEXT
+ H glucose D-(+)-galactose.
chain hydrolysis, lik e do
low thcirsucrosesoluble in
5
2l
CHOH of
in do intermolecular
not mass
14/58 polar molecular
of is molecular water.
in
OH -OH aldehydicaldehyde
contains not the
contain
hydrolysis contains
Lactaseor general
dissolve
it water
= Explain.water
78
UNSOLVED
H,0+ gives masses.
-OH masses g
an
group molecules. NCERT mol) eight-OH but
form OH two of ingroups rule H-bonding, WIT
COOHCH,-5 5 cyclohexane
(CH;CO);0 D-(+)-Glucose in molecules
group RCONHCHRC lactose polar ofEven are
which and
the
CoH206t solubility. and
water cyclohexane 180 groups.
at ? t hen glucose g
pentaacetate
then C-1 hence or H
of
molecules they mol These
pentaacetate
a-GlucoseSH QUESTIONs benzene
No reactswhich monosaccharides, Therefore, do A
free CH;CO0HdT S are and and
pentaacetate
B-Glucose not
(molecular -OH
oximeno D-(+)-Galactose insoluble sucrose 342NSWERs
aldehyde with gets of
H H
H while form (simple
6 5 benzene ggroups
NH,OH CH,OCOCH, 2 hydrolysed
NH,OHD-glucose
group, CHOCOCH,
-0COCH, bld,a glucoseH-bonds in molr are
i.e., mass form six
(CBSE and water. soluble
?A
to in one
respectively. membered
=
formn
cyclohexane
and with The 84H-bonds
aqueous molecule 2010
sucrose water.reasonmol-ly g in
the S)
water wis ri
 corwithrform
C-6 eacetic
spondinanhydri
a
g oXime,de, theThus,OHglucOse contains an aldehydic group. contrast, 14/59
reacted
when glucose is C-4 and
get pentaacetate. Since group
In
cannot
pentaacctatehydrol the atC-1, along
with thc four othergroups at C-2, C-3, C-1, it
ysed in
does not aqueous pentaacetate
of OH
does not contain a free OH group
glucose at

that glucosereact with solution

glucose
This to produce the open and hence
14.4. The proves chain form
O. NH,OH to form glucose oxime. aldehydic
meltingExplain.
haloacids. points and pentaacetate does not
in water of contain the aldehyde group. those of the corresponding
Ans. The amino
solubility amino acids are higher than
acids exist as
they have strong
are higher zwitterions, H, NCHR-CO0 .Due to this dipolar salt like
character

dipole-dipole
te interact than haloacids which attractions do not
or clectrostatic
attractions. Therefore, their melting points
strongly with H,O. As aresult,have salt liké character. Further, dueto salt likethan character, they
Q. 14.5. corresponding
Where haloacids which do not solubility water
Ans. When thedoes the water present in have salt like character
in of amino acids is higher that of the

present egg is boiled, the the egg go after boiling the egg ?
0. 14.6. Why in the egg gets proteins first undergo denaturation and then coagulation, and the water
Ans. cannot
Vitamin
body.
vitamin Cabsor
be bed/adsorbed
water soluble,stored in our body ?
Cis
in the coagulated proteins probably through H-bonding.
(Kerala Board 2012 ; Raj. Board 2012)
0. 14.7.
What
therefore, it is readily excreted in urine and hence cannot be stored in the
Ans. Besidesproducts would be formed when a from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed ?
Q. 14.8. When thymine, the two other nucleotide
RNA is
What does hydrolysed, there products
is
are :2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
no different bases obtained ?
Ans. A DNA this fact suggest about therelationship ofamong the quantities of
(C) alwaysmolecule hastwo strands in structure RNA ?
pairs with guanine (G) whilewhich the four complementary bases pair cach other, i.e. cytosine
a DNA when
moleculeis is hydrolysed, the molarthymine
that of adenine (T) always pairs with adenine (A). Therefore,
amounts of cytosine is always cqual to that of guanine and
quantities of always equal to that of thymine. Since in RNA there is no relationship between the
Uand C four bases (C, G, Aand U)
pairs with Gis not obtained, therefore, the base-pairingg principle, i.e., Apairs with
followed. Therefore, unlike DNA, RNA has a single strand.
0. 14.1. What are
NCERT EXERCISES
Ans.
A monosaccharides ? (CBSE 2010)
Monosaccharides
formula
are
is (CH,0), carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolysed to smaller molecules. Their general
where
(-CHO) group are called aldosesn3-7. These are of two types. Those which contain an aldehyde
They are further and those which contain a keto (C= 0) group are called ketoses.
classified as
,4, 5, 6and 7 carbon atoms trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and heptoses according as they contain
respectively. For example,
CHO CH,OH
CHO H- OH
H-C-OH HO-C-H HO C-H
CHO
H-COH H- OH H-C--OH
H-C-0H H-C-OH H-C--OH H-C--OH
CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH
D-()-Glyceraldchy de D-(-Ribose D- G
 SHAK.
PRADEEPS NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY
14/60
(KI)
Q. 14.2. What are reducing sugars ? (CBSE 2001, 2019,
Carbohvdrates which reduce Fehling's solution to red ppt. of Cu,0 or Tollens
Ans.
metallic Ag are called reducing sugars. All monosaccharides (both aldoses and ketoses) and
reagent to shinin
except sucrose are reducing sugars.
and D-(4)-lactose are all reducing sugars.
Thus, D- (+)-glucose, D-(+)-galactose, D--)-fructose,
d,D-(+is}a-cmhaalrtiodsegs
Q. 14.3. Write two main functions of carbohydrate in plants.
Ans. () Structural material for plant cell walls. The polysaccharide cellulose acts as the (CBSE 2008,
chief structural
material of the plant cell walls.
() Reserve food material. The polysaccharide starch is the major reserve food material in
It is storedIin seeds and acts
the
as the reserve food material for the tiny plant till it is capable of plants
own food by photosynthesis. FODD its imaking
0. 14.4. Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, maltoe
galactose, fructose and lactose.
Ans. Monosaccharides : Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, galactose and fructose.
Disaccharides : Maltose and lactose.
). 14.5. What do you understand by the term glycoside linkage ? (CBSE 2008, 2011)
Ans. The ethereal or oxygen linkage through which two monosaccharides are joined together by the loss of
a water molecule to form a molecule of disaccharide is called the glycosidic linkage. The glycosidic
linkage in maltose molecule is shown below :
CH,OHob CH,OHattteobe
H -0 Hgidenoi H
H
OH H OH H d olubalnAaA
HO OH
H OH H OH
a-D-Glucose T oa-D-Glucose
Glycosidic

(Hr. Board 2013)

starch ?
. 14.6. What is glycogen ? How is it different from
components-a water soluble component
Ans. Starch is not a single compound but is a mixture of two (80-85%). Amylose is a
called amylopectin
called amylose (15-20%) and water insoluble comnponentamylopectin are branched polymers of a-D
linear polymer of -D-glucose. But both glycogen and amylopectin. Whereas amylopectin chains
glucose ; rather glycogen is more highly branched than
10-14 glucose units.g(OHO
consist of 20-25 glucose units, glycogen chains consist of
. 14.7. What are the hydrolysis products of
2012: Assam Board 2012 ; CBSE 2013)
(Hr. Board
(i) sucrose
(CBSE 2010 S : Hr. Board 2012)
(ii) lactose ?
each of glucose
Both sucrose and lactose are disaccharides. Sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule
Ans. one molecule each of glucose and galactose.
and fructose but lactose on hydrolysis gives
H,0+
CipHpO1t H,0 or Invertase
CoH,06+ CoH06
D-(+)-Glucose D-(-)-Fructose
Sucrose

H,o+
CipH20|1 + H,0 CoH,06 + CoH20,
or Lactase
D-(+)-Glucose D-(+)-Galactose
Lactose
BIOMOLECULES (HeBoard 2013)
0. 14.8. What
VWhat is the basic starch and cellalose?
structural
Ans. Starch is not a single
difference between contrast, cellulose is a
compound. It consists of amylose and amylopectin. In while cellulose is a linear
single compound. Anmylose is alinear polymer of a-D-glucose C4 of the
condensation polymer of B-D-glucose.condensation p connected to
In amylose, C-1 of one glucose unit is cellulose, C-I of
other through -glycosidic linkage as shown in Fig. 14.8, page 14/16. However. in in Fig. 14.10,
one glucose unit is connected to C-4 of the Fig. as shown 149,
other through Bglycosidic linkage shown in Fig.
page 14/17. Amylopectin, on the other hand, has highly branched structure as
page 14/17.
149, What happens when D-glucose is treated with the following reagents ? (CBSE 2008, 2012)
() HI () Bromine water (i) HNO

CHOH CH,(CH,)4CH;
CHO
n-Hexane
H -OH H -OH
HI +
Ans. HO -H HO -H Reduction
CH;(CH)-CHI-CH,
H -OH H -OH 2-lodohexane

H H -OH

CH,OH
D-(+)-Glucopyranose
(Hemiacetal fornm)pisA
CH,OH
Glucose
(Open chainform)
uoeprx
CH,OH

JO OH
0H
HNO,

CHO
and

groups
inor~
of

Dxidation

COOH COOH

H -OH CHO H LOH

HOH
(CHO HO -H

H -OHgo H -OH

H -OH d H -OH

COOH
D-Saccharic acid D-Gluconic acid

Q. 14.10. Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure.
(CBSE 2008)
Ans. Refer to limitations (1-5) of open chain structure as discussed on page 14/9.
What are essential and non-essential amino acids ? Give two examples of each tyne
 LaRADEEDIS NEWEA
PRADEEP'S NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY (XI)VoT
14/62
the following as related to proteins.a
2. 1412 peine (CBSE 2011, 2012 ; Hr. Board 2011, 2012 ; Assam Board 2013
Peptide linkage
ii)Primary structure (CBSE 2011)
(ii)Denaturation. (CBSE 2008 ; Hr. Board 2012 ; Assam Board 20131
a-amino acids in which the same or differa
Ans. () Peptide bond. Proteins are condensation polymers of peptide bond is an amide linkage for.
Q-amino acids are connected by peptide bonds. Chemically, a
other - amino acid by loss of.
between -COOH group of one - amino acid and -NH, group of the
molecule of water. For example,ollol alsi

H,N-CH-OH +HHN-CH-COOH0 H¡N-CH,C NH-CH-COOH

Glycine CH,
CH, Peptide bond
Alanine
Glycylalanine (Gly-Ala)

polypeptide chain
Ai) Primary structure. Proteins may contain one or more polypeptide chains. Each
sequence. The
has large number of d-amino acids which are linked to one another in a specific one another is
linked to
pecific sequence in which the various &-amino acids present in a protein are different protein.
acids creates a
called its primary structure. Any change in the sequence of a-amino
page 14/26.
The general primary structure of a protein is given in Fig. 14.12,
three-dimensional structure and
(iin)Denaturation. Each protein in the biological system has a unique
a protein in its native form
has specificbiological activity. This is called native form of a protein. Whenhydrogen bonds are broken.
pH, etc.
is subjected to physical changes such as change in temperature,
molecule occurs and the protein loses its
Due to cleavage of hydrogen bonds, unfolding of protein
During denaturation, 2° and
biological activity. This loss of biological activity is called denaturation.
intact (Fig. 14.19, page 14/30). As a
remains
3° structures of proteins are destroyed but 1° structure
into fibrous proteins (insoluble
result of denaturation,globular proteins (soluble in H,0) are converted coagulated proteins are also
why
in H,0). In other words, denaturation leads to coagulation. That is
called denaturated proteins.
is the coagulation of albumin present in the
The most common example of denaturation of proteins
globular protein present in it is denatured and
white of an egg. When the egg is boiled hard, the, soluble
example is curdling of milk which is caused due to
is converted into insoluble fibrous protein. Another
formation of lactic acid by the bacteria present in milk.
proteins ? 003
3. What are the common types of secondary structure of
a result of hydrogen bonding is called
s. The conformation which the polypeptide chains assume assecondary structures are : a- helix (Fig.
the secondary structure of the proteins. The two types of
14.15, page 14/28). Refer to the text for
14.14b, page 14/27) and B-pleated sheet structure (Fig.
further details.

H. What type of bonding helps in stabilising the a-helix structure of proteins)?s leW LL
(CBSE 2010 S, 2013)
H-bonding between C = 0 of one
as, Ihe o-helix structure of proteins is stabilized by intramolecular
chain. Refer to Fig. 14.14b,
amno acid residue and the NH of the fourth amino acid residue in the
page 14/27,iouo3oeo bol bod dpd d
 14/63
Board 2012)
BIOMOLECULES S : Hr.
2010
14.15. Diferentiate between globular and fibrous (CBSE2010, table.
proteins.
Q.
main differences in globular and fibrous proteins are given inthe following
Ans. The m
Flbrous proteins consist
Globular protelns proteins side
of fibrous tendtolie
1. Globular proteins have almost spheroidal 1. Polypeptide chains molecules which
shape due to folding of the polypeptide chain. of thread like
by side to form
fibres.
are insoluble in water.changes
2. Globular proteins are soluble in water. proteins moderate
an Fibrous are stableto
3. Globular proteins are sensitive to small 3. Fibrous proteins
temperature and pH.
of
changes of temperature and pH. Therefore,
they undergo denaturation on heating or on biological
treatment with acids/bases. have any
do not material of
4. Globular proteins possess biological activity. 4. Fibrous proteinsas chiefstructural
That is why they act as enzymes, (maltase,
inskin,
activitybutserve example, keratintendons,
invertase, etc.), hormones (insulin) animal tissues. For
wool, collagen
in
hair, nails, and muscles.
antibodies (gamma globulins), transport myosin in
agents (haemoglobin), etc. fibroin in silk and
molecule.
0. 14.16. How doyou explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids ? group withinthe same amino
Ans. Amino acids contain an acidic (carboxyl group) and a basic (amino) loses a proton while the
group
In aqueous solution, they neutralize each other. The carboxyl
group accepts it. As a result, a dipolar or zwitterion is formed.
+

H,N CH-COOH ’ H, N-CH-cO0

R Zwitterionw
bases.
both acids and
In zwitterionic form, o-amino acids show amphoteric behaviour as
they react with in the
a proton to form the cation (I) while
In the acidic medium, CO0- ion of the zwitterion accepts
basic medium, NH, ion loses a proton to form the anion (I).
OH H,NCH -COo
on H, N-CH-COOH H,N-CH-CO0
H H R

Zwitterion )
(1)
acts as the base.
Thus, NH, group acts as the acid while CO0 group Sbiool (CBSE 2012)
0. 14.17. What are enzymes ? compared
Ans. Enzymes are biologicalcatalysts. Each biological system requires a different enzyme. Thus, asrequired in
to conventional catalysts, enzymes are very specific and efficient in their action. They are
K) and pH (7-4) under one atmospheric
only small quantity and work at optimum temperature (310 Some enzymes are also associated with
pressure. Chemically, they are globular proteins. However, Cofactors are of two types :
some non-protein component called the cofactor for their activity.
Cu2+, Co2+, etc.
(a) Inorganic ions such as Zn+, Mg²+, Mn+, Fe?t,
are usually derived from,
(b) Organic molecules. These are also of two types : () Coenzymes. These protein and can be easily
vitamins such as thaimine, riboflavin, niacin, etc. They are loosely held to the as biotin but
separated by dialysis. (i) Prosthetic group. These are also derived from vitamins such
are tightly held to the protein molecule by covalent bonds. They can be separated only by careful
hydrolysis.
 TPACand I

22 sNucleic Ans. Q.
14/64
a
nucleoside.Thus, ns.
purine WhatRNA) of(ii) are to (1)Nucleic main Ans.14.18,
Anucleoside our DNA the or Sources
pyorrheaVitamin
Sources
blindness.
night
and
Vitamin WhyHowever,
Vitamin tissues).
storing
fat
oWm transferred DNAchromosomes What pantothenic
(i) Vitamins
SOproteins How
HO-H2C in is unique functions Fat (pnsoluble DuriAs
ng
(guanine
general, body.
in are Water a What
o the the and is acids acids are are result
(loosening : C. :
Fish vitamin A K soluble is
is Actually
responsible Citrous
nucleic is biotin,
is ar e
vitamins cannot denaturation,
difference cell RNA property
to ofare are Vitamin soluble
acid, in the
H32 or
formed liveressential
responsible classified of
nucleosides but the nucleic
(proteins vitamins. H, O)
Ha kaO adenine) are of
biomoleculesacidsfruits A i.e., Bo, be
denaturation, effect ASNEIR
Nucleoside
OHob OH vitamins.
These
acid,
ioihpeo
Sugar Phosphate the thedaughter offor two and Coil, classified hatched and
I when responsible and vitamin of
between ? is to 2°
message
proteins replication acids ; carrots,
bleeding us for
B into their
denaturation
base transmission containing types Mentionamla, essential vitamin These and and
H
may1-position
cells. because tw o to
biological the 3°
H
are : which
green
coagulation H folic
produce ?
Base be is a for butter is
deoxyribonucleic : C include groupsName globular structures
attached
represented nucleoside the are for during their
of to neither include
acid)
synthesis its
synthesized
of of nucleic are leafyteeth). usand essential
deficiency the activity
chickens. on
synthesis
a hereditary
cell found two of vitamins depending
and th e
to
pyrimidine vegetables. because milk. soluble-in
blood. vitamin vitamin CHEMISTRY
proteinsPRADEEPS of (XI)
asC-1 and ofdivision in
acidsimportant to vitamin proteins
isstructure
acid the its us lost .
70-P0CH,O : of a of byall effects
a as causes ?
A, upon (soluble
nucleotide
Sugar-Base.sugar proteins
various nuclei
deficiency B-complex
C.(B,
D,responsible For
particular
(cytosine, as (DNA) the Give water are
a E their examnple,destroyed ofNEW
result from prostheticfunctions.
ofall xerophthalmia their nor and in
proteins
(ribose RNAneeded
H ? and 1in K.solubility H,O) COURSE VOII
For thymine protein ofone living causes important tat.ae They for
OHKaSugar whichribonucleic i.e.,BzB3,
Nucleotide W3o
Hsiu H/ example, or molecules for generation dolgoto) coagulation
boiled are but ?
deoxyribose) is the group).in
s cells are in converted 1°
(Uttarakhand Board
2012)
or given two andthe
scurVvy (hardening egg
stored water structure
21 sources. bo which d
OH structure uracil) (r-RNA,growth identical to acid inform (bleeding slakie
by (Bihar
Board
2012) nicotinic: or of
H 17 Base
or another. inits inie.,Bg, into
by DNA and (RNA).
ofnucleoproteing of liver fatblood
. contains remains (H.
9-position
() a cornea fibrous
m-RNA
maintenance DNA This potive and Board
B-linkage. molecules.
represents gums) 2
coagulated
The intact.
strands is of adino proteins
ofa and due two and eve) 2012)
 o. 0.
Ans.
A24. Ans.
14.23,The BIOMOLECULES
. 1. 4. 3. 2. 1.
DNA sixmass
Write
identical.fixes14.29, Fof
DNA DNA bases.DNA The between(Ca=ndbases,strand The opentose
se
pentnHcleotide A
to twoexamnple,
has sixteen may hascontainssugar the the page G) the and two
molecules
ique complementary. strands phosphoric
Sugarby
sugar
vary double important sequence
sequence
14/44. pyrimidine only strands
present structure
million. contains
from cytosine possible in in and
erty are
stranded in DNA ofDue DNA DNA A
6
very DNA structural A base (1) nitrogenous
x bases(adenine)topairing all
of 10°- and this are the
-helix
large is in
molecule
ofrepresents
ion. 2-deoxy-D-(--ribose. Structural
thymine differences r base-pairing Sugar 8cid. three
f 16- Boed the in he not
nctional
erences ; and and DNA otheridentical
their
10°structure. other are This, base,basie
as functional
2012 a
u, pyrimidine (thymine) d
helnucleotide.
Tare and Base-0-P-0H These
in
molecular
iLe., strand.
principle, cotmponets
: vice
together
G but general,
from Bihar (guanine)versa. re
diferences Thus, are obtained
Board through
4. 3. 2. 1. the by a
2. 1. the Because
40,000 u.
molecular RNA
Pyrimidine
RNA bàses. RNA The andC hydrogen ocleotide nocleic of
RNA 2012 nwo hwo by
sugar between different of
ally molecules hascontaíns : strands H-bonds (cytosine is scids,
estenification
single MP of
mass present bases bonds represented
Board DNA
does stranded RNA are (ie, ) Explain.
ranging are cytosine in
through
in between
sizesand ieyaphosphoriofe
not RNA 2012 and oneA=T)
much compl CeOHas
ate.
ementarystrand three
RNA.:
from o-helix and is HP purine
smaller D-(-rtbose as
f Board automatically
geometries
showvn
H-bonds,
20,000structure. uracit base group aeid
witn z0ls) and in aroup
off4/66
of of
to ds not ie..
Fig. the one the
AND
EXEReISES
RT TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS