Tooth development 1

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
Introduction:
1) When the development of teeth begins, Stomodeum (primitive oral cavity) is:
lined by ectoderm:  2 or 3 layers.
Basement membrane (B.M) separates ectoderm from the underlying mesenchyme

(N.B: oral mesenchyme is called ectomesenchyme).

Ectomesenchyme is formed of:

 Cells: Undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells (UMCs)
 Intercellular substance (Or extracellular substance)

collagen fibrils gelatinous ground substance Ectoderm

 Blood supply
B.M.
 Nerve supply
v Ectomesenchyme

2) Development of teeth proceeds in several stages:

N.B: Stages of tooth development is discussed according to:

Morphology of the stage Or Histological & physiological Features

Morphological stages Histophysiological stages

I- Morphological Stages
A) Initiation of dental lamina:
1-Condensation of ectomesenchyme under the surface epithelium.

2-Oral epithelium. proliferates to produce (Odontogenic epithelial islands)

4 maxillary islands 2 mandibular islands

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3- Odontogenic epithelial slands fuse to give two primary epithelial Bands
(horseshoe shaped in the site of future dental arches)

Fusion of the 4 maxillary islands Fusion of the 2 mandibular islands

Form 1 maxillary primary epithelial Band Form 1 mandibular primary epithelial Band

4- Each Primary epith. band gives rise to 2 subdivisions: [at about the 37th day]
a) Dental lamina [will give teeth]
b) Vestibular lamina [will form the vestibule (buccal & labial)] band
N.B: At this stage, upper & lower jaw
are not separated from lip or cheek

Dental Vestibular
lamina lamina

A) Vestibular Lamina
at future site of vestibule (labial and buccal to dental lamina).
Outer cells (near ectomesenchyme) will remain.

Central cells will degenerate

vestibule formation

NB.Degeneration in midline is less extensiveleaving a midline fold(Labial frenum).

B)- Dental Laminae:

1) Main dental lamina: (Mother D.L/Gerneral D.L).
- appears at the 37th day I.U.

- horse shoe shaped at site of the future deciduous teeth

(2 main dental lamina, 1 upper and 1 lower).

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Primary epith. Band
(oral epithelium)
2) Lateral dental lamina:
- proliferation from Main D.L that at site Main dental lamina

of each deciduous tooth (20 lateral dental laminae).

Lateral dental lamina
Primary epith. Band
(oral epithelium)

Main dental lamina

Lateral dental lamina

3) Successional Lamina:
- proliferation from Main D.L lingual to deciduous tooth germ.
- Gives the dental organs of the permanent successor.(20 laminae)

4) Distal extension of D.L:

successional dental lamina
-The main D.L extends distally
to give the dental organs of the permanent molars:
 The 1st permanent molar at 4 months intrauterine “MIU”.
 The 2nd permanent molar at 1st Year.
 The 3rd permanent molar at 4 Years.

B) Bud Stage:
1) Ectomesenchymal condensation adjacent to dental lamina

(in regions corresponding to those of the future deciduous tooth germs).

2) Epithelial Proliferation in the dental laminae

Dental (enamel) organ
Formation of "Dental organ" or "Enamel organ"

N.B1: [Denatl organ + adjacent ectomesnchymal condensation] = Tooth Germ.

N.B2: According to the shape of dental organ, the stage of tooth development derives
its name

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C- Cap stage:
** New events:
1) Ectomesenchyme continues to proliferate forming a ball of
ectomesenchyme adjacent to Dental organ
[this ball is called Dental papilla (D.P)].

2) The D. organ Continues to proliferate to surround the D. Papilla

 D. organ forms cap shape on top of D. Papilla.

3) The condensed ectomesenchyme surrounding D.O. and D.P. is called

Denatl Sac or Dental Follicle

D. organ, D. papilla & D. sac, all together constitute tooth germ

 Tooth Germ

(1) (2) (3)

Dental organ Dental Papilla Dental sac

OR Enamel OR Dental follicle organ Papilla Sac
organ
Tooth germ
Will form: Will form: Will form:
1- Enamel 1- Dentin 1-Cementum
2- Pulp 2- PDL
3- Alveolar bone
proper

N.B:
* As the D.organ grows, the polyhydral cell in the center of D.organ change in shape to
be star shaped and called: stellate reticulum.

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** Histological Features of cap stages (tooth germ):

I) Dental organ (Enamel organ)
Connected to main D.Lamina. by lateral D.Lamina

A) Outer Dental epithelium:

-Site: On the outer convexity of the D. organ.
-Shape: cuboidal.
-Functions: 1) Regulates the transport & exchange of substances
between dental organ & dental Sac.

B) Inner dental epithelium:

-Site: On the inner concavity of the D. organ.
-Shape: Cuboidal & then become short columnar.
-Functions: 1) Regulates the transport of substances from
D. papilla to D.organ.

C) Stellate reticulum:
-Site: Between inner & outer D.epith.
-Shape: Star shaped, several layers
& their intercellular spaces are filled with mucopolysaccharides …..
-Functions:
1) Absorbs the pressure to protect the sensitive ameloblasts (acts as cushion).
2 Act as store house for nutrition (mainly minerals) needed for Ameloblast.

N.B: there are 2 structures in the dental organ:

a) Enamel knot
Lacalized area of cell prolifration near the center of D.organ
close to inner D. epith.
b) Enamel cord
Cellular condensation traversing the stellate reticulum
vertically from E. knot to unite with the outer dental epith.
** Lab & ling grooves are seen on each side of the Enamel knot.
** E.knot & cord disappear with Enamel formation
Labial and lingual grooves
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II) Dental Papilla:

-Site: Ectomesenchyme (partly enclosed by inner dental epithelium)
N.B.: a delicate basement membrane separates D. organ from D. papilla
-Structure:
A) Cells: UMCS (undifferentiated mesenchymal cells) showing mitotic figures.
B) Intercellular substance:
1) Ground substance.
2) Collagen fibrils.
C) Blood supply
D) Nerve supply.

N.B: Cell Free Zone:

a- In the peripheral part of D.P adjacent to inner D.epith.
b- No cells present but there are (argyrophilic fibers) stained by special stain.

-Functions of D. papilla: 1) Nutrition to the growing dental organ.

III) Dental Sac:

-Site: Surrouding the D.organ & D. papilla.
-Structure:
A) Cell (UMCs)
B) Inter cell. Substance  G.substance &
 Fibers (numerous)
C) Blood supply
D) Nerve supply

-Functions: 1- allows slight positional adjustments of the developing tooth.

2- reinforcement to prevent distortion of outer dental epithelium.

N.B: Enamel niche:

It is a room between Main.D.L & Lateral.D.L & deciduous D.organ

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D) Bell stage: constitutes 2 phases:

1) Early bell stage:
**New events:
- D.Papilla continues to increase in size & the D.organ continues to encircle it.
 The D.organ assumes a bell shape.
* This bell shape resulted from differential growth

(outer D. epith proliferates more than inner D.epithelium).

 Inner D. epith. folds taking the shape of the future crown pattern of the tooth.
N.B: ectomenchyme of the tooth bud determine the shape of the crown.

** Histological features:
I) D.Organ:
A) Outer D. epith:
-Site: outer convexity of D.org.
-Shape: cuboidal
-Functions:
1) Regulate the transport & exchange of substances between
D.org & dental sac.
2) Join with inner d. org to form the cervical loop (later, this loop
will share in root formation).

B) Stellate reticulum:
-Site: Between inner & outer D.epith.
-Shape: Star shaped, several layers
& their intercellular spaces are filled with mucopolysaccharides …..
-Functions:
1) Absorbs the pressure to protect the sensitive ameloblasts (acts as cushion).
2) Act as store house for nutrition (mainly minerals) needed for Ameloblast.

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C) Stratum intermedium:
- Site: Between inner D.epith & stellate to reticulum
- Shape:
* 2-3 layers of flat cells.
* High activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme.
- Functions:
1) Controls of diffusion of materials to ameloblast.
2) Provides the enamel organ with enzymes needed for
formation & mineralization of enamel especially alkaline
phosphatase enzyme.

D) Inner D.epith:
- Site: Inner concavity of D.organ.
- Shape: - elongate  become tall columnar with apical nucleus
N.B: Most of elongation toward D.papilla  disappearance of cell free zone.
 Direct contact between inner D.epith & peripheral cells of D.papilla.
 Inner dental epithelium induces on the UMCs to differentiation into odontoblast
 this process is called Induction.

-Functions:
1) Regulate transport of substances from D.papilla to D.organ.

2) Folds taking the shape of the future crown pattern

(the morphology of the future dentino-enamel junction).

3) Induce UMCs of D.P. to differentiate into odontoblasts.

4) Join with outer dental epith. to form the cervical

(later, this loop will share in root formation).

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II) Dental papilla:

-Site: party enclosed by inner dental epithelium.
-Structure: increases in size
A) Cells:
1) UMCs
2) odontoblasts on periphery (induction of UMCs)
B) Intercellular (extracellular) substance:
1) Ground substance.
2) Fibrils.
C) increase in number of blood capillary.
D) nerve supply

N.B: In early bell stage.

 cell free zone disappeared.
 Basement membrane separating inner D.epith & odontoblast is thickened at end of
early bell stage & called Membrana preformativa

-Functions of D.P:
1) Nutrition for D.organ.
2) UMCs differentiated into odontoblasts which will form dentin.

III) D.Sac:
Site: surrounding D.org & D. papilla.
Structure:
A) Cells
B) Intercellular substance:
1) Ground substance
2) More collagen fibrils
C) blood supply
D) nerve supply
Functions:
1- allows slight positional adjustments of the developing tooth.
2- reinforcement to prevent distortion of outer dental epithelium.