QUESTION

 Examine the origin, nature, and manifestation of the Arab Israeli conflict and What are
the factors that have militated against the resolution of the conflict

ANSWER

INTRODUCTION

Arab-Israeli wars, Series of military conflicts fought between various Arab countries and Israel
(1948–49, 1956, 1967, 1969–70, 1973, and 1982). The first war (1948–49) began when Israel
declared itself an independent state following the United Nations’ partition of Palestine.
Protesting this move, five Arab countries—Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria—attacked
Israel. The conflict ended with Israel gaining considerable territory. The 1956 Suez Crisis began
after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. A French, British, and Israeli coalition attacked Egypt
and occupied the canal zone but soon withdrew under international pressure. In the Six-Day
War of 1967, Israel attacked Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The war ended with the Israel occupying
substantial amounts of Arab territory. An undeclared war of attrition (1969–70) was fought
between Egypt and Israel along the Suez Canal and ended with the help of international
diplomacy. Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 (the Yom Kippur War), but, despite early
Arab success, the conflict ended inconclusively. In 1979 Egypt made peace with Israel. In 1982
Israel invaded Lebanon in order to expel Palestinian guerrillas based there. Israel withdrew from
most of Lebanon by 1985 but maintained a narrow buffer zone inside that country until 2000.

ORIGIN (ARAB ISREALI WAR OF 1948-1949)

Liberation Army composed of volunteers from Palestine and neighboring Arab countries. These
groups launched their attacks against Jewish cities, settlements, and armed forces. The Jewish
forces were composed of the Haganah, the underground militia of the Jewish community in
Palestine, and two small irregular groups, the Irgun, and LEHI. The goal of the Arabs was
initially to block the Partition Resolution and to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state.
The Jews, on the other hand, hoped to gain control over the territory allotted to them under the
Partition Plan.
After Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948, the fighting intensified with other Arab
forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in the former Palestinian mandate. On
the eve of May 14, the Arabs launched an air attack on Tel Aviv, which the Israelis resisted. This
action was followed by the invasion of the former Palestinian mandate by Arab armies from
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. Saudi Arabia sent a formation that fought under the Egyptian
command. British trained forces from Transjordan eventually intervened in the conflict, but only
in areas that had been designated as part of the Arab state under the United Nations Partition
Plan and the corpus separatum of Jerusalem. After tense early fighting, Israeli forces, now under
joint command, were able to gain the offensive.

Arabs in Palestine. As British troops prepared to withdraw from Palestine, conflict continued to
escalate, with both Jewish and Arab forces committing belligerences. Among the most infamous
events was the attack on the Arab village of Dayr Yāsīn on April 9, 1948. The news of a brutal
panic and retaliation. Days later Though the United Nations brokered two cease-fires during the
conflict, fighting continued into 1949. Israel and the Arab states did not reach any formal
armistice agreements until February. Under separate agreements between Israel and the
neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, these bordering nations agreed to
formal armistice lines. Israel gained some territory formerly granted to Palestinian Arabs under
the United Nations resolution in 1947. Egypt and Jordan retained control over the Gaza Strip
massacre there by Irgun Zvai Leumi and the Stern Gang forces spread widely and inspired both
and the West Bank respectively. These armistice lines held until 1967. The United States did not
become directly involved with the armistice negotiations, but hoped that instability in the Middle
East would not interfere with the international balance of power between the Soviet Union and
the United States.

In November 1947 the United Nations (UN) voted to partition the British mandate of Palestine
into a Jewish state and an Arab state. Clashes broke out almost immediately between Jews and,
Arab forces attacked a Jewish convoy headed for Hadassah Hospital, killing 78.

On the eve of the British forces’ May 15, 1948, withdrawal, Israel declared independence. The
next day, Arab forces from Egypt, Transjordan (Jordan), Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon occupied the
areas in southern and eastern Palestine not apportioned to the Jews by the UN partition of
Palestine and then captured 1956: Suez Crisis, including the small Jewish quarter of the Old
City. The stated purpose of the invasion was to restore law and order in light of British
withdrawal, citing incidents such as that at Dayr Yāsīn, and a growing refugee crisis in
neighboring Arab countries. The Israelis, meanwhile, won control of the main road to Jerusalem
through the Yehuda Mountains (“Hills of Judaea”) and successfully repulsed repeated Arab
attacks. By early 1949 the Israelis had managed to occupy all of the Negev up to the former
Egypt-Palestine frontier, except for the 1956: Suez Crisis

Between February and July 1949, as a result of separate armistice agreements between Israel and
each of the Arab states, a temporary frontier was fixed between Israel and its neighbors. In Israel,
the war is remembered as its War of Independence. In the Arab world, it came to be known as
the Nakbah (or Nakba; “Catastrophe”) because of the large number of refugees and displaced
persons resulting from the war.

1956: Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression in
the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel,
followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez
Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had
just swiftly] nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal.
Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had
started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to
a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and
strengthened Nasser.

On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company, which prior to that was owned
primarily by British and French shareholders. On 29 October, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai.
Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire, which was ignored. On 5 November,
Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal. Before the Egyptian forces were
defeated, they had blocked the canal to all shipping by sinking 40 ships in the canal. It later
became clear that Israel, France and Britain had conspired to plan the invasion. The three allies
had attained a number of their military objectives, but the canal was useless. Heavy political
pressure from the United States and the USSR led to a withdrawal. U.S. president Dwight D.
Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to invade; he threatened serious damage to the
British financial system by selling the U.S. government's pound sterling bonds. Historians
conclude the crisis "signified the end of Great Britain's role as one of the world's major powers".

The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957. Israel fulfilled some of its
objectives, such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran, which Egypt had
blocked to Israeli shipping since 1948–1950.

As a result of the conflict, the United Nations created the UNEF Peacekeepers to police
the Egyptian–Israeli border, British prime minister Anthony Eden resigned, Canadian external
affairs minister Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize, and the USSR may have been
emboldened to invade Hungary.

Tensions mounted again with the rise to power of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a
staunch Pan-Arab nationalist. Nasser took a hostile stance toward Israel. In 1956 Nasser
nationalized the Suez Canal, a vital waterway connecting Europe and Asia that was largely
owned by French and British concerns. France and Britain responded by striking a deal with
Israel—whose ships were barred from using the canal and whose southern port of Elat had been
blockaded by Egypt—wherein Israel would invade Egypt; France and Britain would then
intervene, ostensibly as peacemakers, and take control of the canal.

In October 1956 Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. In five days the Israeli army captured
Gaza, Rafaḥ, and Al-ʿArīsh—taking thousands of prisoners—and occupied most of the peninsula
east of the Suez Canal. The Israelis were then in a position to open sea communications through
the Gulf of Aqaba. In December, after the joint Anglo-French intervention, a UN Emergency
Force was stationed in the area, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957. Though Egyptian
forces had been defeated on all fronts, the Suez Crisis, as it is sometimes known, was seen by
Arabs as an Egyptian victory. Egypt dropped the blockade of Elat. A UN buffer force was placed
in the Sinai Peninsula.

1967: Six-Day War

decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of
Jerusalem, and Golan Heights; the status of these territories subsequently became Six-Day War,
also called June War or Third Arab-Israeli War or Naksah, brief war that took place June 5–10,
1967, and was the third of the Arab-Israeli wars. Israel’s a major point of contention in the Arab-
Israeli conflict.
Prior to the start of the war, attacks conducted against Israel by fledgling Palestinian guerrilla
groups based in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan had increased, leading to costly Israeli reprisals. In
November 1966 an Israeli strike on the village of Al-Samū in the Jordanian West Bank left 18
dead and 54 wounded, and, during an air battle with Syria in April 1967, the Israeli Air Force
shot down six Syrian MiG fighter jets. In addition, Soviet intelligence reports in May indicated
that Israel was planning a campaign against Syria, and, although inaccurate, the information
further heightened tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors.

Egyptian Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser had previously come under sharp criticism for his failure to
aid Syria and Jordan against Israel; he had also been accused of hiding behind the United Nations
Emergency Force (UNEF) stationed at Egypt’s border with Israel in the Sinai. Now, however, he
moved to unambiguously demonstrate support for Syria: on May 14, 1967, Nasser mobilized
Egyptian forces in the Sinai; on May 18 he formally requested the removal of the UNEF
stationed there; and on May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, thus instituting
an effective blockade of the port city of Elat in southern Israel. On May 30, King Hussein of
Jordan arrived in Cairo to sign a mutual defense pact with Egypt, placing Jordanian forces under
Egyptian command; shortly thereafter, Iraq too joined the alliance.

In response to the apparent mobilization of its Arab neighbors, early on the morning of June 5,
Israel staged a sudden preemptive air assault that destroyed more than 90 percent Egypt’s air
force on the tarmac. A similar air assault incapacitated the Syrian air force. Without cover from
the air, the Egyptian army was left vulnerable to attack. Within three days the Israelis had
achieved an overwhelming victory on the ground, capturing the Gaza Strip and all of the Sinai
Peninsula up to the east bank of the Suez Canal.

An eastern front was also opened on June 5 when Jordanian forces began shelling West
Jerusalem—disregarding Israel’s warning to King Hussein to keep Jordan out of the fight—only
to face a crushing Israeli counterattack. On June 7 Israeli forces drove Jordanian forces out of
East Jerusalem and most of the West Bank. Photos and films of Israeli troops taking control of
the Old City of Jerusalem have proved to be some of the war’s iconic images .Six-Day War in
the Golan Heights

The UN Security Council called for a cease-fire on June 7 that was immediately accepted by
Israel and Jordan. Egypt accepted the following day. Syria held out, however, and continued to
shell villages in northern Israel. On June 9 Israel launched an assault on the fortified Golan
Heights, capturing it from Syrian forces after a day of heavy fighting. Syria accepted the cease-
fire on June 10.

War of Attrition

The War of Attrition involved fighting between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, the Palestine
Liberation organization (PLO) and their allies from 1967 to 1970.

Following the 1967 Six-Day War, no serious diplomatic efforts tried to resolve the issues at the
heart of the Arab–Israeli conflict. The 1967 Arab League summit formulated in September the
"three no's" policy: barring peace, recognition or negotiations with Israel .The Egyptian
President Gamal Abdel Nasser believed that only military initiative would compel Israel or
the international community to facilitate a full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, and hostilities soon
resumed along the Suez Canal.

These initially took the form of limited artillery duels and small-scale incursions into Sinai, but
by 1969, the Egyptian Army judged itself prepared for larger-scale operations. On March 8,
1969, Nasser proclaimed the official launch of the War of Attrition, characterized by large-scale
shelling along the Suez Canal, extensive aerial warfare and commando raids. Hostilities
continued until August 1970 and ended with a ceasefire, the frontiers remaining the same as
when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations.
1973: Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli
War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from October 6 to 25, 1973
between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. The majority of combat
between the two sides took place in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights—both of which
were occupied by Israel in 1967—with some fighting in African Egypt and northern
Israel. Egypt's initial objective in the war was to seize a foothold on the eastern bank of the Suez
Canal and subsequently leverage these gains to negotiate the return of the rest of the Israeli-
occupied Sinai Peninsula.

The war began on October 6, 1973, when the Arab coalition jointly launched a surprise attack
against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, which had occurred during the 10th of the
Islamic holy month of Ramadan in that year. Following the outbreak of hostilities, both
the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies
during the war, which led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear-armed superpowers.

Fighting commenced when Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed their corresponding ceasefire
lines with Israel and invaded the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. Egyptian forces crossed
the Suez Canal in Operation Badr and advanced into the Sinai Peninsula; the Syrians launched a
coordinated attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially
made gains into Israeli-held territory. After three days of heavy fighting, Israel halted the
Egyptian offensive, resulting in a military stalemate on that front, and pushed the Syrians back to
the pre-war ceasefire lines. The Israeli military then launched a four-day-long counter-offensive
deep into Syria, and, within a week, Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of the Syrian
capital of Damascus. Egyptian forces meanwhile pushed for two strategic mountain passes
deeper within the Sinai Peninsula, but were repulsed, and Israeli forces counter-attacked by
crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt and advancing towards Suez City. On October 22, an initial
ceasefire brokered by the United Nations unraveled , with each side blaming the other for the
breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed
their encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army and Suez City, bringing them within
100kilometres (62 mi) of the Egyptian capital of Cairo. This development led to dangerously
heightened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (allied with Israel and with
the Arab states, respectively) and a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25,
1973, to officially end the war.

The Yom Kippur War had far-reaching implications; the Arab world had experienced
humiliation in the lopsided rout of the Egyptian–Syrian–Jordanian alliance in 1967, but felt
psychologically vindicated by early successes in the 1973 conflict. The Israelis recognized that,
despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield, there was no
guarantee that they would always dominate the Arab states militarily, as they had done
consistently throughout the First, Second and Third Arab–Israeli Wars; these changes paved the
way for the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed the
war saw Israel return the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt and the subsequent 1979 Egyptian–
Israeli peace treaty, which marked the first instance of an Arab country recognizing Israel as a
legitimate state. Following the achievement of peace with Israel, Egypt continued its drift away
from the Soviet Union and eventually left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely.

The sporadic fighting that followed the Six-Day War again developed into full-scale war in
1973. On October 6, the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur (thus, “Yom Kippur War”), Israel was
caught off guard by Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal and by Syrian forces crossing into
the Golan Heights. The Arab armies showed greater aggressiveness and fighting ability than in
the previous wars, and the Israeli forces suffered heavy casualties. The Israeli army, however,
reversed many of its early losses and pushed its way into Syrian territory and encircled the
Egyptian Third Army by crossing the Suez Canal and establishing forces on its west bank. Still,
it never regained the seemingly impenetrable fortifications along the Suez Canal that Egypt had
destroyed in its initial successes.

The fighting, which lasted through the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, came to an end on
October 26. Israel signed a formal cease-fire agreement with Egypt on November 11 and with
Syria on May 31, 1974. A disengagement agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on
January 18, 1974, provided for Israeli withdrawal into the Sinai west of the Mitla and Gidi
passes, while Egypt was to reduce the size of its forces on the east bank of the canal. A UN
peacekeeping force was established between the two armies. This agreement was supplemented
by another, signed on September 4, 1975.
On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty formally ending the state of war that
had existed between the two countries for 30 years. Under the terms of the treaty, which had
resulted from the Camp David Accords signed in 1978, Israel returned the entire Sinai Peninsula
to Egypt, and, in return, Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist. The two countries subsequently
established normal diplomatic relations.

1982: Lebanon War

On June 5, 1982, less than six weeks after Israel’s complete withdrawal from the Sinai, increased
tensions between Israelis and Palestinians resulted in the Israeli bombing of Beirut and
southern Lebanon, where the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had a number of
strongholds. The following day Israel invaded Lebanon, and by June 14 its land forces reached
as far as the outskirts of Beirut, which was encircled, but the Israeli government agreed to halt its
advance and begin negotiations with the PLO. After much delay and massive Israeli shelling of
west Beirut, the PLO evacuated the city under the supervision of a multinational force.
Eventually, Israeli troops withdrew from west Beirut, and the Israeli army had withdrawn
entirely from Lebanon by June 1985.

The 1982 Lebanon War, dubbed Operation Peace for Galilee by the Israeli government, later
known in Israel as the Lebanon War or the First Lebanon War, and known in Lebanon as "the
invasion", began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern
Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused
civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The military operation was launched after gunmen
from Abu Nidal's organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the
United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal's enemy, the PLO,
for the incident, and used the incident as a casus belli for the invasion.

After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – the Israeli
military, in cooperation with their Maronite allies and the self-styled Free Lebanon State,
occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army.
Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies
negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States Special Envoy Philip Habib and
the protection of international peacekeepers. The PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat,
had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian
influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led
by President Bachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Begin promised would give
Israel "forty years of peace".[24]

Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became
untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage following the
IDF's role in the Phalangist -perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and
Lebanese Shias, as well as Israeli popular disillusionment with the war, led to a gradual
withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon
(later to become the South Lebanon security belt), which was initiated following the 17 May
Agreement and Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO.

After Israeli forces withdrew from most of Lebanon, the War of the Camps broke out between
Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syrian forces, in which Syria fought its former
Palestinian allies. At the same time, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-
intensity guerrilla war against the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of
low-scale armed conflict. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which
point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.

2006: Second Lebanon War

In July 2006 Hezbollah launched an operation against Israel in an attempt to pressure the country
into releasing Lebanese prisoners, killing a number of Israeli soldiers in the process and
capturing two. Israel launched an offensive into southern Lebanon to recover the captured
soldiers. The war lasted 34 days but left more than one thousand Lebanese dead and about one
million others displaced. Several Arab leaders criticized Hezbollah for inciting the conflict.
Nevertheless, Hezbollah’s ability to fight the Israel Defense Forces to a standstill won it praise
throughout much of the Arab world.

Factors that have militated against the resolution of the conflict

Religious factor

The Arab–Israeli conflict has a religious aspect. The beliefs of the various sides and their ideas
and views of the chosen people in their policies with regard to the "Promised Land" and the
"Chosen City" of Jerusalem.

The Land of Canaan or Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) was, according to the Hebrew
Bible, promised by God to the Children of Israel. This is also mentioned in the Qur'an. In his
1896 manifesto, The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl repeatedly refers to the Biblical Promised
Land concept. Likud is currently the most prominent Israeli political party to include the Biblical
claim to the Land of Israel in its platform.

Muslims also claim rights to that land in accordance with the Quran. Contrary to the Jewish
claim that this land was promised only to the descendants of Abraham's
grandson Jacob (Yisrael), they argue that the Land of Canaan was promised to what they
consider the elder son of Abraham, Ishmael, from whom Arabs claim descent. Additionally,
Muslims also revere many sites also holy for Biblical Israelites, such as the Cave of the
Patriarchs and the Temple Mount. In the past 1,400 years, Muslims have constructed Islamic
landmarks on these ancient Israelite sites, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa
Mosque on the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. This has brought the two groups into
conflict over the rightful possession of Jerusalem. Muslim teaching is that Muhammad passed
through Jerusalem on his first journey to heaven. Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, claims
that all of the land of Palestine (the current Israeli and Palestinian territories) is an
Islamic waqf that must be governed by Muslims.

Christian Zionists often support the State of Israel because of the ancestral right of the Jews to
the Holy Land, as suggested, for instance, by the apostle Paul in his letter to the Romans, chapter
11, in the Bible. Christian Zionism teaches that the return of Jews to Israel is a prerequisite for
the Second Coming of Christ.

National movements

The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise of Zionism and the reactionary Arab
nationalism that arose in response to Zionism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory
regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-
Arab movement as historically and presently belonging to the Palestinian Arabs. Before World
War I, the Middle East, including Palestine (later Mandatory Palestine), had been under the
control of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years. During the closing years of their empire, the
Ottomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within
the empire, leading to discrimination against the Arabs. The promise of liberation from the
Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to support the allied powers during World War I, leading to
the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. Both Arab nationalism and Zionism had their
formative beginning in Europe. The Zionist Congress was established in Basel in 1897, while the
"Arab Club" was established in Paris in 1906.

In the late 19th century European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities began to increasingly
immigrate to Palestine and purchase land from the local Ottoman landlords. The population of
the late 19th century in Palestine reached 600,000 – mostly Muslim Arabs, but also significant
minorities of Jews, Christians, Druze and some Samaritans and Baháʼís. At that time, Jerusalem
did not extend beyond the walled area and had a population of only a few tens of thousands.
Collective farms, known as kibbutzim, were established, as was the first entirely Jewish city in
modern times, Tel Aviv.

During 1915–16, as World War I was underway, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir
Henry McMahon, secretly corresponded with Husayn ibn 'Ali, the patriarch of the Hashemite
family and Ottoman governor of Mecca and Medina. McMahon convinced Husayn to lead an
Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was aligned with Germany against Britain and
France in the war. McMahon promised that if the Arabs supported Britain in the war, the British
government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state under Hashemite rule
in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by T. E.
Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and Husayn's son Faysal, was successful in defeating the
Ottomans, and Britain took control over much of this area.

CONCLUSION

The Arab countries’ losses in the conflict were disastrous. Egypt’s casualties numbered more
than 11,000, with 6,000 for Jordan and 1,000 for Syria, compared with only 700 for Israel. The
Arab armies also suffered crippling losses of weaponry and equipment. The lopsidedness of the
defeat demoralized both the Arab public and the political elite. Nasser announced his resignation
on June 9 but quickly yielded to mass demonstrations calling for him to remain in office. In
Israel, which had proved beyond question that it was the region’s preeminent military power,
there was euphoria.

The Six-Day War also marked the start of a new phase in the conflict between Israel and the
Palestinians, since the conflict created hundreds of thousands of refugees and brought more than
one million Palestinians in the occupied territories under Israeli rule. Months after the war, in
November, the United Nations passed UN Resolution 242, which called for
Israel’s withdrawal from the territories it had captured in the war in exchange for lasting peace.
That resolution became the basis for diplomatic efforts between Israel and its neighbors,
including the Camp David Accords with Egypt and the push for a two-state solution with the
Palestinians.

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