INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

216, 301 AND 301M

Instructor
Sagar Mitra, Professor, DESE, 5th Floor, 705 room no
Email: sagar.mitra@iitb.ac.in
Phone: 022 2576 7849

TAs:
Abhinanda Sengupta (PhD, Chemical background)
Manoj Gautam (PhD student, Mechanical Engg)
Aakash Ahuja(PhD student, Electrical Engg.)
Harshita Lohani (3rd year MSc-PhD., Energy Sciences)
6th Jan 2023 Sagar Mitra, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai,
IIT Bombay Mumbai, INDIA
 About the Course
1

¨ Energy and Environment, Renewable energy

¨ World and India outlook
¨ Different Renewable energy (resources-conversion-
uses) Thermal Sciences, Solar, Wind, Biomass,
Hydrogen and Fuel cells etc.
¨ Economics of Renewables
 Must books
2
 Text Books and References
3

¨ S. P. Sukhatme, Solar Energy - Principles of thermal

collection and storage, second edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1996
¨ J. Twidell and T. Weir, Renewable Energy Resources,
E & F N Spon Ltd, London, 1986.
 Evaluation and Grading
(attendance is must)
4

¨ Attendance (6%), will be checked in regular basis

¨ Quizzes (24 %) (after every 4th class for 20-30 mins, minimum of 4)
¨ Midsem exam (30%)
¨ Endsem exam (40%)
v Grading will be relative scale. Discussion during the class will be added
benefits
v Tutorials will be conducted in every 3rd class during the semester to clear out
doubts (attendance must)
v Except medical reason with proper authorized documentation, we will not
conduct mid sem and end exam. No extra quiz will be conducted.
Top three problems to Humanity

¨ Climate Change
and green house
gas emission
¨ Sustainable Solution
to live
¨ Poverty
https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/
5-global-issues-to-watch-in-2020/
 Greatest challenge in 21st Century
6

Low carbon energy

Climate change World population

Reducing CO2 emissions

Sustainability

Even in
n
Signifi et zero emis
cant d s
emand ion world
for hyd
rocarb
CO2 should be captured on fue
ls will
+ remaining emissions are offset by persist
negative emission from Bioenergy https://21stcenturychallenges.org/challenges/
 Global green house
emission
¨ Power sector
¨ Agriculture and land use
¨ Transport sector
¨ Industry

IPCC, 5th Assessment report

 Electricity sector in INDIA (installed capacity 409 GW as of Dec 2022)
Coal Industry
49.9 % 382670 GWh (44.87 %)

Hydro Domestic
electricity 185858 GWh (21.79 %)
11.5 %
Agricultural
Wind+ PV+Bio 30 177 MW 140960 GWh (17.95%)
masss Off grid
29.2 % 973 MW Commercial
71019 GWh (8.33 %)
Natural gas India needs 400-900 GW
6.1 % Traction
of new generation addition by
15431GWh (1.81 %)
Nuclear 2030 to meet economic development
1.7% goals
Data taken from Ministry of Power, GOI
Energy Consumption source wise
 India green house emission
¨ Power Industry
¨ Industrial Contribution
¨ Transport sector
The country could achieve its 40% non-fossil
power capacity target more than a decade
early, through the use of hydroelectricity and
nuclear power. India’s emissions intensity in
2030 will be around 50% below 2005
levels.
https://www.carbonbrief.org
Multiple challenges-Indian Energy sector

¨ Constrained transmission and distribution capacity

¨ Unmet energy demand
¨ Low energy access in rural areas
¨ Continue to depend on coal-based generation

Solution
Use of Renewable energy
 Renewable Energy
12

¨ Renewable energy is the term used to cover those

energy flows that occur naturally and repeatedly in
the environment and can be harnessed for human
benefit.
¨ The ultimate sources of most of this energy are the
sun, gravity and the earth’s rotation.
 Perspective transmission plan for RE by
2030 (green corridors)
q Green corridors planned for Tamil Nadu, Gujrat, Rajsthan
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, HP and Jammu
Kashmir
q The transmission system costing about Rs. 32, 000 crores
( $ 900 Mn) have been planned to establish 32 GW RE
Additional capacity program

q Rs. 2000 crores ($ 350 Mn) investment anticipated for

Energy storage

q India is currently investigating 1-5 MW pilot demons-

tration projects for technology validation
 Non-Renewable Energy
14

¨ Non-Renewable energy is the energy obtained from

stored resources and can be released by human
¨ e.g. Nuclear fuels and fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)
¨ Sometimes the non-renewable energy is termed as
primary energy and having finite supplies
 World Energy Outlook
15

• Today energy consumption is 600 x 10 15

BTU

• By 2050 that no can be 900 x 10 15 BTU

• About 80% contribution from RE

 World Total Primary Energy Supply
16

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1973

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
others Renewables
Hydroelectric
Nuclear Energy 2019

Coal Renewables
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Energy
Oil

Coal
Oil
Natural Gas

Natural Gas
 World Total Energy Consumption
(data accessed on 3rd Jan 2022)
17

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html
 Electricity consumption per capita
18

Indians use 1181 kWh

electricity per capita (2018-2019)

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html
 Why should we use RE
19

¨ Non renewable
resources are limited
¨ Security of supply
¨ Increase in world
energy consumption
¨ Sustainability
https://ebrary.net
 Consequences of Fuel Combustion
20

¨ CO2 -- Global warming

¨ NOx and HC– smog
¨ CO– toxic
¨ SO2– acid rain
¨ PM-- adverse health effects
 Solar Energy: source of all energy
21

Solar Energy

Direct Indirect

Thermal Photon Hydro Wind Tidal and Biomass

Ocean

Flat plate Concentrator Photovoltaics

collector
 Renewable Energy System
22

Sun PV-panel Battery Converter Fluorescent

lamp

Energy
Energy Conversion Energy Converter End user
Resources Storage
devices
 Materials and Energy Balance
23

¨ The basis for the mass/energy balance is the

principle of conservation which states that
mass/energy can neither be created nor destroyed
¨ Materials balance can be written as

Input – Output = Accumulation

 Problem-1
24

¨ A domestic solar water heater produces 100 lit of

water at 60 deg C. if the optimum temperature for
bathing is taken as 39 deg C and if the
temperature of the cold water is 15 deg C,
estimate the no of persons who can take bath.
Assume 30 lit of water is needed for each person
 Problem-2
25

¨ A bucket containing 20 lit of water is heated by an

immersion rod of capacity 1 kW. The initial
temperature of water is 15 deg C. find out the time
taken to heat the water to 60 deg C, assuming no
heat loss from the system.
 Myths to Evs and Energy Storage
26

¨ Large-scale electrification-
significant size of PV and Wind
¨ Industrial sector-green house
emissions are inherently difficult
(steel and cement) from process line
¨ Decarbonization of heavy duty
transport (ships, aero planes, lorries)
will be limited
¨ 15% of TED needs to meet for the
chemical and materials industry
Ref: IPCC, 2019, Chris Madden cartoon and Sonomec
Solar Energy
Geographical Advantage

Ref: MNRE website

 Solar Energy (thermal and PV cells)
28

¨ Thermal solar panels are used

to generate heat energy,
¨ Photovoltaic (PV) cells made
from silicon turn sunlight directly
into electricity
¨ 15.1% of total electricity was
generated by Solar PV in INDIA
(>29% by renewables in total)
Solar cell Research and current Status-
cell
Solar cell Research and current status in
Module
Wind Energy Research-Current Status

Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain., 5 (2020) 7

 Wind Energy
32

The amount of power, and therefore electricity, a wind

turbine can produce is largely based on wind velocity
using this equation:

Power = ½ ρAV3

ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
V = velocity (m s-1)
 Hydroelectric
33
 Biofuels
34

• Biofuel - either directly from plants or from

waste.
• Main sources are wheat and cooking oil
• Bioethanol – used as fuel and as a
petrol additive to increase octane and lower
carbon emissions
• Biodiesel – used as fuel and used to reduce
levels of particulates and carbon monoxide in
diesel powered vehicles
 Case study-Brazil
35

¨ Made from sugarcane

¨ Brazil is 2nd largest producer of
bioethanol after USA
¨ produced 7.295 billion US
gallons of ethanol in 2016,
27.4% of total ethanol
production.
¨ Replaced 42% of its gasoline
needs with bioethanol.
 Brazil-case study
36

¨ 90% of new cars are flex fuel (run

on either gasoline or pure ethanol)
¨ Since 2003, the combination of
sugarcane ethanol and flex fuel
vehicles has reduced Brazil’s emissions
of carbon dioxide by more than 350
million tons.
¨ Consumes rainforest land -
deforestation and biodiversity
 Brazil-case study
37

¨ Emissions from bioethanol are

~ 90% lower than those of
gasoline or diesel fuels
¨ Emissions associated with
production and land clearing.
¨ Use lots of water - up to 4
litres of water are needed to
produce 1 litre of ethanol
produced.
 H2 is the solution?
38

¨ One might say it is preferred fuel in decarbonized world

¨ Slow progress over the last decades makes clear how great
the infrastructure challenges are…
¨ Only in region and sectors where the infrastructure
challenge can be made
¨ Recent Shell scenario suggest that at least a third of the
energy supply will require from “C-based fuel”
¨ More challenge to the society as how to use carbon based
fuels effectively and be a carbon neutral
 Energy Transitions in next 50 years
39

Joule 2019 32286-2290DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.029)

 Summary
40

¨ The world as well as INDIA use a mix of non-renewable and

renewable fuels
¨ Renewable energy resources are crucial for lowering carbon
dioxide emissions and enabling a secure energy future
¨ Important renewable energy sources include wind, solar,
geothermal, hydroelectric and biofuels no energy resource is
perfect - each comes with their own positives and negatives
¨ Iceland, Costa Rica, Finland, Norway and Brazil renewable
energy case studies
 Myths to EV
41

¨ CO2 emitted from power

generation makes EVs not a green
option
¨ India doesn’t have enough power
supply for EV battery charging
stations
¨ Oil import vs. Lithium, Cobalt
import vs. technology import
 Automotive Transportation:
Take home MSG
42

Energy density has increased

by a factor of 4 in 200 years

Ref: inspired from JM Tarascon presentation and VW battery technology note Ref: Renewable and sustainable energy review,68, 685, 2017
 Current Global reserve of Lithium vs. use
1.2 Billion Vehicles On World's Roads Now, 2 Billion By 2035
43

Global Li reserve 43 million metric tons

Tesla Motor, 90 kWh, 250 miles

Nissan Leaf, 24 kWh, 90 miles, ~ 4 kg Lithium/car ~ 14 kg of Lithium/car
3 billion Tesla car
~ 10 billion Leaf
Challenges:
Don’t forget ocean Tesla car s-Max curb weight 2250 kg; battery 540 kg (24%)
is large source of Li Battery cost- 150 $/kWh; 90kWh battery cost-13500 $
Source: www.greentechmedia.com www.greencarreports.com
 Cost & Range Constraints for EVs
44
Driving range 160 320 480
km km km • Battery efficiency 95%
• Battery DOD 80%
Net energy require (kWhnet) 21 42 63

Battery system weight (kg) • The table shows, why the

110 220 330 Car manufacturers are
Battery System cost at 180 $/kWh interested for mid range car
4.96 9.36 15.12
• Larger range car can only
Battery system cost at 125 $/kWh realize for luxury/sport
(projected) 3.5 7.0 10 vehicles
• Take home: without radical
Petrol cost for petrol vehicle ($)
(mileage 12km/L, price 110 Rs/L &
change in Battery tech or
19.5 39 58
$ = 75 INR vehicle, driving range will be
in the range of 350 km only
 Transition from Li-ion to Na-ions
45

¨ Shared History of SIB and NIB

¨ Comparison of SIB and LIB cells (cell structure, Electrolytes, Energy
Density, power and cyclability, safety)

¨ Cost
¨ Technology and where we are
¨ Few our group attempts
 Electrolyte and cost advantages
46

¨ Both technology uses EC, PC, DME and DMC as

solvent
¨ Salt 1M LiPF6 vs NaPF6 (NaPF6 has four times less
costly than LiPF6)-most lab research used NaClO4 which is not successful
in commercial purpose

¨ Some ether based solvent also worked out but issue

of safety
 Google images used

Battery Trends: Requirements and Technology

47
Capacity

Anode
Safety
Fast Charge

Electrolyte
Sustainability

Cathode
 Technology readiness
level (TRL)
48

ØPrototyping capacity of 4 kWh per day in the 10 Ah

pouch cell
Ø The 2.5 Ah 18650 cylindrical cells provides a capacity
of 1 kWh per day
Ref: Nasa technology readiness level
VIRYA TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION
DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF
VIRYA’S BATTERY CELL

A startup company from SM group

 Thanks (write to sagar.mitra@iitb.ac.in)
50

SM group in 2019
¨ National Centre for solar Photovoltaic Research and
Education-MNRE, Govt. India
¨ Department of Science and Technology, Govt. India
¨ Industrial collaborations
¨ Monash University-collaboration
¨ IIT Bombay central facilities
¨ Department of Energy Science and Engineering, IIT
Bombay
¨ All the cartoon characters used from Les Aventures
de Tintin website.

http://www.ese.iitb.ac.in/faculty/sagar-mitra