Ing 2

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK
CONTENT
1. Vocabulary........................................................................................................................................................11
2. Grammar...................................................................................................................................................29
3. Cloze Test..................................................................................................................................................................61
4. Sentence Completion.................................................................................................................................................79
5. Paragraph Comprehension........................................................................................................................................99
6. Dialogue...........................................................................................................................................133
7. Paragraph Completion.............................................................................................................................................153
8. Restatement........................................................................................................................................173
9. Situation........................................................................................................................................ 193
10. Translation (TUR-ENG)............................................................................................................................................213
11. Translation (ENG-TUR)............................................................................................................................................235
12. Irrelevant Sentence..................................................................................................................................................257
2022 YDT (ÖSYM) Çıkmış Sorular................................................................................................................................277
Answer Key....................................................................................................................................................................301
ENGLISH 1ST ENGLISH 1ST STEP
STEP
Vocabulary-1
9. According to the council’s decision, the old dormitory 13. Leonardo da Vinci was trained to be a painter, but his
built in the town will be ______ an orphanage. interests and achievements _______ into an astonishing
variety of fields that are now considered scientific
A) taken back
specialities.
B) broken up
5. Policymakers had better take into consideration the fact that A) researched
C) turned into
Verilen sorularda cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun
the _______ housing conditions impair people’s quality of B) sought
düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. D) dropped out
life. C) turned
E) kept off
1. Scientists claim that the reason why an octopus _______ A) poor D) spread
to crawl rather than swim is that its heart stops beating E) restricted
B) cheap
while swimming.
C) private
A) refers
D) located
B) offers
E) available
C) infers 10. During the summer months, ATMs in holiday districts 14. After years of moving from one city to another, my parents
D) differs _______ cash more quickly than they do in the city centres finally decided to _______ in this small town where they
due to strong demand. hope to live with peace in nature.
E) prefers
A) come up with A) catch up
B) look down upon B) try on
C) make up for C) show off
2. Sugar increases the risk of obesity and heart disease, so 6. Children who _______ with depression, anxiety, and other D) run out of D) work out
you had better _______ your daily intake of sugar. mental illnesses may be at higher risk of eating disorders. E) put up with E) settle down
A) consume A) persuade
B) abolish B) collide
C) create C) compromise
D) reduce D) struggle
E) throw E) deprive
11. The development of countries is in parallel with the 15. After a two-week vacation in a luxurious hotel in Antalya,
developments in the education community and the today, the couple is checking out of the hotel to _______
increase in the _______ of educators. for İstanbul.
A) popularities A) bring up
3. Research suggests that exercise can treat depression 7. As part of the event, the president made a speech and
_______ because it is a natural mood booster and releases _______ the importance of renewable energy. B) quarrels B) deal with
feel-good hormones. C) qualifications C) set out
A) hosted
A) hopelessly D) peculiarities D) carry out
B) developed
B) independently E) vacancies E) run out
C) comforted
C) deliberately D) experienced
D) consistently E) emphasised
E) effectively
12. The variety of job choices and recreational, educational, 16. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s,
and cultural _______ in cities attract many rural people other philosophers reacted with hostility, but he
4. One of the great _______ of Einstein was his discovery of 8. Ginger, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, all over the world, especially the young, so there comes ______ attracted followers, and by 1910, he had gained
the photoelectric effect, for which he won the Nobel Prize _______ a miraculous cure for one’s muscle pain. immigration from rural areas to cities. international recognition.
in 1921.
A) requires A) supplements A) approximately
A) drawbacks B) explains B) impediments B) doubtfully
B) predictions C) protects C) opportunities C) initially
C) interventions D) provides D) obstacles D) virtually
D) accomplishments E) describes E) drawbacks E) eventually
E) conditions
11 12
ENGLISH 2ND ENGLISH 2ND STEP
STEP
Vocabulary-1
9. Dental services did not appear to be a(n) _______ for the 13. During the space race period in the 1950s, parallel
army in the beginning, but the increasing dental problems research programmes in the area of rocket science were
of the soldiers increased the need for dentists over time. _______ in both the United States and the Soviet Union.
A) priority A) come down
5. According to the 8th article of the Universal Declaration B) commodity B) turned up

Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük
of Human Rights, people should not _______ anybody for C) misuse C) passed down
veya ifadeyi bulunuz.
doing something until it is proven. D) impairment D) carried out
1. Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), characterised by a varying
A) clap E) manifestation E) left out
combination of symptoms and signs, is a neurological ___
in the central and autonomic nervous systems, confining B) blame
thousands of people across the world to their homes. C) decide
A) shape D) forgive
B) disorder E) appreciate
10. After receiving permission from the Ministry of Education 14. Despite the difficulties that they had to _______ in their
C) situation in October, a group of enthusiastic teachers who have early years of business life, most of the outstanding
D) confusion converted a minibus into a ‘travelling library’ will ______ entrepreneurs of today were able to become successful
to make their dream come true by reaching most of the in the following years.
E) function
villages without a library.
A) go through
A) set off B) come round
2. By booking hotels and apartments in Florida and the 6. Online learning used to be regarded somewhat _______, B) come across C) look through
Caribbean, the tour operators have made formerly luxury yet the quality of online courses such as the ones on EBA C) bring about D) check in
tourist spots _______ to a lower-income market. has come a long way since then.
D) turn into E) see off
A) irresistible A) inferior E) drop by
B) valid B) splendid
C) controversial C) extreme
D) available D) supreme
E) prone E) amazing
11. Known as Indians, _______ people in the United States 15. Due to the failure of the tender, the board of directors
have lost nearly 99 per cent of the land their ancestors _______ the manager to resign.
historically owned since Europeans set foot on the A) spoke up
3. Writing down all the pros and cons on a piece of paper and 7. Interest in plant-based diets, plus the pandemic and continent.
working from home, _______ to an influx of new vegan B) told off
looking for the longest column is one of the best strategies
A) primary C) called for
that helps you make the quickest _______. influencers from Türkiye creating content for the Turkish
public. B) indigenous D) counted on
A) mission
C) innate E) let off
B) decision A) devoted
D) commercial
C) connection B) intended
E) proportional
D) imagination C) initiated
E) abbreviation D) prompted
E) contributed
8. As the only income of the region is the fish industry, the 12. References should be numbered _______ in the order 16. Insurance companies prepare detailed status reports
4. The story discusses the considerable _______ of
_______ of fish stocks has brought the city to the verge of they are cited in the article, and they should be included before making payments to _______ their customers for
globalisation on society from a broader perspective.
an economic crisis. on a separate page at the end. their losses.
A) impact
A) development A) approximately A) compensate
B) loyalty
B) depletion B) considerately B) reproach
C) dignity
C) stability C) predominantly C) import
D) minority
D) abundance D) sparklingly D) captivate
E) freedom
E) increase E) consecutively E) overbid
13 14
ENGLISH 3RD ENGLISH 3RD STEP
STEP
Vocabulary-1
9. A female polar bear gives birth to only one baby a year 13. Contrary to the common belief that sharks are aggressive
and breastfeeds it _______ until the next mating season. animals, Australian researchers have found out that sharks
are _______ tolerant of and patient with people and they try
A) attentively
to avoid people.
B) brutally
C) suspiciously A) mutually B) favourably
2020 YDT
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük D) unanimously C) desperately D) incredibly
5. In wealthier parts of the world, heart disease and strokes
veya ifadeyi bulunuz. E) merely
_______ over a quarter of deaths and there are many E) vaguely
2018 YDT factors at play, with conventional wisdom identifying
1. United Nations Peacekeeping emerged out of World War cholesterol as one of the biggest offenders.
II to help warring countries or communities to create the A) rest on
_______ for world peace.
B) go through
A) inventions C) account for
B) predictions D) bring down
C) interventions E) stem from 10. Mistakes can feel _______ humiliating; on the other hand, 14. _______ somebody because they do not know something
since the human brain has the ability to put them to good you know means forgetting that there used to be a time
D) accomplishments
use, people can learn from their failures in mistake-friendly when you also did not know it.
E) conditions
atmospheres.
A) Looking down on
A) accurately B) Putting up with
2018 YDT B) enthusiastically C) Getting along with
2. The Hanseatic League, a confederation of North German 6. In countries within the Arctic Circle, there is constant light C) permanently D) Standing up for
cities founded in the late 1200s, _______ special areas in in summer and _______ darkness in winter. D) utterly E) Making up for
cities across north Europe and controlled most trading A) perpetual E) carelessly
routes.
B) accurate
A) set up C) misty
B) put aside D) evident
C) turned down E) ordinary
D) came out
E) kept off
11. The _______ of the Montessori philosophy is about creating 15. When compared to the past, people with mental illnesses
space for independence and growth rather than waiting are currently more willing to seek medical help, which
2019 YDT nearby or controlling younger children. shows that attitudes towards such illnesses have _______
3. Current research has suggested that people who consume 7. Pet goldfish in Burnsville in the US state of Minnesota are A) implementation
over time.
more trans fatty acids have _______ greater levels of not expected to be released into the ponds and lakes in the
B) alteration A) included
aggression. wild as they can _______ affect water quality by growing
C) consumption B) proved
more than people can imagine, damaging the underground
A) independently D) justification C) shifted
habitat.
B) significantly E) assumption D) replaced
C) deliberately A) adversely E) attracted
D) mutually B) effectively
E) preciously C) sharply
D) positively
E) abruptly
12. Linguists study how people _______ knowledge about 16. The fact that two neighbouring countries are having a
language, how this knowledge interacts with other political _______ pushes either of them to invest a lot in
2019 YDT
cognitive processes, how it differs across speakers and defence industry so as to protect their country from possible
4. Although the game of baseball as it is known today 8. We are sorry to inform you that the meeting which was
geographical regions, and how it may be computationally attacks that may come anytime from the opposite side.
is uniquely American, it _______ the popular English going to be held today has been postponed _______ due
modelled.
children’s bat-and-ball game called rounders. to some unexpected circumstances. A) agreement
A) acquire B) reconciliation
A) gets along A) wisely
B) invent C) ceasefire
B) derives from B) fairly
C) operate D) devotion
C) accounts for C) closely
D) erase E) conflict
D) goes through D) frantically
E) surrender
E) brings about E) indefinitely
15 16
STEP
Vocabulary-2
9. It is estimated that _______ 15,000 people are to take 13. One of the main reasons so many people are _______ to
part in the marathon, but no one can be sure of the exact start rollerblading is that it is an effective way to stay in
number. shape and get healthy.
A) completely A) reluctant
5. Last week, a massive fire in a tyre landfill _______ in the B) shockingly B) crucial
western part of the country, but firefighters contained the
veya ifadeyi bulunuz. C) significantly C) eager
fire and prevented the other remaining tyres from burning.
D) approximately D) cautious
1. It can be said that _______ every member of the A) calmed down
organisation was present at the meeting because only six E) profoundly E) hesitant
B) caught on
of them were absent out of a hundred members.
C) set up
A) actually
D) called off
B) eventually
E) broke out
C) ultimately
D) naturally 10. Although almost everyone living in urban areas has 14. Songs have always been _______ teaching materials
access to the internet in today’s society, those living in for educators as they allow the individual expression of
E) practically
_______ areas may not have such an opportunity. students while promoting cognitive and communicative
objectives.
A) congested
B) overpopulated A) ordinary
2. The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest, and its 6. The job of _______ is not to control people, but to build
protection is _______ to stopping dire climate changes great teams because employees are adults, and executives C) valid B) useful
due to the large amount of carbon dioxide it absorbs. should build teams with values. C) rational
D) rural
A) limited A) component E) residential D) private
B) crucial B) deduction E) sincere
C) potential C) fulfilment
D) subject D) prohibition
E) radical E) management
11. While writing, authors have an idea in mind that they are 15. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially _______ the new Turkish
trying to _______, and this is the most important piece of state as a republic on October 29, 1923.
3. It is suggested that technology has the potential to 7. The Pygmalion effect is a(n) _______ where high expectancies information they want readers to know.
A) proclaimed
change our lives _______ by easing the domestic burden in a specific field are believed to lead to higher performance.
A) convey
via labour-saving devices. B) targeted
A) coincidence B) inform
C) founded
A) drastically B) urgency C) accuse
D) maintained
B) relevantly C) phenomenon D) secure
E) discovered
C) informally D) allegation E) offend
D) previously E) altitude
E) tolerantly
4. Beekeeping is a popular pastime that can be _______ by 8. Intake of a(n) _______ amount of Omega-3 fatty acids is 12. Göbeklitepe, which holds the title of the oldest temple in 16. Animal testing could be phased out, seeing that scientists
anyone with a little money to spend and some space in necessary for the good functioning of brain cells. the world, preserves its feature of having very important have been working on conducting _______ on lab-grown
their garden. _______ in terms of human history. organs instead.
A) separate
A) given in A) moulds A) experiments
B) unique
B) taken up B) distributions B) interactions
C) sufficient
C) put off C) destructions C) inspections
D) conventional
D) made for D) decorations D) hypotheses
E) autonomous
E) found out E) ruins E) definitions
17 18
STEP
Vocabulary-2
9. If the media draws attention to the projects implemented 13. Although e-mails can _______ tons of space on your
under the mission of equal educational opportunity, these mobile operating system, few people bother to arrange
projects can rapidly bring about _______ changes in the them in order to use their space more efficiently.
lives of children in need.
A) tell off
5. Syncope, a medical term used for fainting or _______, is A) deniable
B) take up
caused by several factors like a temporary drop in the B) resistible
veya ifadeyi bulunuz. C) look after
amount of blood that flows to the brain or abrupt changes
C) perceptible
1. Humanity is on the threshold of a technological _______ in posture. D) carry out
that will undoubtedly change how one lives, works, and D) unreasonable
E) take over
A) getting over
interacts with others. E) debatable
B) passing out
A) competence
C) passing away
B) exhaustion
D) throwing up
C) disturbance
E) bringing up 10. While focusing on how to _______ debts, people should
D) revolution
14. The population of Istanbul, where approximately 3 million
try to build an emergency fund that can prevent them people lived in the 1970s, has increased _______ in the
E) investment from getting deeper into debt in case of an unexpected last 50 years, exceeding 15 million.
expense.
A) inadequately
A) power up
2. With _______ footnotes, a translator aims to provide 6. The sleep institute study indicates that pandemic stress B) dramatically
and late-night computer studies can quickly _______ to B) keep away
the clarification of statements made in the text or some C) respectively
additional information. both sleep deprivation and even feelings of anger and C) get along
D) consecutively
depression in teens’ lives.
A) dependent D) carry on
E) convincingly
A) lead E) pay off
B) scholastic
B) intend
C) explanatory
C) assert
D) temporary
D) implicate
E) deceptive
E) associate
11. The human brain is a(n) _______ complex system that can 15. The article involved so many difficult and foreign terms
transform a stream of incoming information into thought that the readers were able to _______ its gist only through
3. _______ anything may now be automated, either with the 7. Floods often _______ the wheat crop, the main export of
and action. careful reading.
help of a piece of specialised equipment bought or by the area, resulting in great misery for the farmers.
developing a unique device. A) superficially A) make out
A) enhance
A) Intensely B) amazingly B) bring about
B) fertilise
B) Loosely C) ultimately C) let down
C) improvise
C) Similarly D) readily D) drop in
D) exclude
D) Equally E) occasionally E) give away
E) devastate
E) Virtually
4. Writing a novel is undoubtedly more _______ than a short 8. Some parents do not express their feelings, such as the
love they have for their children, too often or too loud; 12. Panama is equally well known for its natural beauty, its 16. Many people agree that there should be _______ on some
story regarding the number of points that should be taken
instead, their affection is _______ in their daily way of _______ plant and animal life, including hundreds of bird social media platforms because of the harmful content
into consideration such as characters and the sequencing
helping and caring for them. and tree species, and its vibrant music and culture. they have.
of scenes.
A) implicit A) abundant A) dependants

A) challenging
B) doubtful B) complicated B) restrictions
B) soothing
C) ambitious C) conforming C) confusions
C) satisfactory
D) inventive D) identical D) allowances
D) frightening
E) sarcastic E) diverse E) offences
E) remarkable
19 20
STEP
Vocabulary-2
9. The World Health Organization confirmed that the 13. As our teaching model incorporates high professional
outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic was _______ standards, it has met with strong interest and _______
with the Huanan Seafood Marketplace, but there was no around the globe.
evidence suggesting a specific animal.
A) distinction B) approval
2021 YDT A) related B) associated
C) obedience D) rudeness
5. The term ‘Geography’ formally applies to an academic C) regarded D) respected
veya ifadeyi bulunuz. E) accordance
discipline that _______ the study of the Earth’s surface, its E) unconcerned
2021 YDT
inhabitants, and more recently, its environment.
1. Governments around the world, in partnership with civil
A) attaches B) considers
society, must continue to act _______ against the tobacco
epidemic – the leading global cause of preventable death. C) occupies D) inhabits
E) encompasses
A) deficiently B) decisively
10. At the two-word stage, which every child goes through 14. Countries that embraced renewable energy sources
C) suspiciously D) adversely
when acquiring a language, children can typically reduced carbon emissions _______, whereas countries
E) roughly comprehend up to seventy words; however, they can that pursued nuclear power failed to do so.
_______ use only six of them.
A) respectively
A) recklessly
B) preciously
B) vaguely
2021 YDT C) drastically
C) strictly
2. Serotonin is responsible for maintaining appetite, sleep, 6. With an appropriate calculation, the company _______ D) exactly
and mood balance, but a deficit of it _______ depression. 8 per cent of their budget to human resources so that D) frankly
E) specifically
they could hire more qualified architects. E) productively
A) brings about B) takes over
A) allocated B) consumed
C) keeps on D) turns down
C) rented D) exempted
E) gives off
E) elevated
11. Mr Cunningham decided not to withdraw his _______ as 15. The bathroom has the same stone flooring as the rest
2021 YDT
a committee chairperson despite having faced strong of the studio and is painted in a neutral colour scheme,
3. The achievements of Sherlock Holmes, the most famous 7. While some experts attach credence to a utopian future, opposition from his co-workers. making the _______ between spaces quite seamless.
fictional detective in history, derive from his _______ to others argue that human beings will eventually _______
most of their abilities and gradually become absorbed A) prediction A) nurture
balance the physical evidence of a case with the more
challenging subjective truths into a single coherent into artificial intelligence-based organisms such as the B) opportunity B) transition
judgement. energy-creating machinery in our cells.
C) adequacy C) lounge
A) capability B) deception A) acquire B) strengthen D) nomination D) rear
C) prejudice D) resistance C) consolidate D) relinquish E) insistence E) footage
E) nomination E) abound
2021 YDT
12. On February 15, 1998, the council adopted a resolution 16. Experts advise people to _______ weightlifting into their
4. In 1558, Queen Mary I of England was persuaded by her 8. In recent years, with _______ use of mobile phone _______ by the Presidency on equal employment daily fitness routine as it helps to increase metabolism
husband, King Philip II of Spain, to join him in a renewed telecommunication, concern about the possible health opportunities for the disabled. and fight type 2 diabetes.
war with France, which proved _______ for England hazards has increased greatly among the public and
A) put across A) incorporate
as it led to the loss of Calais, England’s last foothold in scientists.
continental Europe. B) put forward B) illustrate
A) negligible B) slender
C) looked over C) compensate
A) compatible B) vulnerable C) diminutive D) widespread
D) run down D) constrain
C) predictable D) disastrous E) adequate
E) dropped in E) validate
E) indicative
21 22
STEP
Vocabulary-3
9. There are _______ concerning Shakespeare’s activities 13. When dividing the entire planet’s land mass into
between 1587 and 1592, including legends saying that he geographical areas, oceanic islands are usually _______
was exiled from Warwickshire for deer stealing and worked with continents that are located nearby.
at London playhouses holding horses for theatregoers.
A) interfered
A) prohibitions
5. Bibliotherapy is a therapeutic _______ using literature, B) infected
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük B) compliments
usually alongside more traditional types of therapy, to C) compared
help people overcome personal challenges and promote C) speculations
D) paired
mental well-being.
1. For cyclists and motorcyclists, wearing protective D) commands
E) collided
helmets ought to become _______ by law since most fatal A) alteration
E) achievements
accidents involve either of them.
B) tendency
A) exceptional C) negligence
B) mandatory D) benefit
C) remarkable E) approach
D) deliberate
10. Eating _______ by taking a bite after bite without 14. As a popular holiday _______ in the Americas, Miami has
E) redundant
swallowing the previous one causes harmful effects on seen a steady stream of visitors coming from all around
the whole metabolism, especially on the digestive system. the world over the past 50 years.
A) viciously A) allowance
2. Eye drop solutions must be stored in an airtight container 6. Viking, also called Northman, was a member of the
B) hastily B) occasion
and discarded after fourteen days in order to _______ any Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonised
bacterial growth. large parts of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and C) elegantly C) destination
whose _______ influence profoundly affected European D) noisily
A) inhibit D) excursion
history.
E) intently E) requirement
B) sustain
A) disruptive
C) forbid
B) beneficial
D) achieve
C) temporary
E) promote
D) virtual
E) stabilising
11. The pilot of the plane observed the cargo cover handle 15. Some consumers tend to buy and _______ an old property,
give a signal warning in the cockpit but _______ it, while others prefer to purchase a house that has never
assuming it was a false alarm, and continued to take off. been used before and enjoy being the first owners.
3. The dunes in Liencres, historically used to shelter and 7. Empowering and educating citizens to act _______ in order
feed livestock during cattle round-ups, are _______ as to reduce plastic waste and use alternative options for plastic A) survived A) move along
one of the last natural reserves in northern Spain. must be promoted and enforced.
B) ignored B) do up
A) dealt with A) randomly C) postponed C) live on
B) taken out B) collaboratively D) deceived D) bring back
C) held back C) suspiciously E) undertook E) work through
D) looked at D) strangely
E) sorted out E) deficiently
4. Since it is a well-known fact that bacteria show _______ 8. Endorphins, the body’s natural feel-good chemicals,
_______ feelings of pleasure, well-being, and pain relief, 12. All the water on our planet will not be _______, but it must 16. Mexico is a country of _______, with towering mountains
to typical antibiotics over time, researchers have finally
be known that clean and safe water may not always be and deep valleys in the centre, broad deserts in the north,
introduced the next generation of antibiotics to deal with making them an essential component of a balanced and
available where and when people need it. and rich rainforests in the south and east.
the problem. happy life.
A) used up A) accesses
A) disturbance A) alleviate
B) cut down B) cycles
B) significance B) suppress
C) given away C) contrasts
C) prevalence C) enlarge
D) looked over D) initiatives
D) occurrence D) stimulate
E) put through E) obligations
E) resistance E) maintain
23 24
STEP
Vocabulary-3
9. We can _______ our learning when we put it to the test, 13. Since the emergence of civilisations, water scarcity in arid
apply it in novel circumstances, discuss it with others, climates has _______ novel methods for extracting and
or express it in new ways, leading the information to be distributing flowing water from nearby rivers, streams, or
stored easily in our brains. groundwater to irrigate and sustain plant life.
5. A copycat brand, sometimes known as a ‘parasitic brand,’ A) deceive A) utilised

is the one that is _______ made similar to an established B) overwhelm B) acquired
brand in the marketplace by mimicking or imitating it.
C) abduct C) assessed
1. During the Emergency Health Services Week, the first-aid
A) appropriately D) consolidate D) strived
reaction to a traffic accident exercise was organised, and
_______ bystanders watched the emergency drill and took B) securely E) compromise E) required
photos with their mobile phones. C) equally
A) inquisitive D) gradually
B) enchanting E) deliberately
C) outstanding
10. Many stage productions have added unique theatrical 14. Markings on cave walls and bones suggest that lunar
D) grumpy
approaches to their performances over the years so that cycles were documented as far back as 25,000 years
E) agreeable
they remain a _______ favourite among theatregoers ago, indicating that humans made _______ attempts to
worldwide. record and predict seasonal fluctuations by reference to
astronomical cycles.
A) certain
2. Wolverines are particularly vulnerable to temperature 6. Graphene, which is frequently referred to as the ‘wonder
A) poignant
increases due to their _______ on snowfall for the material,’ is 100 times stronger than steel and possesses B) perennial
construction of their natal nests. _______ electrical and mechanical properties, making it B) deceptive
C) faulty
an appealing option for use in electronics. C) conscious
A) recession D) reluctant
B) reliance A) exceptional D) reluctant
E) hesitant
C) intuition B) defective E) indefinite
D) agreement C) vulnerable
E) stability
D) improper
E) affordable
11. Drawing a mind map, which is a helpful tool to ensure 15. When the Federal Emergency Management _______ the
that all bases are covered, is recommended by a number military exercise at the last minute due to the impending
of authors as one of the most effective ways to _______ hurricane, some troops had already been on their way to
writer’s block. the area where the practice would take place.
3. When children pay attention to the input and continually 7. The Derinkuyu Underground City, which _______ to a
attempt to understand what is presented to them, a depth of approximately 85 metres, is large enough to have A) depend on A) made up
_______ change occurs in their performances. accommodated up to 20,000 people with their livestock B) make for B) ruled out
and food supplies sufficient to feed them for months.
A) feasible C) break through C) took over
B) coincidental A) devises D) give off D) got away
C) significant B) resolves E) turn out E) called off
D) negligible
C) appoints
E) deficient
D) induces
E) extends
12. As doing _______ chores is one of the most basic life 16. The modern Japanese writing system employs _______
skills, it ought to be taught to anyone, regardless of age, a combination of Chinese characters, 1945 of which are
4. The technological changes in the last twenty years may 8. Currently, fishing and related industries _______ 37 per gender, or social class. taught in school, and syllabic signs called ‘kana’, which
have gone some way to improve the living standards, but cent of jobs on Zanzibar Island, with the remainder in contain 46 basic characters representing sounds rather
they have sometimes led us to spend _______. farming and animal husbandry. A) collective
than entire words.
B) dreaded
A) extravagantly A) take after A) respectively
C) affiliated
B) regressively B) break off B) deliberately
D) domestic
C) accurately C) settle down C) predominantly
E) tedious
D) coherently D) account for D) permanently
E) infectiously E) figure out E) desperately
25 26
STEP
Vocabulary-3
2020 YDT 13. In response to the growing importance of artificial
intelligence technologies, many businesses have _______
9. _______, the Universe was too energetic for stars to form,
new projects in order not to fall behind in the process of
but as it expanded and cooled, it became possible for
innovation.
gravity to form clumps of gas.
2019 YDT A) sorted out
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük A) Initially
5. By messing with the balance of microorganisms in the B) embarked on
veya ifadeyi bulunuz. B) Frankly
body and by killing too many of the good bacteria in your C) turned down
2018 YDT C) Virtually
gut, antibiotics may have certain _______ effects on your
D) followed through
1. Invented by the Chinese in the 9th century, gunpowder health. D) Ultimately
E) pulled over
rapidly became a _______ factor in battle. E) Merely
A) prevalent B) negligible
A) crucial B) complicating C) damaging D) consistent
C) provable D) virtual E) abundant
E) limiting 2020 YDT
10. Mobile learning, the role of which in education is becoming 14. Quantum mechanics, known as the probability laws of
quite important, is often applied outside classrooms to the universe, postulates that there is a probability of two
_______ the learning that takes place inside classrooms. particles crossing the Coulomb barrier and fusing even
at room temperature; but according to Hansen, this is
A) enhance
2018 YDT 2019 YDT _______ improbable.
B) insist
2. It is difficult to say _______ when people first started 6. In crime scene investigation, forensic science _______ A) impatiently
to make rope because very few early examples have evidence that may link a suspect to a crime or prove him C) require
B) illiterately
survived until today. or her innocent. D) suspect
C) unconsciously
A) eventually B) importantly A) initiates B) accelerates E) provide
D) inconceivably
C) exactly D) consistently C) precedes D) counters
E) partially E) provides E) insensitively
11. The primary goal of advertising is to _______ the public to 15. Trying to overshadow other people’s achievements is a
2018 YDT 2020 YDT buy a product in the most memorable way possible. very common trait among those who cannot accept their
3. The continents are the major land masses of the Earth and 7. Although considering how someone may react to a own _______ and failure.
A) take up
_______ around 29 per cent of the planet’s surface. situation can be worthwhile, making _______ about A) mediocrity
B) break down
another person’s behaviour may lead you to the wrong
A) threaten B) occupy B) indulgence
conclusions. C) make out
C) maintain D) initiate C) sufficiency
A) promises B) assumptions D) cope with
E) provide D) moderation
C) mistakes D) priorities E) get round
E) flawlessness
E) compliments
12. It is anticipated that driverless automobiles, or autonomous 16. The longer the decision to put a natural area under
2019 YDT 2020 YDT vehicle technology, can help _______ traffic accidents, protection, the more likely it will continue to _______ and
fatalities, congestion, fuel consumption, and pollution caused finally be destroyed.
4. As soon as the computer was invented, a growing _______ 8. By the time psychology came into its own as an _______
by vehicles.
for computers by scientists and engineers evolved, discipline after separating from philosophy, the scientific A) decompose
and numerous universities started their own projects to revolution was two centuries old. A) diminish
B) deteriorate
produce them in the 1940s. B) prompt
A) offensive B) artificial C) advance
A) isolation B) concern C) astound
C) inadequate D) independent D) accelerate
C) awareness D) demand D) stimulate
E) outdated E) benefit
E) variety E) enchant
27 28
STEP
Grammar-1
9. Kafka’s highly imaginative works have been associated 13. The success of animals depends on their ability _______
_______ such intellectual movements as expressionism, the most appropriate food from the resources available at
surrealism, and existentialism, but he could not place himself a given time and _______ food in a complex environment.
_______ any particular creed, class, or ethnic group, and his
A) being selected / to have predicted
writings do not belong to any particular literary school.
5. St. Petersburg _______ a symbol of the rise of a centre B) to select / predict
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) as / for
of power and money when a 300-metre tower built for the C) selecting / having predicted
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.
national gas giant _______ in the forthcoming years. B) with / in D) to select / predicting
1. When comparing the hottest cities in the world, it is fair to C) for / at E) to be selected / to be predicted
A) had been / had gone up
say that no city is _______ extreme _______ Yuma, which has D) in / with
B) is going to be / will go up
rather hot summers, warm winters, and often less than 10 E) to / into
C) will be / goes up
inches of precipitation per year.
D) was / went up
A) such / that B) both / and E) would be / was going up
C) so / that D) the most / of
E) as / as
10. In the new exam structure, each question _______ in two 14. When painkillers are taken daily and more frequently,
booklets so that both tests _______ together effectively to they _______ their effect over time, so they _______ very
give a single measure of subject performance. often unless necessary.
2. Such countries as Japan, China, Russia, and the United 6. A study carried out in 2020 _______ that 1.67 million people
States have set up stations, ready for warning signs _______ because of air pollution in 2019 including almost A) uses / should be analysed A) may lose / should not be used
_______ show the weakening of rock layers before 17,500 in Delhi, adding that India had 14 of the world’s 15 B) has been used / may have analysed B) have to lose / must not be used
an earthquake in areas of their countries _______ most polluted cities. C) used / could analyse C) could be losing / cannot have been used
earthquakes are known to occur. D) is used / can be analysed D) might lose / were not supposed to be used
A) had found / died
E) was used / could have analysed E) should have lost / would not be used
A) which / whose B) has found / die
B) where / which C) found / would die
C) that / where D) found / died
D) that / whose E) finds / will die
E) when / that
11. While pandemics _______ people’s lives physically, it is 15. _______ non-starchy vegetables and fruits, such as
meaningful _______ the emotional and social influences that peaches, apricots, and green leafy vegetables _______
stem from such a crisis, as well. weight loss.
3. Marketing, sometimes _______ distribution, includes all 7. _______ the world’s population grows and climate change
the business activities _______ with the movement of intensifies droughts, the need for fresh water is going to A) may devastate / observing A) Having eaten / must promote
goods and services from the producers to customers. grow more acute. B) should devastate / to be observing B) To be eaten / can promote
C) can devastate / to observe C) Being eaten / would promote
A) calling / connecting A) Although
D) could have devastated / having observed D) To eat / should promote
B) being called / having connected B) Moreover
E) could devastate / to have observed E) Eating / may promote
C) calling / being connected C) While
D) called / connected D) Unless
E) having called / connected E) As
4. _______ by two Frenchmen, the scuba consists of a 8. Having adapted themselves to almost all types of living 12. Biopsychology, sometimes referred _______ as physiological 16. China’s food output was reported to be the greatest in
mouthpiece joined to one or two tanks of compressed air conditions, insects have been _______ successful in their psychology, behavioural neuroscience, or psychobiology, the world, _______ from nearly 5 million tonnes to about
_______ the divers the opportunity to stay under water for fight for life _______ they are often said to be the only rivals draws on many different disciplines _______ experimental 9 million tonnes between 2010 and 2012.
longer hours. of humans for the control of the earth. psychology, biology, physiology, and cognitive psychology.
A) to rise
A) Having invented / given A) as / as A) from / as
B) to be risen
B) Invented / giving B) whether / or B) to / like
C) rising
C) Inventing / giving C) so / that C) into / such as
D) risen
D) Being invented / being given D) both / and D) at / unlike
E) to have been risen
E) Having been invented / having given E) such / that E) with / as if
29 30
STEP
Grammar-1
9. _______ rotavirus was discovered in 1973, its importance 13. Generally, people living alone _______ to tackle their
is still not widely known within the public health loneliness by joining a club or a society so that they
community, particularly in developing countries. _______ the opportunity to socialise by passing time with
other lonely people.
A) Because
5. In 1 of 19,000 surgeries involving general anesthesia, a B) Despite A) were advised / would have
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen
patient _______ conscious, which sounds even more C) Since B) are advised / can have
frightening when you think what if this _______ to you. D) Although C) advised / used to have
1. Photosynthesis is the process _______ green plants A) should stay / happens E) Even if D) has been advised / must have
produce carbohydrates, using the energy of sunlight. E) advise / could have
B) may stay / had happened
A) whose B) by which C) may have stayed / would happen
C) on which D) in them D) could stay / happened
E) where E) must stay / will happen
10. _______ mathematicians have smart electronic 14. Experimental food _______ from petroleum, seaweed, and
computers, they can easily solve very complex problems other surprising raw materials for the time being, so in 100
that they could never do a few years ago. years’ time, people _______ accustomed to eating it.
2. The report tells the story of how China became an 6. Wild elephants are a common sight in Thailand’s national
parks and its surrounding areas, and farmers sometimes A) Supposed that A) has been produced / have got
economic power _____ a scale unfamiliar _____ history.
report incidents of their fruits and corn crops _______ by B) Although B) is produced / have got
A) through / at C) Until C) was produced / will get
a hungry herd _______ around their field.
B) with / from D) As though D) is being produced / will have got
A) eaten / to wander
C) for / with E) Now that E) will be produced / will be getting
B) eaten / wandering
D) at / by
C) having eaten / having wandered
E) on / in
D) being eaten / wandered
E) having been eaten / being wandered
3. 11. After _______ steadily for almost a century, standards of 15. Female mosquitoes bite humans to drink tiny amounts of
Organ transplantation has been a breakthrough in saving 7. In countries _______ sunsets and sunrises are too close to
education in the public schools of Europe have come to their blood and leave an amount of saliva behind _______
people’s lives as it _______ a medical procedure in which one another, less than three hours apart, rulings _______
a standstill because of the different crises _______ all the they can produce their eggs.
an organ _______ from one body and placed in the body allow Muslims to follow the timings of the closest city with
globe.
of a recipient to replace a damaged or missing organ. distinguishable days and nights have been issued. A) supposing that
A) rise / having affected B) even if
A) was / had been removed A) where / that
B) risen / affected C) since
B) is / is removed B) that / of which
C) rising / affecting D) so that
C) had been / will be removed C) in which / how
D) to rise / being affected E) such that
D) will be / was removed D) from which / that
E) to be rising / to affect
E) is / has been removed E) whose / when
4. When Dwayne’s father noticed _______ determined 8. Although the first social media websites _______ with
12. If a piece of a comet, after breaking off, _______ the Earth’s 16. It is a less-known fact _______ airports are evaluated
Dwayne was, he agreed _______ his son would be trained a focus on the individual user and forming personal
atmosphere, it _______ excessively and explode before it by criteria _______ assess accessibility, check-in
for wrestling and that he would also get a good education. connections with friends or new acquaintances, in the
landed on Earth. opportunities, security, food and beverage areas, shopping,
past few years the role of social media _______ from
A) what / that and design.
individuals to businesses. A) entered / would heat
B) which / what A) that / that
B) enters / could heat
A) had been developed / has been expanding
C) how / that B) whether / that
C) had entered / would have heated
B) used to develop / expanded
D) that / how C) that / who
D) has entered / has heated
C) were developed / has expanded
E) who / where D) how / which
E) would enter / is going to heat
D) have developed / would expand
E) why / whose
E) were being developed / expands
31 32
STEP
Grammar-1
9. Scientists working on forecasting the global changes 13. Higher education _______ much more accessible to
_______ that a greenhouse effect _______ the temperature students in the last few decades thanks to the widespread
dangerously over the next 75 years or so. use of the Internet, without which disadvantaged students
_______ behind their peers.
A) have claimed / boosted
2020 YDT B) claimed / will boost A) is becoming / would have fallen
5. Recently, the genome of an archaic human female _______ C) claim / has boosted B) became / were likely to fall
a group called the Denisovans, who lived about 41,000 D) would claim / was to boost C) has become / could fall
2021 YDT years ago, has been sequenced _______ a new method E) claimed / would boost D) becomes / can fall
of DNA research.
1. The moment the first stars _______ is one of the most E) will become / might be falling
evocative milestones in the evolution of the cosmos – it A) for / by B) from / with
marks the beginning of the age of light, the moment when
C) in / onto D) among / beyond
the Universe _______ recognisable to us.
E) towards / over
A) were born / would have become
10. Archaeologists _______ the remains of a 7,200-year-old 14. _______ business-to-customer e-commerce, in which
B) are being born / might become
female skeleton- a relatively intact fossil- in Indonesia, sales are made between a business and a customer,
C) had been born / will become which _______ to a person aged 17 or 18, never found business-to-business e-commerce encompasses sales
D) are born / should become anywhere in the world up to the present time. between a manufacturer and a wholesaler or retailer.
E) would have been born / could have become
A) discovered / will belong A) Similar to
6. The ideal of a united Europe _______ only by philosophers
B) have discovered / belonged B) Apart from
and forethoughtful people before it _______ a genuine
political project and turned into a long-term objective in C) are discovering / belongs C) In terms of
government policies of countries. D) had discovered / has belonged D) Unlike
2021 YDT
E) discover / is belonging E) In addition to
2. Much research suggests that _______ its core, Alzheimer’s A) has been embraced / becomes
disease may be a metabolic disorder, an irregularity in B) embraced / became
fuel use _______ the brain, a process that loses efficiency C) was embraced / had become
with age.
D) had been embraced / became
A) in / from B) to / with E) had embraced / had become
C) on / for D) at / by 11. Europe and Central Asia have the highest social protection 15. Thanks to the developments in technology, the number
E) under / against coverage rates, with 84 per cent of people _______ by at of digital encyclopedias, _______ on CD-ROM and the
least one social protection, _______ by the Americas, at Internet, _______ that of printed encyclopedias in the
64.3 per cent. twenty-first century.
7. Margaret Chase Smith was the first woman _______ her
name _______ in nomination for president at a major party A) covering / following A) producing / has been surpassing
convention and to serve in both houses of Congress. B) covered / followed B) having been produced / surpassed
2021 YDT
3. Food is portrayed in a judgemental way _______ the A) to get / place C) having covered / followed C) produced / has surpassed
media, and some popular diets use expensive ingredients B) to have / placing D) being covered / following D) to be produced / had surpassed
that are not kind _______ the environment. E) to be covered / to be followed E) to produce / will surpass
C) getting / placed
A) over / for B) as / across D) having / to place
C) from / at D) in / to E) to have / placed
E) with / on
12. Since our childhood, we have been told _______ stories 16. Most European countries witness large flows of
by our parents or grandparents, and _______ of them, family migrants, _______ arrive with some delay, and
2021 YDT 8. Every time you _______ a step, the bones in your hips whether we are aware of it or not, must have left an impact consequently this situation arises the question of _______
4. Researchers believe positive musical tones activate the _______ to force between four and five times as much as on our personality. this process affects their integration into the host country.
brain by encouraging the release of dopamine, helping your body weight.
A) many / every A) which / why
spark new ideas more than quiet, _______ experts suggest
A) take / subject B) a number of / either B) many of whom / how
we are better at problem-solving if we work in silence.
B) are taken / are subjected C) a lot of / both C) who / what
A) likewise B) so C) took / subjected D) several / each D) some of which / the fact that
C) but D) since D) have taken / have been subjected E) most / none E) whom / whether
E) for example E) take / are subjected
33 34
STEP
Grammar-2
9. _______ being a symbol of smartness and professionalism, 13. They _______ along the Dores to Foyers route on a rainy
neckties may be harmful to your health since bacteria may night in 1979 when they _______ something unusual
be transmitted through them. crossing the road.
A) Because A) were travelling / noticed

5. Almost everyone is familiar _______ the story of the B) Due to B) had travelled / had noticed
Titanic, the world’s largest ship called ‘unsinkable’, and C) Despite C) travelled / have noticed
the disaster that happened _______ April 15, 1912, killing D) In order to D) are travelling / will notice
many people.
1. Most students do not realise the importance of systematic E) For E) have travelled / notice
studying, and _______ get poor marks especially at 9th A) about / in
grade.
B) with / on
A) also C) to / within
B) consequently D) of / over
C) similarly E) for / since
D) besides
E) as well as 10. Your parasympathetic nervous system is activated when 14. Pumpkin Pie is a traditional American holiday dessert
you breathe deeply, _______ acts like a brake and calms consisting _______ pumpkin-based custard and served
your body down. _______ whipped cream.
2. Patients should not forget _______ against the side effects 6. When _______ the air, most bats make a series of very A) of which A) for / on
of this illness, and they should take precautions _______ high-pitched squeaks or clicks, which are generally too B) that B) on / of
the risk of spreading it. high _______ humans to hear. C) when C) of / with
A) having warned / reducing A) over / to D) which D) along / for
B) having been warned / to reduce B) off / by E) whose E) with / on
C) to be warned / having been reduced C) upon / in
D) to have warned / to reduce D) in / for
E) to have been warned / reducing E) above / of
11. Some fugitives _______ by the local guards, and more 15. When tourists began to discover the Aegean coast in
special forces _______ to the island last Saturday. the 1980s, they _______ back the tales of the beautiful
3. At night, squirrels stay clear of enemies on the ground, 7. It is completely up to you whether to _______ the beaches and a cream-filled cake that _______ anywhere
A) caught / sent
_______ snakes and weasels by gliding from tree to tree. documents _______ since no papers are required for the else.
application process. B) were caught / were sent
A) thanks to C) have been caught / have sent A) brought / could not be found
B) such as A) get / to print B) have brought / cannot be found
D) are caught / had been sent
C) rather than B) have / printed C) bring / may not be found
E) catch / have been sent
D) as C) let / printing D) had brought / didn’t use to be found
E) unlike D) make / print E) were bringing / has to be found
E) have / printing
4. A tidy bedroom is good _______ your health because 8. My husband and I have been spending _______ a good
people who tidy their bedrooms every day do more time visiting my hometown _______ we are planning to 12. _______ the noise is not too loud to wake us, it might 16. In summer, _______ humidity reaches its highest level,
physical activity when compared _______ those who do extend our holiday for a few days longer. impair our sleep. most people living in the south move to the highlands
not. until autumn.
A) less / than A) Provided that
A) for / to B) so / as A) where
B) As long as
B) of / to C) such / that B) when
C) Unless
C) to / off D) more / than C) that
D) Even if
D) with / in E) so / that D) who
E) Lest
E) at / with E) how
35 36
STEP
Grammar-2
9. _______ a unique position in Egyptian society, kings were 13. Neuroscientists state that damage _______ in the brain of
believed _______ as a mediator of gods on earth, and that someone with Alzheimer’s disease begins to show itself
part of his spirit remained with their bodies even after in very early clinical signs and symptoms, so they attach
their deaths. great importance to the use of medicines that _______ the
symptoms of the disease at an early stage.
5. Trees help support the natural ecosystem and _______ A) To hold / serving
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) to occur / has to treat
vital for combatting global warming and climate change, B) Having held / to have served
and the extinction of a single tree species _______ the C) Holding / to be serving B) having been occurred / should treat
loss of many others. C) occurring / can treat
1. As the Hawthorn effect means that people tend to behave D) Held / being served
differently when they believe they _______, researchers E) To have held / having served D) having occurred / must treat
A) consider / may prompt
_______ this into consideration as they design their E) being occurred / might treat
B) are considered / could prompt
studies.
C) were considered / would have prompted
A) are being observed / must take D) considered / will prompt
B) were observed / had to take E) have been considered / must have prompted
C) are observed / must have taken 10. _______ you are spending money on a long-awaited travel 14. Advocates of the Fat Acceptance movement work to
D) had been observed / should have taken _______ a spontaneous trip, travel insurance can save improve the quality of life _______ fat people and fight
E) will be observed / could have taken you money, time and frustration if things do not go as discrimination _______ them in industries such as
planned. healthcare, fashion, and employment.
A) Both / and A) for / against

2. The Cold War rivalry between the United States and 6. The woman in the mosaic named Gypsy Girl _______ in B) Either / or B) of / into
the Soviet Union lasted _______ decades and resulted the Mosaic Museum in Antakya _______ to be Gaia, the C) Neither / nor C) by / among
_______ mutual suspicions and international incidents earth goddess in Greek mythology.
D) Whether / or D) in / for
that led the two superpowers to the brink of a nuclear
A) to be exhibited / thought E) Such / that E) at / from
disaster.
B) being exhibited / is thought
A) over / to B) for / in C) exhibited / has been thinking
C) on / from D) in / on D) exhibiting / is being thought
E) at / for E) to have exhibited / was thought
11. The indigenous people _______ the islands of Polynesia 15. Psychodrama sessions can be emotionally challenging,
7. used the positions of the stars _______ them while sailing distressing, or triggering as acting out difficult scenes
3. The company has launched a campaign against genetic An influencer recommended a group of teenagers on
social media _______ an entirely littered outdoor space from island to island over thousands of kilometres of the from a person’s past can resurface intense or difficult
engineering in agriculture and for promoting healthy
and upload before and after pictures of the area to social Pacific Ocean. emotions; _______, some people may find that they feel
living _______ humanity and nature.
media _______ a hashtag. worse before they begin to feel better.
A) inhabiting / to guide
A) in spite of B) in addition to
A) to clean / using B) inhabited / being guided A) although
C) for the sake of D) in case of
B) to have cleaned / having used C) having inhabited / guiding B) additionally
E) as opposed to
C) to clean / to use D) to inhabit / to be guiding C) besides
D) cleaning / using E) inhabit / guided D) that’s why
E) to be cleaned / to be using E) moreover
4. According to the State of the World’s Trees report, 17,500 8. Drones, the remote-controlled and helicopter-like devices 12. Some scholars believe that Homer _______ in a Greek-speaking 16. A 45,500-year-old cave painting _______ in Indonesia
tree species- some 30 per cent of the total- are at risk of that are used for taking high-quality photographs _______ city on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea or on the island of _______ the oldest figurative work of art.
extinction _______ the efforts of the researchers who the sky, are extremely popular _______ not only professional Khios while others deny that he ever _______.
but also amateur photographers. A) found / is considered
have long been trying to stop this process.
A) may be living / would exist B) finding / considers
A) when A) from / among B) might live / exists C) to be found / was considered
B) due to B) out of / between C) should have lived / had existed D) to find / have considered
C) even if C) in / of D) may have lived / existed E) having found / is considering
D) in case of D) over / for E) used to live / has existed
E) despite E) above / along
37 38
STEP
Grammar-2
9. If your wisdom tooth erupts _______ an awkward angle 13. _______ there had been earlier discussions of the
and misaligns _______ the gums, it needs to be removed possibility of Earth’s motion, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish
to avoid any injury. astronomer, was the first to propose a comprehensive
heliocentric theory that was equivalent in scope and
A) on / into
predictive power to Ptolemy’s geocentric system.
5. Writer’s burnout is a kind of problem that even the very B) out / off
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) As
best writers experience, and _______ writers take some C) at / with
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. B) Despite
time off and get busy with their hobbies for some time, they D) in / from
are highly unlikely to overcome it. E) to / for C) Since
2020 YDT
D) However
1. Scientists conducting research to shed light on the A) in case
possible causes of several mental disorders _______ a link E) Although
B) when
between lack of normal gut bacteria and brain development
C) whereas
changes that _______ schizophrenia.
D) unless
A) had observed / used to cause E) only if
10. Green growth is about fostering economic growth and 14. The contributions of the French philosopher René
B) have observed / could cause
development while ensuring _______ natural assets Descartes in the seventeenth century to mechanics, like
C) will observe / should cause
continue to provide the resources and environmental his contributions to the scientific endeavour as a whole,
D) observed / should have caused services _______ our well-being relies. were _______ concerned with problems in the foundations
E) are observing / had to cause 6. Distraction is the process of diverting the attention of an of science _______ the solutions of specific technical
A) who / where
individual or group _______ a desired area of focus and problems.
thereby blocking or diminishing the reception _______ B) that / on which
C) whose / in which A) either / or
2021 YDT desired information.
D) which / when B) as / as
2. _______ being the second largest oil-producing state in A) into / with
E) why / with which C) so / that
the US after Alaska, Texas is rich in iron ore, magnesium,
B) from / of D) more / than
uranium and other minerals.
C) away / to E) such a / that
A) In terms of D) across / for
B) As opposed to E) along / by
C) As well as
D) In spite of 11. It was not until 1905 when Bulgarian microbiologist Stamen 15. In recent years, many companies have tried to solve the
E) Rather than Grigorov _______ lactobacillus bulgaricus, the bacterial hearing loss problem and develop a product that is _______
strain fermenting milk into yoghurt, that yoghurt _______ technologically advanced _______ affordable to anyone
for mass production. who wants to improve their quality of life at a saner price
7. Through advertising, some products, which _______
3. _______ the extent, timing and characteristics of rising than what has been offered so far.
the attention of customers otherwise, _______ in great A) discovered / had been made
inequalities differ throughout OECD countries, there is numbers. A) neither / nor
B) was discovered / made
one common feature, and it is rising wage dispersion and
A) couldn’t attract / must be sold C) had discovered / was made B) so / but
increasing job polarization.
B) should not attract / had to be sold D) had been discovered / is being made C) both / and
A) As long as E) discovered / has been made D) either / or
C) may not attract / could be sold
B) Unless E) more / than
D) wouldn’t attract / can be sold
C) Even if
E) aren’t supposed to attract / should be sold
D) Suppose that
E) Only if
8. Game theory, whose roots _______ back to the book The 12. _______ parasocial relationships, Donald Horton and R. 16. _______ educated people get, _______ they will be able
4. Later monarchs _______ in underground tombs dug
Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, _______ an Richard Wohl also introduced the concept of parasocial to assimilate new information so that they can form new
into rock cliffs once it became evident that the pyramids
important role in such fields as economics, international interaction, which they defined as the approximation of abilities and become familiar with new technologies.
_______ adequate security for the mummified remains of
relations, moral philosophy, political science, social ‘conversational give and take’ between a media user and
the kings and were easy targets for grave robbers. A) Not only / but also
psychology, and sociology. media persona.
B) When / then
A) have been buried / haven’t provided
A) have been traced / is playing A) Despite C) The more / the more
B) would have been buried / hadn’t provided
B) were traced / plays B) Along with D) Neither / nor
C) were buried / didn’t provide
C) trace / had played C) While E) Either / or
D) had been buried / wouldn’t have provided
D) are traced / has been playing D) Additionally
E) were being buried / wouldn’t provide
E) have traced / played E) Much as
39 40
STEP
Grammar-3
9. Recent research suggests some psychological disorders 13. Scientific studies show that the average thickness of
_______ anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and the troposphere, the lowest layer where the temperature
posttraumatic stress disorder are variations of the same decreases as the altitude increases, has increased by 200
syndrome. metres in the last forty years _______ global warming.
5. _______ both the proportion of older persons and A) such as A) in contrast with
increasing life expectancy, rising healthcare costs are B) in addition to B) so as to
inevitable in developed countries. C) similar to C) in spite of
1. Not _______ learner can excel in a foreign language, but A) Rather than
D) apart from D) due to
_______ who takes a few courses can produce simple E) as for E) in order to
B) In spite of
sentences.
C) As a result of
A) one / everybody D) In contrast to
B) every / anybody E) As opposed to
C) each / nobody
D) another / someone 10. Just as managers are unable to control markets, 14. The oceans _______ absorb and trap carbon dioxide in
E) any / no one economies, or other parts of the external environment, the atmosphere _______ provide food and habitat for
parents cannot control all aspects of the environment many living things.
_______ their children will grow.
A) either / or
2. In mathematics, which is often described as the master 6. Despite the fact that most people across the world _______ A) when B) as / as
of all sciences, it is not about calculating, but _______ in small communities in human history, there _______ a B) in which C) whether / or
seeing logical connections. mass migration of populations from rural to urban areas
C) with whom D) neither / nor
over the past few centuries.
A) in spite of D) whose E) not only / but also
B) as though A) were living / had been E) of which
C) as well as B) had lived / has been
D) rather C) had been living / was
E) contrary to D) have lived / was

E) lived / has been
11. When the amount of water in our body _______ to 15. Global climate change is caused by human activities
decrease, the osmotic balance _______ as a result of the _______ the natural variability of the climate experienced
increase in the salt and mineral concentrations in the throughout the Earth’s long geological history.
3. _______ its simplest form, artificial intelligence includes 7. _______ the coronavirus crisis has been worsening
body.
sub-fields of machine learning and deep learning, which pushes leaders to take new measures _______ it has A) as long as
are frequently mentioned along _______ it. affected almost all countries and more than 250 million A) has begun / was disturbed B) in spite of
people around the world. B) began / disturbed C) in comparison to
A) On / at
C) will begin / has disturbed D) in addition to
B) At / with A) That / since
D) is beginning / has been disturbed E) on behalf of
C) In / from B) The fact that / although
E) begins / is disturbed
D) For / to C) How much / whereas
E) Under / by D) Whether / now that
E) What / notwithstanding
12. Activities within the scope _______ transportation are 16. The documentary which _______ the special jury award
4. As they are the silent individuals of our society, we have 8. Birds are the species that is able to indicate the general is important in terms of _______ light on the problems of
responsible _______ approximately 28 per cent of global
to protect the rights of the animals by becoming their health of an ecosystem better than other species, so refugee children in the country.
carbon emissions, nearly 9 per cent of which is air
voice _______ neglecting them. scientists are particularly interested in _______ they are
transportation.
responding to climate change. A) receives / shed
A) in spite of
A) in / at B) had received / to shed
B) due to A) when
B) for / on C) was receiving / being shed
C) instead of B) why
C) of / for D) has received / shed
D) except for C) what
D) from / of E) received / shedding
E) as well as D) that
E) by / in
E) how
41 42
STEP
Grammar-3
9. Owls’ very sensitive ears can pick up the faintest sounds; 13. _______ does online shopping save time, _______ it helps
_______, experts say that a flying owl can even hear a you order a variety of products sitting in the comfort of
sound of a mouse chewing something under the snow. your home.
A) thereby A) Hardly / when

5. Within the scope of TEKNOFEST Aviation, Space and B) likewise B) Not only / but also
Technology Festival, the first of which was held in C) moreover C) Neither / nor
2018, _______ people from all over the world applied for D) instead D) No sooner / than
_______ competitions held in different categories.
1. _______ being a traditional practice in hot regions and E) otherwise E) Both / and
countries like Spain, siesta also helps the body freshen A) several / any
up itself remarkably.
B) a great number of / many
A) Though C) none of / a lot of
B) Since D) a great deal of / much
C) Only if E) some / a little
D) Even 10. Tornadoes are formed by one thunderstorm and have 14. Boys are known not to be _______ polite _______ girls,
E) As well as little rain; hurricanes, _______, are made up of many but some can speak more properly than girls.
thunderstorms and rain clouds with excessive rainfall.
A) either / or
A) inasmuch as B) whether / or
2. According to Fred Genesee, a professor of psycholinguistics, 6. It is high time we _______ action against all forms of B) as a consequence C) both / and
children simply need ______ to a different language for at violence in society to ensure social peace; for this reason, C) in order that D) neither / nor
least 30 per cent of their waking hours so that they ______ it. we _______ educated people and preventive punishments. D) on the other hand E) so / as
A) being exposed / may acquire A) took / need E) for this reason
B) to expose / have to acquire B) had taken / are needed

C) exposing / must acquire C) take / have needed
D) to be exposed / can acquire D) are taking / have needed
E) to be exposing / should acquire E) have been taking / have been needed
11. Nocturnal creatures are well-suited for the lifestyle they 15. Schools sometimes put _______ pressure on children to
3. Thanks to the 3D-printed micro-robotic animals, which 7. Due to the lack of control and inadequate enforcement lead _______ they have acute senses to help them find score well on tests and master _______ subject.
_______ recently, it _______ possible to reduce the side in the online world, parents _______ leave children alone their way in darkness.
A) a great deal of / none
effects of the chemotherapy drugs by delivering them there; moreover, they _______ be on alert against the A) in that B) several / each
directly to cancer cells. harassment of malicious people.
B) unless C) a great number of / any
A) was developed / might be A) are not supposed to / must C) only if D) a lot of / every
B) have been developed / would be B) could have / should D) but for E) a few / many
C) had been developed / can be C) should not / might E) much as
D) are being developed / should be D) cannot / may
E) will be developed / could be E) used to / have to
4. In the Netherlands, where 21 per cent of its population 8. Supposing robots with artificial intelligence _______ the
lives in lands below sea level, people manage to overcome world, _______ it be possible to get over? 12. Plant-eating bats feast on the nectar of plants that open 16. Geologists have been working on ways of predicting
the challenges _______ from living in such a storm-prone only after dark, _______ those eating insects feed on
A) take over / could earthquakes for _______ hundred years, unfortunately
delta by _______ creative solutions. moths and mosquitoes that come out at night. without _______ success.
B) are going to take over / will
A) resulted / being generated A) in case
C) have taken over / might A) each / either
B) resulting / generating B) since
D) took over / would B) plenty of / all
C) to result / having generated C) so that
E) were taking over / may C) some / little
D) to be resulting / generated D) while D) any / a lot of
E) having resulted / to be generating E) as though E) several / much
43 44
STEP
Grammar-3
9. The US Navy members who refuse the lawful order 13. Climate change _______ the main cause of the increasing
to receive the Covid-19 vaccination are to face some amount of land _______ by catastrophic wildfires over the
administrative actions, _______ separation from service. past two decades.
A) as well as A) is / devastating
5. _______ says you can make a difference without putting B) so long as B) was / to be devastated
in any effort; what _______ are trying to say is that you C) hence C) is going to be / having been devastated
should really endeavour to change some things. D) in order that D) had been / to have been devastating
2019 YDT A) Nobody / the ones E) for E) has been / devastated
1. _______ World War II, many of the factories that had been B) Anybody / theirs
devoted to military production _______ the fighting were
C) Someone / them
converted back to their original, civilian uses.
D) No one / they
A) At / with B) Following / during E) Everybody / each other
C) Along / over D) Through / within 10. Male dolphins respond _______ strongly to the whistles 14. The movement _______ reform began in England around
E) Across / for of consistently helpful allies _______ to those of 940 and soon came _______ the influence of reforms in
unpredictable comrades. neighbouring countries.
A) more / than A) with / along

2021 YDT B) neither / nor B) for / under
2. Children learn the language _______ to them and reinforce 6. Astronomers have found hints of what could be the first C) such / as C) in / on
the unique features that are characteristic of the dialect planet ever _______ outside our galaxy. D) both / and D) of / over
_______. E) either / or E) out / with
A) discovering
A) speaking / being used B) to be discovered
B) to be spoken / to use C) to have discovered
C) spoken / used D) having discovered
D) being spoken / using E) having been discovered
E) to speak / to be used 11. In order to prevent the hazardous impacts of the dumped 15. Our ancestors’ relationship with wild animals was a matter
tires, which release toxic gases _______ the atmosphere, of survival as they were spending their time struggling
the government plans to incrementally launch five with them so as not _______; on the other hand, they were
factories designated _______ collecting and discarding hunting them for food and their skins, especially _______
them. during freezing winters.
3. A) on / as A) to be hunted / to use
By waiting _______ dark, baby sea turtles can avoid the 7. _______ it is a dance floor banger _______ a more intimate
scorching sun and diurnal predators lurking _______ the slow jam, everyone has a favourite song that brings back B) in / over B) hunting / use
shore. happy memories. C) into / for C) to hunt / to be used
D) of / by D) being hunted / being used
A) since / within A) Both / and
E) by / to E) hunt / using
B) on / towards B) As / as
C) after / from C) Neither / nor
D) at / across D) Whether / or
E) until / along E) Such / as
12. In the 14th century, Mansa Musa _______ over the Mali 16. Astrophysicist Ignazio Pillitteri of the Italian National Institute
Empire, and his easy access to gold made him potentially for Astrophysics in Palermo has announced astronomers
the richest man _______. _______ the first known planet in another galaxy and added
4. _______ the conditions of life on Mars, the space agency 8. _______ any currency, there is no central authority that the possibility that the team discovered the transit of an
_______ for the possible exploration of the red planet. manages and maintains the value of a cryptocurrency, A) ruled / to have ever lived extragalactic planet is quite intriguing and _______ a great
_______ causes some doubts among its investors. B) was ruling / having ever lived discovery.
A) Being simulated / has prepared
A) Unlike / which C) had ruled / ever lived
B) Having simulated / prepares A) must have located / might be
B) As / of which D) would rule / to be ever lived
C) Simulating / has been preparing B) could locate / have to be
C) In contrast with / that E) have ruled / having been ever lived
D) To have simulated / prepared C) may have located / would be
D) Apart from / who D) would locate / might have been
E) Having been simulated / will prepare
E) In addition to / whose E) should have located / used to be
45 46
STEP
Grammar-4
9. According to many sources, the Lydians were the first 13. As draining the cooking oil into the sink can damage the
people _______ the use of coins for commerce and trade. entire sewer system, it is advisable to _______ the oil
_______ after cooking and pour it into a container such
A) introducing
as a glass jar.
B) to be introduced
5. Although people _______ for about two weeks without C) having introduced A) get / cool
food, they _______ thirst for more than a few days. D) to introduce B) have / to cool
E) being introduced C) make / to cool
A) must live / do not need to withstand
1. It is surprising that Tenzing Norgay Sherpa and Sir
B) are supposed to live / do not have to withstand
D) let / cool
Edmund Hillary, who were the first mountaineers _______ E) get / to cool
C) should be living / cannot have withstood
Mount Everest, _______ it without the help of supplemental
D) are able to live / cannot withstand
oxygen.
E) used to live / could not withstand
A) to be climbing / accomplish
B) climbing / had accomplished
C) having climbed / were accomplishing 10. When my sister browsed through the instruction manual 14. Since Sir Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount
D) to climb / accomplished of the device and could not find the problem, she had Everest in 1953, _______ many people have tried it
E) climb / would accomplish _______ choice except for calling the authorised technical _______ this Himalayan beauty is slowly turning into a
service. pile of scum.
A) other A) as / as
B) another B) such / that
2. ______ who develops empathy would show ______ more 6. As a recent and significant advance in bone health, C) no other C) so / that
consideration for other people. scientists _______ a device that _______ in bones. D) the other D) so / as
A) No one / enough E) the others E) such / as
A) develop / is implanted
B) Anyone / some B) have developed / can be implanted
C) Someone / a lot of C) are developing / must be implanted
D) Everyone / several D) had developed / has to be implanted
E) Someone / a few E) developed / should be implanted
11. The famous journalist has published a book, in which 15. If we _______ the terms of the contract with the landlord,
she has revealed the truth about a former actor, which he all the decorations in the room _______ by the end of the
_______ she kept the secret. month.
3. Working with a therapist, teenagers _______ overcome 7. _______the device designed to communicate with
their depressions _______ by the bullies in their schools. sleepers, it will be possible to examine how dreaming A) prefers A) will meet / are finished
affects learning. B) would prefer
A) are supposed to / causing B) had met / are being finished
A) In order to C) would like C) are to meet / will have been finished
B) have to / having caused
B) Instead of D) would rather D) have met / will be finished
C) might / to be caused
C) As opposed to E) would love E) met / would have been finished
D) ought to / being caused
E) can / caused D) Along with
E) Thanks to
4. Paracelsus, a 16th-century Swiss natural philosopher, 8. London is known for the wide variety of its population 12. Mercury is _______ planet to complete its orbit tour 16. If the information that Göbeklitepe was a place of worship
and its high use of public transportation, _______ runs 24 around the Sun compared to other planets since its orbit is correct, it is _______ the oldest settled living area
was a seminal figure in the history _______ chemistry and
hours per day. is _______ those of others. _______ a religious place in human history.
chemical therapy _______ medicine.
A) where A) the fastest / the shortest A) whether / or

A) on / of
B) when B) the faster / the shorter B) either / or
B) about / of
C) which C) faster / shorter C) so / that
C) of / in
D) whom D) the fastest / shorter than D) neither / nor
D) with / to
E) that E) fastest / more shortly E) both / and
E) in / for
47 48
STEP
Grammar-4
9. A recent study _______ birds in the Amazon rainforest 13. _______ the semester is finally over after a tiring exam
suggests that birds have gotten physically smaller week, students can spare some time for their hobbies in
_______ the last forty years. order to relax.
A) into / from A) Because of

5. With farming and livestock production using about B) on / over B) Despite the fact that
70 per cent of the Earth’s surface water supplies, the C) in / within C) Even though
agricultural sector is _______ the biggest consumer of D) from / in D) In spite of
global freshwater resources _______ a serious water
1. _______ of the studies carried on extrinsic motivation E) to / for E) Now that
polluter.
has confirmed that using extrinsic motivation lowers
performance in activities that necessitate even _______ A) either / or
brainwork and creativity.
B) not only / but also
A) Each / a little C) whether / or
B) Much / some D) neither / nor
C) The whole / a few E) the more / the more 10. Uganda _______ that it _______ $537 million between 14. Many software businesses provide free versions of
D) Every / little 2016 and 2020 on climate-related projects, but they could their products to their customers, _______ with limited
E) Most / much not be completed. functionality.
A) would announce / will have spent A) owing to

B) is going to announce / has spent B) albeit
C) had announced / spent C) inasmuch as
2. The King of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, who ______ the 6. Every system in the body _______ by aromatherapy, but
D) announces / will be spending D) lest
country to become a member of the UN, ______ the throne the use of natural essential oils _______ as a substitute
E) announced / would spend E) thanks to
after the 1973 famine. for medical treatment.
A) was helping / could abandon A) can be supported / should not be seen
B) had helped / had to abandon B) would have supported / must be seen
C) helped / would abandon C) could have supported / might not be seen
D) used to help / might abandon D) might be supported / could have seen
E) would have helped / must have abandoned E) should be supported / can’t have seen 11. Since October 4, 1957, when the Union of Soviet Socialist 15. _______ an oncoming train, he did not panic, so he was
Republics (USSR) _______ Sputnik, the first artificial able to retract his leg in time.
satellite to orbit Earth, we _______ into space.
A) Seen
A) have been launching / travelled B) To be seen
3. Meteorologists launch planes and weather balloons 7. It is necessary for children to learn the language _______ B) have launched / have travelled C) Having been seen
_______ the areas around a tornado to learn _______ the around them so that they _______ as a part of their D) Seeing
C) launched / have been travelling
surrounding winds and weather conditions. community.
D) had launched / was travelling E) To see
A) up / against A) having spoken / would feel E) launched / had been travelling
B) across / on B) to speak / may feel
C) into / about C) being spoken / must feel
D) near / onto D) speaking / will feel
E) inside / of E) spoken / can feel
12. Researchers carried out a genomic examination _______ 16. Global warming _______ worse; consequently, extreme
4. The origins of chocolate are really old, _______ back to the 8. If the Sumerians _______ one of the first writing systems,
a huge and enigmatic family of human proteins to show weather events such as floods, droughts, heatwaves,
Mayans, who were probably the first civilisation _______ Sumerian cuneiform, we _______ as much information and cold blasts _______ more frequently for a couple of
that it is responsible _______ harnessing the human
the cocoa plant. about them as we do now. years.
genome’s millions of transposable elements.
A) dating / to have cultivated A) did not invent / may not have had A) gets / are occurring
A) in / from
B) to date / being cultivated B) have not invented / could not have B) is getting / have been occurring
B) to / in
C) to have dated / to cultivate C) will not have invented / cannot have C) got / were occurring
C) on / from
D) having dated / cultivating D) had not invented / cannot have had D) has got / had occurred
D) about / over
E) dated / having cultivated E) had not invented / would not have E) was getting / will occur
E) of / for
49 50
STEP
Grammar-4
9. Cuba, _______ in the list of the United Nations as one 13. The first step in the fight against climate change is to
of the only countries in the Caribbean that have ended reduce human-induced carbon emissions as soon as
deforestation, is an island, 22 per cent of which _______ possible; _______, carbon emissions can be caused not
in green from palms and pines to mangroves and ceiba only by humans but also by the respiration of living things
trees. and during the decomposition of organic materials.
5. Even though four hundred years have passed since
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) being included / covers A) however
William Shakespeare’s plays, the stories they tell are
still _______ exciting and relevant _______ they were to B) to be included / covered B) furthermore
Shakespeare’s audience. C) included / is covered C) as a result
2020 YDT
1. Computers may be able to beat us in specific activities; D) having included / has covered
A) as / as D) in the meantime
_______, it will be a long time before we see a robot with E) including / is covering
B) whether / or E) that is
human-like versatility.
C) so / that
A) moreover B) thus D) either / or
C) likewise D) instead E) the more / the more
E) however
10. Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused _______ the 14. There _______ over 6 million indigenous people living in
infection of Toxoplasma gondii, one of the most common the Brazilian Amazon by 1500 AD; however, in the 1900s,
parasites on Earth, which is usually passed on _______ less than 250,000 indigenous people _______ living in the
undercooked meat, touching the faces of infected cats, or Amazon.
pregnancy from mother to child.
2019 YDT A) were / are left
6. It is crucial that new methods _______ in order to
2. Any mental exercise helps cognition _______ building,
increase students’ success because the characteristics A) by / through B) have been / will be left
lengthening, or strengthening the pathways that carry B) with / from C) had been / were left
of generations _______ constantly.
information _______ neurons. C) of / in D) would be / had been left
A) to apply / were changing
A) in / upon B) at / with D) off / with E) used to be / have been left
B) be applied / are changing
C) off / from D) towards / beneath E) to / into
C) having been applied / have been changing
E) by / between
D) applied / are changed
E) applying / were changed
11. The brain is commonly considered to be a very 15. French lawmakers _______ to end the use of wild
3. _______ on the ship’s bridge and _______ by screens comprehensive and sophisticated computer; _______, animals in live circus shows recently, _______ an end to
relaying information from dozens of sensors, Diana Kidzhi, some psychologists and neuroscientists say that our performing tigers, lions, or bears.
7. India _______ of 28 states and eight union territories brain cannot be a computer, which is an oversimplified
the first female chief to lead a nuclear-powered icebreaker A) had voted / to put
three of which _______ partial statehood, with elected and downright misleading metaphor.
ship to the North Pole, sets the path the giant Russian vessel
legislatures and executive councils of ministers, having B) have voted / putting
will take through the frozen waters of the Arctic Ocean. A) on the grounds that
reduced powers. C) would vote / having put
A) Having stood / surrounded B) consequently D) vote / to be put
A) has composed / were given C) in addition
B) Standing / surrounded E) voted / being put
B) was composed / gave D) otherwise
C) Stood / surrounding
C) is composed / have been given E) on the other hand
D) Having been standing / having surrounded
D) compose / are given
E) Stood / being surrounded
E) has been composed / have given
12. The energy transformation project is supported by many 16. Considered to be the largest octopus species in the world,
4. _______ once regarded as a time of uninterrupted countries in terms of protecting the environment and the giant Pacific octopus can grow _______ 30 feet across
ignorance, superstition, and social oppression, the producing reliable energy from sustainable sources, and has an extra brain _______ each of its arms.
Middle Ages are now understood as a dynamic period 8. Native to some parts of Asia, spinach is believed _______ _______ decreasing energy consumption levels and
A) to / in
_______ which the idea of Europe as a distinct cultural in ancient Persia, from where it _______ to India, Nepal, creating new job opportunities for people.
and China. B) for / on
unit emerged.
A) for fear of C) with / by
A) Although / during A) originated / had been introduced B) contrary to D) off / from
B) Even though / before B) to be originated / has been introduced C) thanks to E) at / of
C) Hence / during C) originate / is introduced D) in spite of
D) Since / before D) to have originated / was introduced E) in addition to
E) However / after E) originating / will be introduced
51 52
STEP
Grammar-5
9. Some developing countries ______ about a scarcity of 13. According to educators, people who did chores when they
qualified personnel for some time, and they ______ the were children are more likely to take on responsibilities at
situation by recruiting highly skilled workers from abroad. work ______ relying on others to do so.
A) are concerned / are alleviating A) as well as

5. Vitamin needs fluctuate depending on the organism; for B) have been concerned / had alleviated B) rather than
example, humans get vitamin C from their food, ______ C) will be concerned / have alleviated C) similar to
dogs can manufacture all the vitamin C they require. D) were concerned / will alleviate D) as a result of
1. Even if we considerably ______ carbon emissions over the A) even E) had been concerned / alleviated E) in terms of
next decade, more than a third of the world’s remaining
B) so
glaciers ______ by 2100.
C) while
A) would reduce / will disappear D) and
B) have reduced / would disappear E) once
C) reduced / disappeared
D) will have reduced / disappear 10. The Central American rainforests ______ three thousand 14. ______ on-site electricity ______ efficient community-based
years ago when humans ______ to remove them for sanitation facilities are available in some of the world’s
E) reduce / will have disappeared
agricultural purposes, leading to a substantial impact on most isolated and disadvantaged regions.
their extinction.
6. Climate change will possibly threaten ______ bird species A) Both / and
2. The concept of phubbing, which is a blend of the words with extinction in the near future, although ______ A) would have vanished / begin B) Not only / but also
‘phone’ and ‘snubbing’, ______ as ignoring one’s of them have already been experiencing its negative B) could have vanished / have begun C) Neither / nor
companion or companions ______ attention to their consequences. C) must have vanished / had begun D) No sooner / than
phone or other mobile devices. D) may have vanished / began E) Whether / or
A) many / several
A) should be defined / having paid B) all / every E) should have vanished / were beginning
B) will be defined / paying C) each / few

C) can be defined / to pay D) every / any
D) is defined / being paid E) both / some
E) has been defined / pay
11. As students actively participate ______ learning activities, 15. The word ‘muscle’ derives from the Latin term ______
they must critically reflect ______ their understanding of ‘little mouse’, which is what Ancient Romans ______
7. To help reduce global emissions, start in your home by the material and build their own knowledge. flexed bicep muscles resembled.
3. A tourist can be impressed ______ London’s most
saving electricity by ______ plugging appliances into one A) meant / had thought
picturesque gardens and parks, which are famous ______ A) with / for
power strip ______ turning them off entirely when not in
their lush greenery, lake views, and bird noises. B) in / on B) being meant / have thought
use, including the computer.
C) into / over C) meaning / thought
A) with / on
A) both / and D) at / from D) to be meant / would think
B) by / for
B) either / or E) to / by E) having meant / think
C) on / with
C) so / as
D) for / by
D) neither / nor
E) to / of
E) whether / or
4. The two most common indicators of attention deficit are 8. ______ initial research on coffee suggested that it could
cause health concerns, current research shows that 12. Tigers are hunted ______ their fur and trophies, and their 16. Concern ______ the environment and the climate has
a lack of enthusiasm and interest in the class; ______,
drinking coffee has several health benefits. habitat has been decimated, bringing them ______ the led buyers, particularly younger ones, to choose electric
this problem can be eliminated by modifying teaching
verge of becoming extinct. vehicles ______ those that burn fossil fuels.
approaches.
A) However
A) for / to A) about / on
A) otherwise B) Therefore
B) from / on B) to / upon
B) furthermore C) Because
C) by / under C) into / at
C) therefore D) Although
D) with / at D) for / over
D) for example E) Supposing
E) about / beyond E) in / from
E) however
53 54
STEP
Grammar-5
9. Ottoman science advanced further as a result of Mehmed 13. Being prone ______ headaches and nausea from bright,
II’s intense interest and the educational institutions he flickering lights can be quite bothersome and debilitating,
founded following Istanbul’s conquest; ______, some especially in the modern world, where we are bombarded
bright intellectuals appeared in the 15th century and ______ artificial light.
contributed significantly to science throughout his period.
5. Governments think it is crucial ______ their resources A) on / out
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) however B) at / by
and materials; that is why they believe household waste
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. B) similarly
______ instead of being incinerated. C) to / with
C) consequently D) for / up
1. ______ the only means of crossing the river Vltava until A) to protect / ought to be recycled
1841, Charles Bridge was the most significant connection D) otherwise E) into / at
B) protecting / could be recycled
between Prague Castle and the city’s Old Town, ______ E) finally
C) to be protecting / may be recycled
Prague a vital trade hub linking Eastern and Western
D) to be protected / can be recycled
Europe.
E) to have protected / must be recycled
A) Being / making
B) To be / made 10. Although Descartes ______ what a rainbow was back in 14. Based ______ the oral tradition, folk literature is an
1637, he ______ it without light refraction calculations, intangible cultural heritage that preserves the memory of
C) Been / being made
which had been discovered by Willebrord Snell 16 years the past and is a source of inspiration ______ the present
D) To have been / to be made
before Descartes’ thesis on the subject. and future.
E) Having been / having made
A) was able to define / could not have managed A) upon / to
B) should have defined / would not have managed B) out / in
C) might have defined / should not have managed C) into / for
2. Earth-flows are more likely ______ when the ground is 6. As early childhood education settings are often ______ the D) could not have defined / must have managed D) on / for
flooded by heavy rain, ______ the amount of water on the first communities children encounter outside the home, E) must not have defined / might have managed E) in / till
hillside. the character of these groups is immensely influential
______ children’s development.
A) occurring / to raise
B) to have occurred / having raised A) beyond / for
C) having occurred / raised B) behind / to
D) to be occurred / being raised C) among / in 11. The researchers have demonstrated how high-resolution 15. ______ Liverpool is one of the fastest-growing
D) towards / with colour images could be printed ______ the non-allergenic metropolitan areas in the UK, it is still considered one of
E) to occur / raising
pollen paper using a laser printer, and then ‘unprinted’ the poorest places in the country.
E) between / upon
using an alkaline solution to remove the toner ______
destroying the paper entirely. A) Because
B) As though
A) in / out
3. The Omo Valley tribes are considered practitioners of 7. Almost all the Earth’s coral reefs might be gone within C) Much as
three decades ______ immediate action is taken to reduce B) on / without
______ of the world’s oldest cultures and traditions even D) Unless
though ______ is known about them. emissions and slow climate change. C) over / off
E) Now that
D) of / above
A) much / none A) provided that
E) into / over
B) many / each B) since
C) all / enough C) in case
D) some / little D) once
E) any / a lot E) unless
12. Powerful seasonal hurricanes have wreaked havoc on 16. ______ anything goes wrong during a critical surgery
______ the Caribbean islands this year, and geological
4. Numerous handicrafts and tools ______ at Çatalhöyük, 8. ______ dogs can use their two nostrils independently of process, another team of surgeons and nurses will be
studies on ______ of these islands indicate that more on-site, ready to intervene in an instant.
and due to the excellent level of preservation at the site, one another, they can determine the direction of an odour
devastating conditions might have happened in the past.
many of these artefacts ______ until now. and use their sense of smell like a compass.
A) While
A) a few / all
A) are produced / are discovered A) While B) In case
B) some / no
B) were produced / have been discovered B) Because C) Since
C) either / several
C) had been produced / would be discovered C) Only when D) Even if
D) any / enough
D) used to be produced / had been discovered D) Even if E) As long as
E) a number of / some
E) would have been produced / were discovered E) Until
55 56
ENGLISH 3RD ENGLISH 3RD STEP-A
STEP
A
Grammar-5
2018 YDT 2019 YDT
9. Given that it is highly likely that further reservoirs exist, 13. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the longest reefs in
the interior of our planet could contain at least six times the world, ______ more than 2000 kilometres along the
______ much water ______ all the world’s oceans do. northeastern coast of Australia.
2018 YDT A) as / as A) to have extended

Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen B) so / that B) to extend
5. Research involving animals is controversial, but when
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. C) whether / or C) having been extended
conducted ______ ethical guidelines, it yields significant
2018 YDT benefits ______ humans. D) both / and D) extending
1. Although simple games ______ available on mainframe E) either / or E) having extended
A) in / from
computers in the years after the Second World War,
B) over / to
their widespread adoption ______ until the emergence of
C) through / by
personal computers.
D) within / for
A) were going to be / could wait E) at / about
B) had been / should have waited
2018 YDT 2019 YDT
C) were / had to wait
10. The panda has become an international symbol for 14. ______ most people can find benefits in cross-cultural
D) used to be / would have waited
conservation since 1990, winning the public’s affection living or learning, some experience psychological blocks
E) would have been / must have waited 2018 YDT ______ their distinctive black and white markings and and other inhibiting effects due to culture shock.
6. th
At the start of the 20 century, nine out of ten people clumsy behaviour.
lived in rural areas where they worked on the land, ______ A) Because
2018 YDT approximately half of the world’s population today lives A) in spite of B) Only when
2. The rapid disappearance of Arctic ice ______ the use of an in the city. B) on behalf of C) While
undersea Internet cable, ______ a shorter path between C) thanks to D) Unless
A) as
Europe and Asia. D) in contrast to E) Provided that
B) whereas E) except for
A) can enable / to be created C) hence
B) must enable / being created D) so
C) would enable / to have created
E) whether
D) may enable / creating
E) should enable / to be creating
2019 YDT 2019 YDT

2018 YDT 11. Implantation of the embryo is a milestone in human 15. Brain death happens when the brain shows no signs of
2018 YDT
development as it is from this stage onwards that the any activity, ______ machines are keeping the heart and
3. The first woman to cycle around the world was the 7. An important task of childhood is learning how to bring
embryo ______ to take shape and the overall body plan lungs working.
Latvian-American Annie Kopchovsky who _____ financial emotions under reasonable control ______ children who
______.
sponsorship in return for ______ an advertised placard cannot manage their emotions are likely to experience A) even if
on her bike. problems with other people. A) began / had been decided B) in case
A) once B) begins / is decided C) because
A) had received / to be hung
C) had begun / will be decided D) until
B) was receiving / to hang B) since
D) will begin / was decided E) after
C) has been receiving / being hung C) even if
E) is beginning / has been decided
D) received / hanging D) in case
E) would receive / having hung E) unless
2018 YDT
2018 YDT 2019 YDT 2019 YDT
8. Not ______ speaker can create great literature, but ______
12. Even though the theory of dualism ______, many people
4. Research has shown that children ______ secure 16. Bird nests differ from ______ species to the next, and
who knows a language can create and understand new
attachments to parents develop more positive relationships still cling to the idea that consciousness ______ outside ______ nest has its own style of architecture, including
sentences.
with teachers and friends ______ their family. of the body. location, materials, and shape.
A) one / everybody
A) with / beyond A) has been disproven / can exist A) other / any
B) every / anybody
B) in / about B) was disproven / could exist B) one / each
C) each / nobody
C) of / towards C) is disproven / had to exist C) some / another
D) another / someone
D) under / over D) had been disproven / should have existed D) all / whole
E) any / no one
E) on / across E) will be disproven / must have existed E) every / neither
57 58
ENGLISH 3RD ENGLISH 3RD STEP-B
STEP
B
Grammar-5
2020 YDT 2021 YDT
9. Some students wrongly interpret failure as resulting from 13. Human hearing is not ______ sensitive ______ that of a bat
lack of ability ______ lack of effort, and do nothing about or a dog, but human beings make a wide range of sounds.
it since they believe that ability, unlike effort, is something
A) both / and
they really cannot do much about.
2020 YDT B) neither / nor
Verilen sorularda boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen A) rather than
5. Kefir is a fermented drink similar ______ yoghurt and is C) as / as
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. B) similar to
valued ______ its beneficial effects on microbes in our D) whether / or
2019 YDT gut. C) in case of E) either / or
1. The town of Ushuaia lies at the southern tip of Argentina, D) in terms of
A) in / as
______ close to the Antarctic ______ it is bitterly cold for E) except for
B) with / about
much of the year.
C) around / of
A) such / that D) to / for
B) as / as E) from / by
C) the more / the more
2021 YDT
D) either / or
10. Palaeontologists ______ that small mammals ______ the 14. The production of plastics and their accumulation in the
E) so / that
extinction of dinosaurs by eating their eggs; however, natural environment are increasing at an unprecedented
currently they think the rise of mammals was an effect of rate ______ indiscriminate use, inadequate recycling, and
2020 YDT the demise of dinosaurs. dumping in landfills.
2019 YDT
6. ______ the wheel was invented, humans had devised
various ways to move heavy objects around. A) may think / could have caused A) owing to
2. The numerous Italian princes’ palaces became significiant
B) must think / would have caused B) as opposed to
centres of the Renaissance and the Baroque periods A) As long as C) used to think / might have caused C) rather than
______ their comparatively minor political influence. B) Before D) had to think / should have caused D) except for
A) due to C) Whenever E) would think / must have caused E) in spite of
B) rather than D) In case
C) in terms of E) Unless
D) as well as
E) despite
2021 YDT
2020 YDT 11. ______ bacteria were discovered in the 17th century, 15. The discovery of a completely intact dinosaur embryo in
7. Today, ______ language is completely isolated from infectious diseases were thought to be caused by sickly China, which is at least 66 million years old and ______
2020 YDT
______ languages, which means there is a constant smells. from its egg like a chicken, ______ new light on the
3. In the 19-mile exclusion zone surrounding the Chernobyl
contact among all languages. relationship between the behaviours of modern birds and
power plant in Ukraine, which ______ following the 1986 A) Once
those of dinosaurs.
reactor meltdown, plants and animals ______ now in ways B) Given that
A) any / a few
they never had before. C) Since A) is able to hatch / may shed
B) no / other
A) used to be contaminated / thrive D) Until B) was about to hatch / will shed
C) a / several
B) has been contaminated / will have been thriving E) Even if C) would hatch / could shed
D) all / many
C) would have been contaminated / have been thriving D) was supposed to hatch / would shed
E) each / any
D) was contaminated / are thriving E) might hatch / should shed
E) had been contaminated / were thriving
2021 YDT
12. On the black market, prices of ______ thousand dollars 16. Asteroid fragments and the first dinosaur fossils from
2020 YDT 2020 YDT
are paid for the extremely rare hyacinth macaw, which is an asteroid impact 66 million years ago ______ by a
4. ______ as the main shipping route between the Indian and 8. ______ people you dine with, ______ food you are likely to
______ sought after by enthusiasts. palaeontologist at a dig site in North Dakota, which could
Pacific Oceans, Singapore ______ traders from China, eat because when dining with another person, people eat
be the first physical evidence that dinosaurs ______ by an
India, and Europe for years. 35 percent more than when they are alone. A) any / a lot
asteroid impact.
B) each / neither
A) To be served / had attracted A) Whether / or
C) several / much A) were unearthed / have been wiped out
B) Being served / would be attracting B) Not only / but also
D) some / a little B) had been unearthed / would be wiped out
C) To serve / will have been attracting C) The more / the more
E) enough / all C) would have been unearthed / were being wiped out
D) Serving / has been attracting D) Either / or
D) were being unearthed / had been wiped out
E) Served / was attracting E) Neither / nor
E) have been unearthed / were wiped out
59 60
STEP
Cloze Test-1
The Prague Astronomical Clock, also known as the Orloj, is the A bioregion is a geographical area that (16) _______ by natural
world’s oldest fully (11) _______ astronomical clock. It is located topography and ecological traits rather than arbitrary political
in the Old Town City Hall in Prague’s Old Town Square. It is the or territorial boundaries. There are several methods to divide
centre of Prague and the city’s most popular landmark. The areas (17) _______ bioregions, but the term ‘bioregionalism’
clock was installed in 1410, which means it is well (12) _______ (18) _______ to any methodology that aims to do so. This
Planning skill is used in most of the work (6) _______ is done 600 years old. The famous clock is a magnificent combination strategy strives to connect mankind to the nature around them,
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen unconsciously in daily life. It is the whole mental process related of mechanical engineering and art. Moreover, it (13) _______ forming strong bonds between people and the environment
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. to finding suitable solutions, evaluating them, and developing to display astronomical information. Like the Orloj, many other (19) _______ they live and finding the best solutions for
strategies when faced (7) _______ a problem. Research on astronomical clocks throughout the world (14) _______ to show that environment. Mountain ranges, important rivers, water
Elvis Presley, (1) _______ albums have sold over 1 billion, has bilingual and monolingual children shows that bilingual children the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, or Zodiac constellations systems, topography, and prevalent ecosystem types,
been followed by millions of people with his unique style, stage have shorter planning times than monolinguals. They also play and, sometimes, other planets. (15) _______, the astronomical (20) _______ forests, grasslands, deserts, native flora and
performances, and impressive voice, breaking new ground in the a faster and more active role in planning because it is easier for clock in Prague does all of these and much more. It tells fauna, are all examples of physical and biological factors that
history of music and becoming a school for subsequent musical them (8) _______ the problems and solutions. Various cognitive the time, gives the date, shows astronomical and zodiacal may be used to define bioregions.
formations. Although many years have passed since Elvis Presley’s (9) _______ take place in the planning skill and form the basis information, and, best of all, provides some theatre on the hour
death, he is one of the famous personalities who (2) _______ as of learning. Although knowing more than one language supports for its viewers, every hour.
the king of Rock’n Roll around the world. Elvis, who was quite poor the planning skill, parents have a key role in the development of 16.
before he became famous and knew what (3) _______ meant, never it. (10) _______, asking children open-ended questions about 11. A) defines B) will be defined
forgot what he had been through, and so did charity work throughout a situation or event, learning and respecting their thoughts, A) geographical B) detrimental C) was defined D) is defined
his life. In fact, the reason behind his meeting with the guitar was choices, and preferences will help them develop their planning C) functional D) remedial E) has defined
their misery. Elvis asked his father (4) _______ him a bicycle, but his skills. E) sentimental
father, who could not afford it, was able to buy a guitar for his son.
And although he did not realise it, when Elvis picked up his guitar,
he actually took his first step (5) _______ stardom.
1. 6. 17.
A) who B) whose A) when B) why
12. A) into B) of
C) that D) which C) that D) who A) below B) onto C) around D) out
E) where E) where C) upon D) over E) for
E) by
2. 7.
A) remembers B) was remembered A) on B) against 18.
C) remembered D) has remembered C) for D) about 13. A) means B) combines
E) is remembered E) with
A) was designed B) designs C) detects D) indicates
C) has designed D) had designed E) refers
E) is designed
3. 8.
A) wealth B) poverty A) to connect B) to be connecting
C) prosperity D) potency C) connecting D) being connected
E) fortune E) having been connected
19.
14. A) when B) where
A) intend B) tend C) why D) how
4. 9. C) demand D) expect E) who
A) buy B) buying A) innovations B) closures E) claim
C) bought D) to buy C) injuries D) processes
E) having bought E) basements
20.
5. 10. 15. A) so that B) such as
A) towards B) against A) In addition B) For instance A) For example B) Nevertheless C) however D) on the contrary
C) for D) up C) However D) Besides C) Additionally D) Therefore E) thus
E) out of E) On the contrary E) However
61 62
STEP
Cloze Test-1
Herbal varieties, (11) _______ have been used on many tables Sir Richard Owen, a very well-known British scientist, was the
among the people for centuries, are also used in traditional and one who (16) _______ the name ‘dinosaur’ in the year 1841.
modern medicine to heal various diseases. (12) _______ learn He was conducting palaeontological studies on several large
the healing power of nature; it is important to use plants correctly fossils which looked like lizard bones; however, they were
and consume them at the right time. Herbs are valuable in our (17) _______ the size of giant elephant bones. Owen knew
Chocolate is made from the fruit of cacao trees grown in Central country, which is rich in plant diversity, in terms of (13) _______ that no modern lizard would grow that large, so he came to the
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen and South America. The fruits of those trees are called pods,
traditional usage and passing them on to the next generation, (18) _______ that the fossils must have belonged to a separate
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. and each of them holds around 40 cacao beans which are
as their value and knowledge decline as migration from rural group of animals, having disappeared a really long time ago. He
dried and roasted after harvest to produce cacao beans. It’s
For the flower gardens in Keukenhof, (1) _______ were realised areas to cities grows. In order to use plants in a beneficial way, named these animals Dinosauria, (19) _______ literally means
unclear (6) _______ when cacao came on the scene or who
as the idea of the Governor of Lisse in 1949, dozens of Dutch it is important to know whether they (14) _______ raw, cooked, ‘terrible lizards’. Of course, now we are all aware of the fact that
invented it. According to Hayes Lavis, cultural arts curator for
specialist flower growers and sellers cooperated. The open-air dried, or brewed. Fresh herbs have a stronger flavour than dinosaurs were not lizards at all, and only (20) _______ were
the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian,
flower exhibition, which (2) _______ with the aim of displaying the dried herbs. The flavour of dried entire herbs is greater than ‘terrible’, yet the name stuck.
archaeologists detected lines of theobromine, a stimulant
flowers they grew with the new generation seeds and for flower that of loose leaves (15) _______ in packages or jars because
compound found (7) _______ chocolate and tea, in historical
lovers to see this magnificent beauty and buy flowers, has been the leaves are still linked to the stem.
Olmec pots and vessels from around 1500 BC. It’s believed the
the largest spring exhibition in the world for 70 years. Open from
Olmecs used cacao to create a ceremonial drink. However, since
late March to May, the best time (3) _______ Keukenhof is mid-
they (8) _______ no written history, opinions differ on whether 11. 16.
April. The flowers in the gardens, where more than 7 million spring
they also used cacao beans in their concoctions or just the pulp of
flowers are planted, remain under care (4) _______ their colours A) that B) which A) made up B) has made up
the cacao pod. The Olmecs definitely passed on the knowledge
and beauty all season long. It is possible to visit the region by C) where D) when C) makes up D) had made up
of cacao to the Mayans, (9) _______ not only consumed
train or by bus, as well as by boat. Those who love spring flowers, E) of which E) would make up
chocolate but worshipped it. The Mayan written history writes
especially tulips, should definitely visit the Keukenhof flower
gardens near Amsterdam (5) _______ witnessing this beauty, chocolate drinks used in celebrations. (10) _______ chocolate’s
which does not fit in the photo frames, is a completely different importance in Mayan culture, it wasn’t consumed only by the
experience. wealthy and powerful, but readily by almost everyone. In many
Maya families, chocolate was served at every meal.
12. 17.
A) So that B) In spite of A) among B) from
1. 6.
C) Notwithstanding D) In order to C) about D) on
A) where B) who A) vaguely B) roughly
E) Because of E) into
C) which D) what C) presumably D) harshly
E) whom E) precisely
2. 7.
A) was opening B) opened A) in B) on C) at D) from E) by 13. 18.
C) was opened D) opens
A) dehydrating B) preserving A) discovery B) recognition
E) is opened
C) consuming D) combining C) conclusion D) experience
E) swinging E) involvement
3. 8.
A) having visited B) visiting A) had kept B) kept
C) to have visited D) to visit C) were keeping D) were kept
E) visit E) have kept
14. 19.
A) may have been B) had to be A) that B) which
C) should be D) would be C) whom D) why
4. 9.
E) could have been E) who
A) by preserving B) preserve A) Where B) When
C) to preserve D) preserved C) Whose D) Who
E) with preserving E) Which
20.
5. 10. 15.
A) a little B) many
A) thus B) because A) Although B) While A) offered B) offering
C) much D) a few
C) therefore D) despite C) Due to D) Consequently C) having offered D) to be offering
E) none
E) so as to E) Despite E) offer
63 64
STEP
Cloze Test-1
Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more than 1 billion people, Caterpillars are the masters of deception. Some imitate sticks
(11) _______ it the most widely spoken language all around and leaves to avoid ending up as food, whereas (16) _______
the world. Though it is primarily and heavily spoken in Asian glow bright colours to indicate their poisonous nature. Some
countries, the number of Chinese communities existing all even wave pumped-up limbs to frighten enemies. (17) _______
around the world (12) _______ you. However, Mandarin such impressive manoeuvres, people tend to overlook these
Palaeontologists make use of fossils in order to reconstruct how
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen prehistoric organisms (6) _______. Fossils that are found and Chinese is not the only language spoken in China in spite of little wonders. However, they seldom escape the notice of
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. grouped together can indicate how an organism (7) _______ as being the official language of China. It is most widely spoken Samuel Jaffe, an entomologist who (18) _______ his life to
part of a community. The microscopic structure of an organism is in southwestern and northern China. Nonetheless, Cantonese investigating their secret adventures. This fascination started
2021 YDT
sometimes well-preserved, (8) _______ its different growth stages is the most (13) _______ language in Hong Kong and Macau. when he collected those animals near his Massachusetts home
In 1869, work on the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began.
from embryo to adult. Remains like this enable palaeontologists (14) _______, Mandarin is not the only language of Taiwan. as a child. Soon, Jaffe began photographing them. In 2013, this
The project was plagued (1) _______ problems, though, and
to (9) _______ how closely related fossil organisms are to Most of the Taiwanese can speak and understand Mandarin project blossomed into the Caterpillar Lab, an education centre
it would take 14 years to complete. The driving force behind
one another and to living organisms. While studying extinct Chinese but might be more comfortable (15) _______ other in New Hampshire with thousands of live (19) _______. The
the project, John Roebling died, and then his son Washington
organisms with no obvious living relatives, palaeontologists tend languages such as Taiwanese or Hakka. non-profit lab’s dozens of caterpillar close-ups offer a fascinating
(2) _______. He had a good reputation in the construction
(10) _______ at the microscopic structure and chemical insight into the mysteries that are waiting (20) _______ in
industry like his father. (3) _______, he developed a crippling
composition of the remains to determine if there is a living relative.
illness. Bedridden but determined (4) _______, he used a backyards all around the world.
telescope to keep watch over the construction of the bridge,
6.
which was finished in 1883. (5) _______ the efforts of 11. 16.
A) must have looked
Roebling’s son, today the Brooklyn Bridge ranks as one of the A) made A) another B) one another
B) may look
greatest engineering feats of the 19th century as one of New B) to make C) each other D) others
C) might have looked
York’s most popular and well-known landmarks. C) making E) other
D) can look
D) having been made
E) should have looked
E) to be made
1.
A) on B) with C) about D) in E) of
12. 17.
A) have to surprise A) Even though B) In spite of
2. 7. B) would surprise C) In addition to D) Therefore
A) worked out B) put off A) interacted C) could surprise E) Lest
C) got away D) took over B) has interacted D) was able to surprise
E) fell apart C) will interact E) would have surprised
D) had interacted
E) has been interacting
13. 18.
A) official B) common A) had dedicated
3. 8. C) bizarre D) difficult B) has dedicated
A) In addition B) On the contrary A) however B) as well as E) symbolic C) would dedicate
C) Instead D) Therefore C) likewise D) in case of D) is dedicating
E) However E) moreover E) will dedicate
4. 9. 14. 19.
A) to have proceeded B) proceeding A) see to B) abide by A) Therefore B) For example A) instances B) specimens
C) to proceed D) to be proceeded C) set up D) work out C) Briefly D) Moreover C) glides D) influences
E) being proceeded E) take over E) Similarly E) compensations
5. 10. 15. 20.

A) In spite of B) In comparison with A) to look A) with B) among A) to have discovered
C) Thanks to D) As well as B) to have looked C) through D) of B) having been discovered
E) Rather than C) looking E) on C) being discovered
D) being looked D) to be discovered
E) to have been looked E) to have been discovered
65 66
STEP
Cloze Test-2
A cryptocurrency is a form of payment that (11) _______ In ancient times, long before sunscreen was invented, people used
online for goods and services. Numerous companies have plants (16) _______ protect themselves from the harmful rays of
created their own currencies, also referred to as tokens, which the Sun. For example, the Ancient Egyptians rubbed the extracts
may be traded (12) _______ for the goods or services offered of rice, jasmine, and lupine plants on their skin for this purpose.
by the business. Cryptocurrencies work using blockchain The ancient Greeks used olive oil, (17) _______ the Indians used
Empathy can be defined as the ability to emotionally understand
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen what other people feel and desire, see things from their point of technology, which is a shared, unchangeable ledger to record sunflower oil. It was necessary to wait for the 20th century for
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. view, and imagine yourself (6) _______ their situation. Basically, transactions, track assets, and establish trust. It does not have sunscreen in today’s sense. Different names (18) _______ in the
it is putting yourself in someone else’s position without trying a centre, and it is spread (13) _______ many computers that sources as the inventor of sunscreen. One of them is the Australian
According to geologists, the Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica, to understand what they must be feeling. The ability to feel manage and record transactions. To buy cryptocurrencies, chemist H. A. Milton Blake. He produced 500 tubes of sunburn
often known (1) _______ the doomsday glacier, is at risk of empathy allows people to spend time trying to consider others’ (14) _______ you need to do is exchange real currency for cream in 1932, thanks to financial support from his friends and
collapse. The glacier is the size of Florida, and it (2) _______ (7) _______, experiences, or motivations before making a the cryptocurrency. (15) _______, you need a ‘wallet,’ an family. It was one of the first sunscreens (19) _______ for sale. In
to 4 per cent of the global sea level rise each year. Scientists judgement about them. (8) _______, being empathetic makes online app that can hold your currency. In general, you open the 1980s, after years of different scientific research, the first UVA
are now predicting that a section of the glacier towards the you highly functional in society through conducting you into an account on a cryptocurrency exchange and then use real and UVB sunscreens, which are still used today, were developed.
front (3) _______ over the next five to ten years. Maybe this strong and meaningful connections in all important parts of money to purchase cryptocurrencies. These creams containing zinc and titanium are (20) _______ more
(4) _______ scenario will not occur for millennia, but when it life. Being able (9) _______ and understand others’ emotions
effective in protecting the skin than the previous ones.
can make you successful in your social life as well as in your
does, the consequences will be disastrous. (5) _______ the
career. So, the question is: why don’t we all practice trying to
glacier completely melts, the sea level will rise by around 60 11. 16.
be more empathetic (10) _______ sympathetic all the time?
cm throughout the world. A) can be exchanged A) because of
B) has exchanged B) in order to
C) will exchange C) regardless of
1. 6.
D) was exchanged D) in contrast to
A) out B) as C) of D) in E) from A) on B) about C) with D) in E) of
E) must be exchanged E) lest
2. 7. 12. 17.
A) sinks B) complies A) perspectives B) negotiations A) generously A) while
C) eradicates D) adds C) reconciliaitions D) functionalities B) surely B) since
E) hinders E) debates C) slightly C) for
D) urgently D) as opposed to
E) specifically E) unlike
3. 8.
A) must collapse A) On the contrary B) In addition 13. 18.
B) should collapse C) Instead D) However
A) above B) across A) come apart B) look up
C) have to collapse E) Conversely
C) upon D) by C) let in D) break up
D) need to collapse
E) from E) stand out
E) may collapse
4. 9.
14. 19.
A) apocalyptic B) sustainable A) perceiving
A) not only B) each A) accurate B) relevant
C) beneficial D) admirable B) to be perceived
C) all D) both C) negligible D) available
E) constructive C) to perceive
E) every E) severe
D) being perceived
E) to have perceived
15. 20.
A) Therefore A) much B) less
5. 10. B) However C) enough D) a few
A) Whereas B) If A) more than B) as well as C) Rather than E) as much
C) Unless D) However C) similar to D) yet D) Whereas
E) Although E) rather than E) Since
67 68
STEP
Cloze Test-2
Workplace bullying is a type of bullying that occurs when one Bodrum Castle (16) _______ on the remains of old Byzantine
person or a group of people (11) _______ inflicts pain or harm and Turkish Castle by the Knights of Saint-Jean in the name
on another person in the workplace. Because the effects of (17) _______ St. Peter between 1406-1522. It is one of the
workplace bullying are vast and far-reaching, it (12) _______ strongest and most important original castles in the Eastern
the targeted person’s health, career, and even home life. Mediterranean. In the construction and fortification of the
In 49 BC, the brilliant commander and politician Julius Caesar castle, architectural blocks (18) _______ to the Maussolleion
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen (13) _______ a large number of bosses are bullies, many
(6) _______ to power as the head of the Roman Empire. First, Tomb Monument, one of the seven wonders of the world, and
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. bullied employees suffer in silence. Workplace bullying can
he won the favour of the people by (7) _______ magnificent blocks found at various points in the ancient city were used
include such tactics as verbal bullying, physical bullying,
shows. Subsequently, he also improved the political and extensively. The castle (19) _______ the hands of the Turks
An audiobook is an audio recording of a person reading a relational aggression, cyberbullying, and prejudicial bullying.
social position of the Roman citizens. (8) _______ his reign, in 1523 after the conquest of Rhodes. It was converted into
book, a story, or other forms of written texts. People can listen However, in contrast with school bullying, workplace bullies
Caesar began to expand the borders of the Roman Empire. a prison in 1895. Reflecting the monumental art, architecture,
to audiobooks in the form of recordings on CDs, or they can may form cliques and operate (14) _______ the established
He subjugated the lands of Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and technical characteristics of fifteenth-century Europe, the
download them as MP3 files (1) _______ they can play them rules and policies of their organisation in both overt and covert castle also includes structures built during the Ottoman Period.
and Switzerland). He invaded Britain twice. The senate, the
on personal media devices, including mobile phones and MP3 ways. Regardless of the tactics used, workplace bullies are Bodrum Castle, (20) _______ is an important artefact with its
elected governing body that ruled Rome, feared Caesar’s
players. People use audiobooks in various ways. For example, usually skilled social manipulators (15) _______ get ahead at multi-layered historical structure, has been on the UNESCO
growing popularity and (9) _______ attempted to remove him
those who are visually (2) _______ can listen to them to work by bullying others. World Heritage Tentative List since 2016.
from power. In response, Caesar declared war on Rome and
gain access to literary works, or people who (3) _______ for
violated its border by crossing the Rubicon River. The troops of
long hours can play and listen to an audiobook while in the 11. 16.
the senate were led by Pompey, (10) _______ was Caesar’s
car. Audiobooks also allow students (4) _______ words in a A) reluctantly A) had been built
son-in-law. The war ended with the victory of Julius Caesar.
correctly pronounced and stressed way, (5) _______ making B) accidentally B) has been built
the process of learning a new language easier for them. C) intentionally C) would be built
D) comprehensively D) was built
1. 6. E) routinely E) was going to be built
A) however B) lest A) has come
C) in case D) yet B) came
E) in order that C) will have come 12. 17.
D) has been coming
A) could threaten A) on
E) would have come
B) could have threatened B) of
C) must be threatening C) for
D) should have threatened D) against
2. 7. E) used to threaten E) from
A) gathered B) nourished A) to organise
C) impaired D) compelled B) being organised
E) affirmed C) to be organising 13. 18.
D) organising A) Since A) belonging
E) organised B) Suppose that B) to belong
C) Unless C) belonged
D) Even if D) having been belonged
3. 8. E) Although E) being belonged
A) must have driven B) should have driven A) Over B) For
C) would drive D) must be driving C) During D) Before
E) have to drive E) At 14. 19.
A) on A) gave into
B) from B) took out
4. 9. C) at C) made up
A) when B) even if D) over D) counted on
A) being heard B) to hear
C) by the time D) because E) within E) passed into
C) having heard D) hearing
E) to be heard E) therefore
15. 20.
A) which A) who
5. 10. B) whose B) whom
A) thus B) moreover A) where B) when C) who C) which
C) regardless of D) such as C) who D) which D) with whom D) where
E) despite E) that E) by which E) why
69 70
STEP
Cloze Test-2
Brain fog can occur in a number of ways. You often feel like Gemstones are minerals that (16) _______ for their beauty
your head contains cotton candy (11) _______ there was and durability since ancient times. There are a large number of
once dense intellectual nervous tissue. (12) _______, the minerals used as gems, and their value generally (17) _______
lights are on, but no one is home. You (13) _______ longer on upon four elements. The first is the beauty of the stone itself; the
work tasks, discussions, or even the words you are currently second is its rarity. The third is its hardness and toughness, and
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia the last is the skill (18) _______ which it has been cut. Stones
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen (6) _______ causes a continuous decline in thinking and reading. You may have trouble making decisions, so you need
(19) _______ emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and diamonds
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. memory. The most common symptoms include a gradual loss of more coffee to focus, more snacks to stay awake, and more
represent some of the greatest concentrations of money value.
memory, problems with reasoning or judgment, disorientation, fuel at night to (14) _______ the fog temporarily. Also, in more
For this reason, many people convert their wealth into precious
2019 YDT serious cases, you may have headaches, vision (15) _______,
learning difficulties, loss of language skills, etc. (7) _______ stones or metals during times of war or economic disturbances
Global warming will bring significant changes to the world as a the deterioration of thinking, in Alzheimer’s, there can also be and even nausea. because they are transportable and can be sold more easily
whole, but the particular types and scales of these impacts will be behavioural changes such as aggression and the inability to find than (20) _______ means of investment.
(1) _______ affected by local conditions. Climate change will not their way even in familiar surroundings. The cumulative effect
just have general global effects, but (2) _______ time it will create of these changes becomes distressing both (8) _______ the
specific impacts within your very own neighbourhood. Because 11. 16.
individual and their families. According to statistics, as many
the changes people will face vary from place to place, local A) when A) are treasured
as 2—4 per cent of the global population aged 65 and older
governments will be best equipped to address these problems B) where B) have been treasured
have Alzheimer’s. It should be stressed that regardless of
as one-size-fits-all solutions (3) _______. National governments C) why C) were treasured
social, economic, ethnic, or geographical boundaries, those
that signed and ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate D) who D) had been treasured
(9) _______ by Alzheimer’s are unable to care for themselves
Change agreed to undertake adaptation planning. Several E) which E) will be treasured
and need help with all aspects of daily life. The magnitude of
countries, (4) _______ the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and others
this disease is so great that it is estimated more than 25 million
in the Caribbean, are also undertaking regional planning. But
people (10) _______ Alzheimer’s worldwide.
fundamentally, (5) _______ climate change is happening globally,
people need to react locally. 12. 17.
A) Besides A) illustrates
1. 6. B) However B) justifies
A) profoundly B) unintentionally A) where B) which C) For example C) evaluates
C) lightly D) cautiously C) whom D) when D) Instead D) supports
E) occassionally E) who E) In addition E) depends
2. 7.
A) over B) at A) Despite B) Contrary to 13. 18.
C) for D) during C) Besides D) Rather than A) may not be able to focus A) in
E) before E) In case of B) should not focus B) from
C) could not focus C) by
D) cannot be focusing D) with
8. E) might not have focused E) off

3.
A) were not working A) for B) at
B) will not work C) to D) between
C) should not have worked E) from
14. 19.
D) had not worked
A) call off A) unlike
E) will not have worked
B) bring about B) as from
C) take over C) but for
9. D) get rid of D) such as
4.
A) affect B) to affect E) drop in E) in that
A) in case of B) such as
C) with regards to D) in terms of C) affecting D) to have affected
E) as a result of E) affected
15. 20.
A) controls A) other
5. 10.
B) possibilities B) another
A) although B) in case A) get along B) suffer from
C) conditions C) others
C) until D) since C) bring about D) account for
D) charts D) the others
E) as soon as E) rest on
E) problems E) every other
71 72
STEP
Cloze Test-3
There are many myths and legends about submerged lands, Boredom occurs when humans are prevented (16) _______
ancient relics, and lost treasures, but none of them is as well- engaging in a desired activity in a way. It also happens when
known as Atlantis. It is the legendary sunken island that is said they are (17) _______ to engage in an unpleasant activity. Many
(11) _______ in the western Atlantic, between present-day of us consider boredom to be a negative feeling, and as a result,
Spain and North America. (12) _______ there is very little real we may experience negative emotions such as impatience,
A four-year-old (6) _______, specialised in the analysis of brain evidence for the existence of Atlantis, this has not stopped many
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen restlessness, or lethargy. (18) _______, the situation is not
activity data, has developed a brain-monitoring helmet that will people from believing in the existence of a continent that was
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. always as it seems. It is thanks to boredom that we are able
be tested in space by astronauts in the upcoming months. The destroyed ages ago, as well as its legendary riches. The reason to read new books, learn about new subjects, and be more
company plans (7) _______ it during the voyage of a shuttle (13) _______ this lies in the fact that people of the ancient
Zorb football is a team sport where players are enclosed in creative. In a recent study, it (19) _______ that boredom is not
to the International Space Station. (8) _______ the helmet is Mediterranean civilisations recorded the existence of a mythical
a transparent inflated bubble called a zorb, (1) _______ the something undesirable. In other words, when we are subjected
equipped with 460 airbrushes connected to the scalp, it can city of great wealth. However, many of these writings from the
entire upper body from the waist up including the head. Zorb to an absence of stimuli, or when we are bored, we allow an
capture data from the brain like an EEG, which is a medical ancient world were destroyed during (14) _______, and very
football was firstly played in Norway and has (2) _______ in the opportunity for our imagination (20) _______. In summary,
testing method used to detect and record electrical activity in few of them have survived. The oldest surviving manuscript
UK, USA, and New Zealand since then. It is a physical and fun monotonous daily activities or boring circumstances serve as
the brain. Scientists (9) _______ the astronauts’ brain activities that describes the stories of Atlantis is Plato’s Timaeus, which
game played both recreationally and competitively. The sport fuel for our imagination and creativity.
while they do a series of tasks in the space shuttle for the next (15) _______ a period between 411 and 380 BC.
is typically played in teams indoors or outdoors. The field used
20 minutes. According to the CEO of this forward-thinking
is similar in size (3) _______ that of an indoor soccer field.
business, their purpose is to facilitate access to the human mind.
There are goal areas at both ends, and the aim is to score as 11. 16.
Scientists hope to improve the language of the brain and enable
many goals as possible. In Zorb football, players are allowed to A) having been situated A) with
physicians, researchers, and even app developers to use it to
bump into and knock over other players, (4) _______ whether B) to have situated B) on
develop products and services based (10) _______ the brain.
they have the ball or not. Players get pushed down all time. C) to have been situated C) from
(5) _______ the players are fully protected, there is no risk of 6. D) having situated D) for
injury. The game offers a fun-filled thrill ride from start to finish E) to be situated E) in
A) issue
and is often played among friends on team building days, stag
B) firm
parties, and birthdays.
C) asset
1. D) output 12. 17.

E) trial A) Only when A) compelled
A) covering B) covered
B) In that B) prohibited
C) to cover D) having been covered
C) As though C) maintained
E) having covered 7.
D) Since D) alienated
A) accomplish E) Although E) confronted
B) to have accomplished
C) accomplishing
2.
D) having accomplished
A) given off B) caught on 13. 18.
E) to accomplish
C) fallen apart D) worked out A) beyond A) Moreover
E) taken up B) within B) Otherwise
8. C) against C) Therefore
A) Because D) behind D) Accordingly
B) Whereas E) towards E) However
3.
C) Hence
A) of B) for
D) Although
C) over D) to
E) with
E) Even if 14. 19.
A) droughts A) will be proved
B) invasions B) was proved
9.
C) breaches C) had been proved
A) have monitored
4. D) violations D) is proved
B) had monitored
A) due to B) in terms of E) casualties E) has been proved
C) were monitored
C) regardless of D) despite
D) are going to monitor
E) rather than
E) were monitoring
15. 20.
A) gets back at A) to improve
5. 10. B) carries on with B) to be improving
A) Though B) Even if A) over B) in C) dates back to C) improving
C) Unless D) In case C) on D) of D) looks down on D) to have improved
E) Since E) above E) runs out of E) being improved
73 74
STEP
Cloze Test-3
Smartphones have become indispensable parts of our lives with If you want your children to have a healthy body and a healthy
their features. Let alone stepping out of the house (11) _______ future, you should encourage them to do any sport. It aids in the
them, we cannot take our eyes off them as long as we are formation of moral and ethical (16) _______ in your children,
awake. In addition to the increase in their use, manufacturers as well as physical health, at an early stage in their lives.
are launching top models at short intervals. Millions of phones For instance, volleyball is a wonderful sport for your children,
Surface mining is the best choice when the coal seam is quite are (12) _______ from the market every year while many more (17) _______ them with a wide range of physical, social, and
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen
close to the earth’s surface. It is possible to recover at least 90 are introduced. (13) _______ smartphones, manufacturers psychological benefits. (18) _______ it is an entertaining game,
per cent of the coal with this method, which is a higher rate than utilise many elements, some of which we are familiar with by children playing volleyball experience little or no psychological
that which can be obtained (6) _______ underground mining name and some of which we have not even heard of. As a result discomfort and stress. In addition, volleyball provides body
The Silk Road is a (1) _______ term used to refer to a network
due to the fact that all coal seams are utilised. Explosives are of the actions that (14) _______ to locate and remove certain
of roadways connecting southern Europe with eastern Asia. It control by stretching the body and supporting correct posture.
used to (7) _______ the overburden of soil and rock, and then elements used in smartphones from the earth, vegetation in the
is (2) _______ a vast area during the Middle Ages, including the Children who do sports do not risk acquiring bad habits, and they
draglines, shovels, and trucks are used to remove it from the areas where the mines are located may be harmed, soil erosion
Eastern Mediterranean, Byzantium, the Muslim Middle East, (19) _______ healthy eating. For example, because they no
may occur, and waste affecting the air, land, and water may
India, and Chinese territory. This network was responsible site. After the coal seam (8) _______, it is drilled, fractured, and longer engage in addictive behaviours like unhealthy habits or
come about. Therefore, we should be conscious consumers
for the supply of expensive commodities (3) _______ the then mined in strips using a systematic approach. (9) _______ playing video games, they are able to carry on their lives
and try harder to recycle unused smartphones. (15) _______,
exchange of diverse cultural and scientific achievements. As into huge trucks or conveyors, the coal is then transported either (20) _______ healthy individuals.
the mines will become inefficient, and the environment we live
a result, astronomical information, time systems, and clocks to a coal preparation factory or directly to the location where
in will be adversely affected by this situation.
were also traded (4) _______ the two countries. (5) _______ it will be used. (10) _______ surface mining is cheaper than
over many thousands of kilometres during the time of Marco underground mining, surface mines account for approximately 11. 16.
Polo, the Silk Road travellers came across two separate timing two-thirds of the world’s total coal production. A) towards A) virtues
systems: temporal and equinoctial. The former was a formal B) on B) ambitions
method for coordinating social activities, while the latter was a C) without C) distinctions
tool used only by researchers. D) about D) remedies
E) from E) indications
1. 6.
A) vulnerable B) susceptible A) through
C) recurrent D) metaphorical B) into 17.
12.
E) provisional C) over
A) withdrawn A) to provide
D) beyond
B) derived B) to have provided
E) out
C) prevented C) providing
2. D) to be provided
D) refrained
A) run out of 7.
E) expelled E) being provided
B) made up of A) carry out B) take over
C) looked down on C) break up D) turn off
D) kept up with E) make for
13. 18.
E) got away with
A) Being produced A) Although
8.
B) Produced B) Since
A) was being uncovered
C) To be producing C) Providing
3. B) has been uncovered
D) Having produced D) Just as
A) rather than B) but for C) is being uncovered
E) Producing E) In order that
C) such as D) as opposed to D) is uncovered
E) as well as E) had been uncovered
14. 19.
9.
A) had been carried out A) come up with
4. A) Loading
B) are carried out B) run out of
A) between B) into B) Having loaded
C) would be carried out C) think back on
C) without D) throughout C) To be loaded
D) will have been carried out D) look out for
E) across D) To be loading
E) were being carried out E) cut down on
E) Loaded
5. 10. 15. 20.

A) Travelled A) Although
A) Moreover A) as
B) To travel B) Since
B) Therefore B) by
C) Travelling C) Even if
C) However C) on
D) Being travelled D) Until
D) Otherwise D) with
E) Having been travelled E) Unless
E) Similarly E) of
75 76
STEP
Cloze Test-3
An analysis of fifty engraved stones (11) _______ in France In Sao Paulo, Brazil, a salon owner and hairdresser etches
indicates that when the stones were put near a fire, the flickering iconic portraits (16) _______ his clients’ heads. He claims that
light gave the impression that the carved animals were moving. his work makes him really pleased, particularly when he inspires
These stones, or ‘plaquettes’, featuring engravings of horses, young people to learn his hair art; just like some famous football
ibex, and deer, (12) _______ in the 1860s in a rock shelter players, whose faces he frequently engraves, (17) _______ kids
2020 YDT known as Montastruc. Magdalenian people, hunter-gatherers to take up soccer. When it comes to cutting famous faces, the
Verilen parçalarda numaralandırılmış yerlere uygun düşen The Incas were among the ancient people that used to live who resided in the region between 23,000 and 14,000 years barber begins with a standard hair clipper and cuts the image
sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz. in South America. They used both conquest and peaceful ago, used the site. The researchers evaluated heat damage on freehand, without a stencil. He accomplishes this by merely
assimilations to expand their empire (6) _______ it became the the stones, which was (13) _______ of their long exposure to
2018 YDT looking at an image on a piece of paper or his smartphone.
largest in pre-Colombian America. Expansion was remarkably high temperatures, and generated three-dimensional models of
The nervous system is the most complex of all the body’s (18) _______ the main outline is in place, then he meticulously
rapid, starting in earnest in the reign of Pachacuti around 1438. the plaquettes. These models were uploaded into some virtual
systems. It is a detailed network of sensory cells, originating uses a razor to carve in the finer details. Colour can also be
Pachacuti and his son, Tupac Inca, created a huge federal reality software and put next to a virtual fire (14) _______ the
in the brain and spinal cord that transmits signals (1) _______ added if (19) _______ by the client. The portraits of some hip-
system consisting of four provinces, each (7) _______ by an heat-damaged parts were closest to the flames, simulating
the body. It uses a caravan of chemical messengers to make hop musicians and a duplicate of Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last
Inca governor. Following each new conquest, magnificent how the stones may have been positioned in reality. The
sense of this marvelous complex that we (2) _______ as touch, Supper are among the images he (20) _______ so far.
roads, many of which were paved, were built to link it to the researchers then evaluated the effects of the virtual reality light
taste, smell, hearing, and vision. In fact, at this precise moment, capital of Cuzco and the rest of the empire. With its high-quality (15) _______ the eyes. It was fascinating to see how lively
(3) _______ an extraordinary relationship between our eyes building work, Machu Pichu is the best preserved (8) _______ the artwork was and how placing it close to a fire altered our
and our brain, we are able to see and understand what we of the Inca civilisation. It is today a fine example of architecture perception of the artwork.
are reading. Modern cameras (4) _______ on the same basic and planning (9) _______ being abandoned in the 16th century.
principles as our eye. (5) _______, they have never been The quality of the stonework, the high altitude of its position 11. 16.
able to equal the visual power of the eye. The focus and the and the numerous temples that have been identified among A) unearthed A) over
automatic aperture of the human eye are perfect. its ruins seem to indicate that Machu Pichu was very important B) having unearthed B) onto
(10) _______ the Inca people. C) unearthing C) between
D) to have unearthed D) among
1. 6. E) to be unearthed E) within
A) throughout B) with A) whether B) whenever
C) on D) against C) unless D) if
E) by E) until 12. 17.
A) have been discovered A) associate
B) were discovered B) compensate
2. 7. C) discovered C) encompass
A) visualise A) overseen D) have discovered D) undermine
B) classify B) overseeing E) had been discovered E) stimulate
C) notice C) to have overseen
D) duplicate D) oversee
E) integrate E) to oversee
13. 18.
A) indicative A) Once
B) auspicious B) Unless
C) legislative C) Whether
3. 8.
D) significant D) Until
A) in addition to B) instead of A) occupation B) settlement
E) reasonable E) Whereas
C) despite D) similar to C) requirement D) destruction
E) because of E) cultivation
14. 19.
A) even if A) requested
4. 9. B) since B) having requested
A) will be designed A) despite C) so that C) to request
B) had been designed B) rather than D) unless D) being requested
C) are designed C) in case of E) much as E) requesting
D) will have been designed D) in addition to
E) were being designed E) in terms of
15. 20.
A) to A) created
5. 10. B) with B) will create
A) However B) Instead A) off B) from C) at C) is creating
C) For instance D) Thus C) by D) for D) for D) has created
E) Furthermore E) upon E) on E) had created
77 78
STEP
Sentence Completion-1
7. If current technology, such as e-books or online reading 10. According to a new study, the smarter the bird is, _______.
websites, continues to develop, _______.
A) when it is often housed alone and sometimes in terrible
A) the bookshops could make more money and recruit more conditions
employees B) though it is a failure for the other breeds
4. The brain is the most complex device in the known B) it will make many public libraries and their employees C) as long as they consume some particular food
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. universe _______. redundant
D) whereas more than 100 birds were included
A) as reinforcement learning is best known in the field of C) they can offer a good opportunity for getting free books
E) the more distinct welfare needs it has in confinement
artificial intelligence from the bookstores
1. Human rights abuses are often associated with under-developed
countries _______. B) although brains evolved to help us navigate complex D) electronic devices will not be affordable and available at
environments home
A) but even developed countries may have a long way to go
C) since poor quality sleep is not good for your health E) the bestsellers could have been sold at a higher price
B) though it’s not regarded to be rude when you feel at home
D) while exposure to artificial light may intensify subsequent
C) however, natural habitats of animals are destroyed
sleep-wake cycles
continually
D) as long as people know each other and regard it natural to E) because all actions, thoughts, hopes, and fears reside in
say hello neurons
E) if the scientists explain the reason why some people are

more aggressive
8. When exposed to extreme cold, _______. 11. _______, ranging from tiny bee hummingbirds to imposing
ostriches.
2. The mimic octopus can not only change colours _______. 5. Liquid amount over a certain percentage in canned food is
A) our town is the greatest place where you can swim and
prohibited in space _______. A) Birds of prey, or raptors, are amazing flying predators
sunbathe in the summer
A) and it was first discovered off the coast of Sulawesi by a
group of scientists in 1998 A) even if they might cause astronauts to experience digestive B) reading a book is the best way to stay relaxed B) The penduline tit is a tiny bird that grows to be around 4.5
discomfort inches long when fully mature
B) yet it is a smaller octopus growing to a total length of about C) tissues can be damaged due to insufficient blood flow to
60 cm with a diameter approximately that of a pencil at its B) yet certain foods are impractical in a microgravity some parts of the body C) As Australia’s smallest bird, the weebill only grows to be 3
widest environment to 3.5 inches long
D) penguins are among the bird species that cannot fly
C) and it is known how many animals the mimic octopus can C) though food will soon be made on-demand using a 3D D) There are nearly 10,000 species of bird on Earth
E) icebergs in the Arctic will keep melting
imitate, but most of the animals that mimic are poisonous printer in space E) Despite the fact that it is a minor miracle among birds of all
D) though the mimic octopus is the only currently known marine species
D) because it promotes microbial growth, risking astronauts’
animal to be able to mimic such a wide variety of animals
health
E) but also mimic the shapes of other animals, like the flounder,
E) as Russian cosmonauts once had pureed meat and
lionfish, and sea snakes
chocolate sauce for dessert
3. Recent reports have revealed that some large firms are at 6. _______, yet it has indeed gained importance in recent
9. Once we put an end to stereotyping people, _______. 12. _______ if they get into wounds and are left untreated for
the greatest risk of cybercrime _______. years.
a long time.
A) they can reveal their natural talents and be free of their
A) due to the fact that they lack even the most basic protection A) These days, more and more teenagers are dealing with
limitations A) Bacteria can truly threaten life and limb
B) as regulations will increase their responsibilities to protect problems related to social media
B) this must be evaluated by parents and educators B) Keep the germs from spreading throughout the body by
personal data B) People that study gastronomy not only cook in restaurants
taking some precautions
C) however, cyberattacks risk companies’ finances, confidence, C) we should see the results of such matters
C) Global warming, on the whole, is not a new term
and reputation C) Scientists have now developed an infection sensor that is
D) the people like to be fit into a common mould
D) Political and economic integration of countries are two much more direct
D) despite the rising danger of attacks and increasing publicity E) most of the society will be regarded as unintelligent
major issues
about the threat D) Medical professionals identify infections by unwrapping a
E) Distance learning has inspired many software programmers wound
E) provided that information technology service providers
resolve issues after an attack in pandemic
E) Healthy human skin might be covered with germs because
of the false medication
79 80
STEP
7. Freshwater sources are getting more and more scarce 10. Now, all robots have learning abilities like humans thanks
_______. to the data analysis method; _______.
A) although governments do not implement measures on this A) although many scientists think that artificial intelligence
issue can dominate the world
4. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable B) as long as they continue working on the issue B) in other words, thanks to some codes, all robots were
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. levels _______. C) accordingly, several countries have begun to use the taught to memorise their tasks
oceans as a source of water
A) as it faces a shortage of resources like water, fuel, and food C) that is, they no longer exhibit programmed behaviours
D) as the need for climate engineering departments in against changing living conditions
B) but nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health hazards
1. The main purpose of literature is to realise the sense of universities is increasing
associated with it D) but it is estimated that the concept of artificial intelligence
aesthetic pleasure through language; _______. E) but economic sanctions should be imposed as well
will develop close to human intelligence in 10 years
C) however, natural resource depletion is not necessarily a
A) nevertheless, readers seek to find the joy of reading in every
point in arctic regions E) on the contrary, robots have already begun to draw, paint,
novel
and compose songs
B) on the other hand, words are the toys of a poet aiming to D) because overpopulation is not one of the crucial current
reflect his/her feelings environmental problems
C) even so, his/her works are stunning mirrors of some vital E) since population explosion in less developed countries is
social issues not straining the already rich resources
D) therefore, it is always secondary to the purpose of benefiting
in literature
E) initially, there is a sense of alienation in most of the 8. While educating the teachers of the future, we need to 11. Synchronised swimming, or water ballet, a sport in which
twentieth-century novels include technology, starting from the education faculties swimming is blended with dance and gymnastics, was
_______. recognised by the International Swimming Federation in
1952 _______.
A) so that students will have the opportunity to access
information from anywhere in the world
A) besides this, one of the athletes becomes the leader and
B) so questioning how ready students are for new technologies manages the team
2. Many people complain about the service and standards in 5. Safe drinking water is a requisite for human beings and
in education can be impossible
hospitals, _______. other life forms _______. B) therefore, they compete with their waterproof make-up and
C) since the new generation of leaders will be expected to have
hair
A) but even the worst hospital nearby in an emergency may turn A) even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients a lot of technical knowledge, such as coding, while looking for
out to be a gift for the vital first aid a job C) even though it was included in the Olympic programme in
B) however, there are many safe drinking water sources on 1984
B) while university hospitals provide all the services expected D) because with the inclusion of artificial intelligence and 5G
earth
such as surgery, diagnostics, and emergency care technologies in the system, their role will change D) although it emerged at the end of the 1800s
C) although our brains are strongly influenced by hydration
C) so they are the capital’s leading trauma and emergency care E) due to the pandemic, almost 1.5 billion students in the world E) while referees from different countries do the scoring in the
status
centres and hyper-acute stroke centres could not go to school competition
D) yet, doctors advise people not to go out in chilling and dirty D) even if water can increase satiety and boost the metabolic
weather so as not to be affected badly rate of the living things
E) although some of us do not prefer taking pills because they E) as there is no predictable effect of fluid loss on the feelings
have many side effects of anxiety and fatigue
9. Although King Arthur is one of the most well-known figures 12. _______, so it may be possible in the future to use them in
in the world, _______. plastic recycling processes.
3. To most people, the stock market is a mysterious, complex, 6. _______, there was no sign of a postal system that we
and impossible-to-understand place, _______. would recognise today. A) he is shown to be kind, wise, and generous A) Polyurethane-containing plastics are used in many
A) reflecting how families have slipped further into the debt to B) there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey’s version of products that require lightweight, heat insulation, and
A) Though letters travelled across England with great
maintain their spending as living costs rise events often served as the starting point for later stories flexibility, from refrigerators to shoes
frequency in the 15th century
B) in addition to banking, being able to understand the industry C) the consensus among academic historians today is that B) A major problem with plastics containing polyurethane is
B) Once the recipient’s name and address were written on the
you work in and expected future trends has huge implications there is no clear evidence for his historical existence that they are difficult and expensive to recycle
outside
C) for multinational companies with little to tie to the car industry, D) the Legend of Excalibur is only part of an alternative account C) The amount of polyurethane plastic produced in Europe
C) If messengers to London could have been found more
that could make investing elsewhere the safer option of the early life of King Arthur every year is over 3.5 million tons
easily
D) but it can only prepare for ‘days, not weeks’ of disruption, as it E) the legend has it that King Arthur lived in Cornwall, in the D) Plastic waste containing polyurethane is collected and
D) Despite the fact that journeys in England in the 15th century south-western part of Britain
uses 25m separate parts per day processed in recycling facilities
were very dangerous
E) and the finance industry likes to keep it that way so you pay E) A group of researchers has discovered microorganisms
them fees to manage your money E) As soon as the messenger arrived to deliver a verbal
capable of degrading polyurethane-containing plastics
message
81 82
STEP
7. Not much is known about the side effects of the new 10. _______, the idea of converting the movement created by
medicine _______. water into electrical energy has not yet been encountered
in our country due to their short duration and not being
A) while the academicians were making a presentation about
strong enough.
innovations in medicine
2019 YDT B) inasmuch as you can call local services for counselling for A) While the Moon’s becoming especially full moon increases
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 4. Because of increased migration, geographical proximity, mental health issues the gravity
and/or political conquest and colonisation, _______. C) as the experimental studies on it haven’t been completed B) Although there are tides in the seas on the coast of our
2018 YDT yet country
A) bilingualism is often defined as proficiency in both
1. Despite being the best thing he had written up to that time, D) since the drug companies released it on the domestic C) Because sea or ocean tides occur most often in the Bay of
languages
when Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote the first Sherlock market Fundy in Canada
B) in many countries, monolingualism represents the natural
Holmes story, _______. E) so that the laboratories could be improved with the help of D) Much as there are no visible tides in Türkiye as the coasts
or norm of language development
drug companies are composed of inland seas
A) it soon became a best-seller C) multilingual education programs aim for proficiency in
E) Since the tides prevent the deltas from getting stronger
B) much was known about the main character more than two languages
C) he immediately earned a great amount of money D) bilingual education is the instruction that uses two
languages as the media of instruction 8. _______, depletion of natural resources could happen
11. Today, the life expectancy of humans is approximately 71
D) the plot of the story was loved by the public
years, which sounds quite long, _______.
E) few countries today can claim monolingualism as the norm quickly, leading to big environmental issues, such as
E) very few publishers were interested
global warming, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.
A) given that the Covid-19 pandemic was a more significant
turning point
A) Since the world’s human population is growing at an
2018 YDT exponential rate B) on the other hand, mortality has declined since the 19th
2. Many lakes in the world seem to be warming, shrinking 5. _______, they generally use the term ‘modern art’ in order B) Unless population growth results in increased greenhouse
century
and even disappearing ______. to refer to the art of the twentieth century in the Americas gases C) but there are many living creatures that can live much
and Europe. longer
A) despite the ever-rising water extraction and climate change C) If population growth is not evenly distributed across the
globe D) hence the truth is that women have always lived longer
in some regions A) Although there are great differences between European
than men
art and Asian art D) As long as we take action to help minimise further
B) rather than having their water withdrawn to irrigate
population growth E) as most of the people are working under poor conditions
surrounding agricultural fields B) Now that a great number of art movements have been
across the world
created through the ages E) Although the population is expected to grow by about 3.1
C) in terms of their vulnerability to becoming shallow and
C) Much as scholars disagree about exactly when the modern billion people by 2100
having skyrocketing salt levels
period began
D) in contrast with groundwater salinisation, making the land
D) Since some artists have begun to question academic art
less appropriate for agriculture
thinking it lacks freedom
E) as a consequence of unsustainable water use and climate
E) Seeing as modernism is an artistic movement which
change
involves experimentation and innovation
9. _______, it became a new resource for scientists at the 12. Birds have a diverse vocal repertoire that they use to
2018 YDT stage of the formation of the cell concept, and modern cell communicate with one another, _______.
6. The ‘Roaring Twenties’, which was actually a period from theory was developed by using it.
3. As well as getting rid of waste chemicals, _______. A) whereas they are used by birds to adapt to the varying risk
about 1923 to late 1929, is a prominent era _______.
A) When the first light microscope was discovered by Robert of predation by other species
A) the urinary system includes two kidneys and various tubes
A) as a consequence of the explosion of the consumer Hooke in 1665 B) only if they expand more slowly, either to avoid oxidative
for carrying urine
economy, consumer goods were available everywhere with B) As technological advances allowed us more detailed stress from high temperatures or to maximise heat
B) the urinary system helps us maintain a healthy level of the advent of mass production and widespread electrification
observations about cells dissipation from their tiny bodies
water in the body
B) because the concepts of large government, consumerism,
C) While some multicellular organisms used to have cells C) on the other hand, calls, other noises, and bodily sensations
C) urine has a yellow colour because of waste chemicals and individualism that define the American society today
specialised to perform different functions are examples of these stimuli
produced in the body were developed then
D) Since the laboratory environment was a must to examine D) yet ecologists are more interested in the cries they produce
D) urine can be studied by doctors while diagnosing certain C) after business influenced political decisions and the
government took increasing control over the economy, as cells in previous years when they appear to be alone
diseases
well as increasing control over society in general E) Although the use of microscopes was a key step in the E) although it is done in the presence of eggs, particularly
E) the urinary system is known as an internal cleaning service study of cellular and smaller structures those that are about to hatch
D) hence, it set the economic stage for the Great Depression
as it removes toxic wastes and the government’s takeover of the economy, and
ultimately, the society
E) when the economy could no longer absorb the inflation and
expansion, the government had to resign
83 84
STEP
7. Obesity must be handled since it can lead to a number of 10. Thanks to its efficient policies to cut down the greenhouse
serious and even life-threatening illnesses _______. gas emissions and minimise climate change, _______.
A) although these types of conditions do not usually cause A) Denmark has been part of the European Union since 1973
weight problems B) emissions from transport have not fallen rapidly in Denmark
4. Although drones offer great advantages such as the B) if you slow down your eating and avoid circumstances yet
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. delivery of emergency medical supplies, _______. where you could be tempted to overeat C) Denmark ranks as the most environmentally friendly
A) the biggest concern is not always your backyard privacy C) so psychological problems can also affect your relationships country
1. As car camping has become common all around the
B) they cause serious concerns about privacy
with family and friends D) the Danes cultivate more than 60 per cent of the land for
world, _______. D) when a woman experiences a potentially dangerous rise in farming
C) a hacker does not even need his own drone
blood pressure during pregnancy E) Denmark has played a notable role in European history
A) people get obsessed with playing indoor games D) there are several different ways that can be used to hijack
E) in addition to creating evident physical changes despite its small territory
B) some people prefer luxury cruise ship holidays a drone
C) travel companies offered new guided tours for travellers to E) determining the exact location of a drone is not so difficult
attract attention as thought
D) the number of people making their own camping vans out

of their old cars has increased
E) campers have begun to swarm to national parks with their
bikes
2. In younger patients, cataracts may be caused by diabetes, 5. Although many people think oranges are the best sources
eye injuries, or other conditions of the eye such as uveitis of vitamin C, ______. 8. As access to fresh water is vital for human life, _______. 11. Although there is currently no cure for migraine
_______. headaches, _______.
A) eating oranges is effective in preventing and curing A) early civilisations arose and flourished near rivers
A) so it can be treated quite easily with the right methods B) only about 3 per cent of all of the water on Earth is fresh A) the pain can be so severe that it interferes with your daily
diseases faster
B) whereas in older patients, age-related changes in the lens water activities
B) oranges and kiwis are ideal for peeling, anti-ageing, and
can lead to this disease
nourishing C) we need to find out new agricultural methods to feed that B) they are typically associated with sensitivity to light, noise,
C) that is why older people tend to suffer more from the illness many people or smell
C) vitamin C is one of the few vitamins that the human body
D) as it could not be treated in the 1960s when medicine was C) they are about three times more common in women than
cannot make itself D) they are under the threat of climate change
not as advanced as it is today
E) it is a mistake to think that it is an infinite resource men
D) a single serving of kiwi has almost double the amount of
E) because people are not having their eyes checked regularly
vitamin C in an orange D) certain dietary supplements and relaxation techniques can
these days
help relieve the symptoms
E) pregnant women are encouraged to consume oranges
and kiwis for healthier babies E) attacks may last from several hours to up to three days
3. Although no one can predict the future for certain, _______. 6. Since obesity affects many organs in the human body,
_______.
A) weather forecasting is a combination of science and
technology A) the underlying factors of the obesity problem may be eating 9. _______, marine mammals can fill their lungs with more 12. When sea otters float in a stream, _______.
B) weather forecasters can be quite accurate at least three habits and psychological problems air with each breath.
A) they can live their entire lives without leaving the water
days in advance B) in the treatment of obesity, exercise or surgical methods
A) As they cannot breathe in water for the same reason B) they are largely found in the waters just off the coast of
C) extreme weather conditions impact ecosystems and are applied along with diet
humans cannot Alaska
societies C) its treatment should be planned and carried out in an
B) Although they get their oxygen by coming up to the surface C) they have the densest fur of any animal
D) weather forecasting is important for trade and trade-related environment where more than one branch work in harmony
C) Since their lungs are proportionately larger than those of D) their diets consist of urchins, crabs, mussels, and snails
businesses D) being overweight can cause serious loss of self-confidence
humans
E) the tropics are getting hotter due to a combination of and social problems, especially in children and young E) they hold hands to prevent drifting apart and losing each
D) Despite the fact that they have two blowholes other
deforestation and climate change people
E) While the lungs have small air pockets that do not collapse
E) obesity treatment in children is a process that requires
in the air
patience
85 86
STEP
7. Found only in eastern Australia and Tasmania today, the 10. _______ since many clothing factories have been
platypus is an extraordinary mammal, _______. subjected to severe fire accidents over the past two years.
A) due to the fact that this creature became extinct 100,000 A) People have learned the news of the fire on television
years ago B) The new regulation has tightened the requirements for fire
4. _______; nevertheless, these species became extinct B) as it gives birth inside eggs rather than in a placenta or sac, safety
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. when the environmental conditions changed many years unlike other mammals C) There were no sprinklers to put out the fire, and the structure
ago.
C) although this is the most important feature that distinguishes was in such bad shape
1. When asked about urbanisation, _______. A) Pandas are said to be among the endangered species reptiles from mammals D) Many women working in the clothing factory went on strike
B) Last month, Greenpeace held an organisation that focused D) even if different living groups are analysed according to to get a raise in their wages
A) a great number of city dwellers are of the opinion that living their species
on many global issues such as animal extinction E) A textile industrial building has collapsed, and many workers
in the country can be challenging
C) The fossils of the creatures that lived in the prehistoric E) when the nutritional habits in living things such as humans have lost their lives
B) it should be said that neither modernisation nor are examined
ages are exhibited in the museums
industrialisation are indispensable for it
D) Dinosaurs survived for more than 120 million years
C) numerous theories regarding urbanised regions generally
revolve around economic activities E) Deforestation was one of the most important issues of the
non-governmental organisations
D) economic growth can be regarded as a key factor in the
welfare and well-being of citizens
E) most population specialists will say it is closely related to
socio-economic development 8. Due to the well-known contagiousness of the disease, 11. When the body suffers an injury or illness, blood flow is
_______. boosted to the affected area, _______.
A) there had been no systemic vaccination of the civilian A) which provides more blood cells and proteins, and washes
populations away the debris
B) it was the least common of all diseases for the troops B) but inflammation is a healthy and typical aspect of our
2. Unless the terms are violated by either of the two partners, 5. Some experts predict that food production will increase immune systems
C) soldiers did the same among themselves to make the
_______. by at least 50 per cent in the next 20 years _______.
incisions in their arms C) swollen joints, for example, are prevalent in arthritis
A) the salesperson must make up for the loss of the firm A) because of a growing population and the general demand D) most hospitals provided a different ward to separate sufferers
for diversity in food smallpox patients D) by influencing the amount of fuel our immune cells
B) parents do not let their children travel on their own until
they are eighteen B) while the governments were planning to have an E) the site of the vaccination became overly sore and swollen consume
international meeting about food consumption E) thus, this system always goes wrong and creates
C) living abroad requires a settlement visa confirmed by the
government C) as water shortages make it hard to produce food inflammation
D) he will not be able to work in that company D) although fast food is popular among the youth in the USA
E) the contract will be valid for five years as of today E) since the dieticians recommended having a balanced diet
3. The Persians are believed to have developed the first 6. _______ that many people prefer package holidays nowadays. 9. Palm oil, which is produced from the fruits of a specific 12. Although Venus is similar to Earth in many aspects, such as
kind of palm tree, is one of the most widely used vegetable its size, components, and the existence of water, _______.
official postal service _______.
A) Planning a summer holiday by yourself has so many oils today _______.
A) regardless of having consumed all the water resources advantages A) astronomers continue their studies about the solar system
A) seeing that it is durable and affordable for many people and other galaxies
B) although it was only used for administrative purposes and B) All they want is relaxing and staying away from children for
some time B) because it is refined at high temperatures to remove odours B) they inspired the stories and the relationships in ancient
not by private individuals
C) as it is also stated that heated palm oil raises blood Roman mythology
C) despite their contribution to the literature with many works C) It is mainly because they are cheap and provide the best
options for any occasion pressure C) it is not a habitable planet because of the greenhouse
regarded as masterpieces all around the world
D) in order to increase the production of such goods gases in its atmosphere
D) even though they had established a civilisation in the D) All-inclusive holidays are much more expensive
Middle East E) so palm oil contains more carcinogenic substances than D) it is visible to the naked eye when viewed from Earth
E) The budget of many European families for holiday is lower
than thought other vegetable oils E) it has been a matter of curiosity for scientists
E) since they caused a recession in education and literacy
87 88
STEP
7. Octopuses are very intelligent animals with such good 10. Toxic chemical contamination caused by decaying metal
camouflage skills that _______. water pipes and forever chemicals is a serious problem
for water systems of urban areas _______.
A) according to the researchers, there are roughly 300
species of octopus in the world A) since the water level in the dams is gradually decreasing
2020 YDT B) they are known to be venomous, but most of them are not B) as they increase the risk of cancer and some other illnesses
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 4. Because people usually do not want to participate in fatally dangerous C) because it can be considered as one of the important
surveys, _______.
C) though they are solitary, they sometimes tend to interact consequences of global warming
A) some researchers offer participants a motivational reward to with other octopuses D) although most of us are aware of what we eat
2019 YDT complete a survey
D) some species, like the North Pacific Giant Octopus, can E) due to the rapid spread of organic farming in rural areas
1. Although the early principles behind the calculation of an B) a lot of companies rely on consumer surveys to improve
live as long as five years
IQ score still hold, _______. their products
E) they can emit a cloud of black ink that obscures them and
C) in a typical research design, data collection is followed by
A) IQ scores are determined in a different manner today and dulls the predator’s smelling abilities
data analysis
are known as deviation IQ scores
D) data science is becoming more and more appealing to
B) some people consistently score higher than others on IQ
scientists and business people alike
tests
E) surveys have long remained a popular tool for collecting
C) psychologists have traditionally been interested in creating
information from people
intelligence tests
D) two-thirds of all individuals fall within 15 IQ points above or
8. Unless new and more effective interventions are found to 11. Openness to experience and seeking novelty tend to
below the average score of 100
treat or prevent Alzheimer’s disease, _______. decrease with age; _______.
E) IQ scores have proven very beneficial in identifying students
in need of special attention A) it negatively affects individuals’ functioning and quality of A) for this reason, curiosity is the driving force of the learning
5. _______, can cause unhappiness, restlessness, fear
life, creating a burden and stress on the entire family journey
of death, tension, sleep disturbances, and lethargy in
individuals, causing weakening and even collapse of the B) people who exercise have a lower risk of cognitive decline B) therefore, this change may be the reason for the loss in our
2019 YDT
immune system. than people who do not exercise sense of curiosity as we get older
2. _______, recycling is the current solution for dealing with
this basic and essential material. A) The immune system, which is a very complex structure C) its prevalence is expected to increase dramatically with the C) accordingly, the basis of curiosity is the need to access
that can be easily affected by many physical and emotional ageing population in the USA and worldwide information
A) Despite the fact that researchers are looking beyond the
factors D) experts are optimistic about Alzheimer’s therapies that can D) on the other hand, curiosity activates regions of the brain
general hazardous consequences of global warming
B) Stress, which is declared as one of the biggest health halt or significantly delay its progression that are active in the expectation of reward
B) As millions of electrical appliances and computers are
thrown out annually without any kind of recycling policy to problems of the future by the World Health Organization E) people with memory loss or other possible signs of E) hence, thanks to the latest imaging systems, we can know
govern them C) Although we keep our immune system intact in order not to Alzheimer’s may find it hard to recognise they have a what happens in our brains at the moment of curiosity
C) While the plastics industry tries to develop a durable natural catch other diseases problem
plastic that will not take thousands of years to break down D) The effects of any illness on our lives, health, and psychology
D) Even though paper use in printing is estimated to decrease are quite high
with more and more people using electronic books E) The tumour that causes severe damage to the part of the
E) Since government policies and businesses focused on brain involved in memory
separating the components of electrical appliances are
slowly emerging
9. Palaeontology is concerned with the study of living 12. Unlike renewable energy, which is currently the cheapest
organisms of the past and can be a subfield of biology; source of electricity in most regions, _______.
_______.
2019 YDT A) nuclear power facilities now account for 11 per cent of
3. ______, many countries began to adopt agricultural 6. Unlike its more static cousin, IQ, EI (Emotional Intelligence) A) on the other side, fossil evidence shows how organisms worldwide electricity production
practices that are more oriented towards conservation is a dynamic part of one’s psyche that comprises changed over time and what Earth looked like long ago B) industrialisation has progressed primarily due to massive
and sustainability. behavioural attributes that, when improved, _______. B) therefore, modern palaeontologists examine each ring energy consumption
A) As long as they had a wide range of natural and economic A) apply intellectual criteria to emotional responses and on the oyster’s surface to determine how long it lived and C) electrolysis for green hydrogen production requires
resources at hand recognise that they may be logically coherent under what conditions massive cost reduction
B) Although they were on the brink of starvation due to famine B) can use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions C) thus, some ancient scholars such as Herodotus wrote D) the types of hydroelectric facilities are impoundment,
and drought and to influence those of others about fossils of marine organisms, indicating that the land diversion, and pumped storage
C) As they came to realise the importance of addressing environmental C) may result in major rewards ranging from personal pleasure was once under water
E) energy can never be generated or destroyed, but it can be
issues and well-being to increased professional performance D) however, its historical development has been closely transformed into another form
D) Whether they confronted considerable technological challenges linked to the efforts to understand the history of Earth itself
D) build rapport and connect with people through skills such
in urban areas
as active listening, verbal and nonverbal communication E) nevertheless, paleontological observations are documented
E) Until they found solutions to the extinction of species in their
E) may be negatively correlated with depression and burnout back to the 5th century BC
natural habitats
89 90
STEP
7. Since their earliest origins, board games have served as a 10. _______ as well as the use of hand postures to represent the
metaphor for armed warfare; _______. letters of the alphabet.
A) therefore, battle and hunting scenes are frequently shown in A) Most sign languages have been developed independently
works of art associated with games throughout the world
4. _______, there are choices you can make in your daily B) however, different types of dice have been used to decide the B) Many sign languages are employed mainly by deaf people so
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. life to reduce your impact on the environment. direction of the pieces in these games as to communicate
C) nevertheless, this popularity does not make people know the C) Sign languages are not universal and usually cannot be
A) Despite the understanding of how to lower your carbon
original names and rules of some ancient games mutually understood
1. Since it is expected that technology will become even footprint
B) Even if the average carbon footprint on a global scale is D) furthermore, the game of ‘mehen’, discovered in Egyptian D) Sign language is easier to use for preverbal children and
more spontaneous and immersed in our daily lives,
_______. closer to 4 tonnes tombs, is the world’s earliest known board game people with disabilities
C) While significant solutions require global action at a larger E) as a result, the compact size of the boards makes it possible E) Sign language is made up of a system of gestures, mimics,
A) digital skills are an essential component of higher
scale to transport them easily from one location to another and fingerspelling
education and an essential part of university students’
activities D) Since sustainable projects help farmers sell crop waste
B) many employers will assume you already know how to as biomass
create presentations, so knowing your way around these E) Even though eating a vegan diet is most likely beneficial
tools will save time to the environment
C) understanding fundamental online banking features
ensures that your finances are managed effectively and
securely
D) the more prepared we are to deal with the change brought 8. As rural and urban lives have become heavily reliant on 11. _______ since they make you exhausted during the day.
on by technological advancement, the more successfully literacy, _______.
A) Insomnia and sleep apnoea might make it difficult to
we can adapt to its changes 5. The availability of education for children has expanded
A) many students in rural areas are unable to communicate remember things
E) people can now establish, manage, and market their worldwide, allowing them to complete a successful
effectively in a foreign language compared to those in urban B) It is essential to take a short nap at the same time of the day
brand online, so branding is no longer just a business formal education, ______.
areas
matter C) Fulfilling your daily goals and plans completely reduces your
A) yet they can interpret complex texts as they have B) teaching materials are much more significant in the whole stress
adequate schooling, reading skills, and IQ process of teaching and learning literature
D) Maintaining a hobby and engaging in relaxing breathing
B) but they can still become functional illiterates when they C) students’ English proficiency in rural schools is influenced by techniques might help alleviate stress
2. Because plastic as a material is non-biodegradable, reach adulthood a variety of factors such as their own dialect and traditions
E) Exercise protects brain health by increasing blood flow and
_______. C) so these abilities must be explained by cognitive, D) many education programmes in schools focus on increasing brain oxygenation
neurological, or mental functions the number of literate people all over the world
A) waste plastic bags are the most significant reason for
D) while a formal education career has positive effects on
drainage and sewage blockages E) education highly depends on the use of language, which is
B) animals and marine species swallow plastic particles in personal development and social life
one of the most important means we have as humans
their food E) much as they should be evaluated from a variety of
C) bag strength and thickness are not the only factors that perspectives at school
determine the quality of a plastic bag
D) chemicals emitted by discarded plastic bags infect the
soil and make it infertile
E) plastic trash has been a major cause of early animal
deaths
9. As Alexander Graham Bell received the first successful 12. While in some locations, climate change emerges as
6. ______ since it was where a Bronze Age civilisation patent, he is widely regarded as the inventor of the telephone; droughts and deserts, _______.
ultimately developed. _______.
3. People should avoid using cell phones while driving, and A) it creates precipitation imbalances, floods, typhoons, and
taking the bus, plane, or train, _______. A) Researchers in archaeology and metallurgy still argue A) however, both his wife and mother were deaf, so his curiosity tornadoes in others
A) yet there is no evidence linking cell phone radiation to diffusionist and unexpected genesis ideas about sound technology was personal and strong B) it is the increase in the average temperature of the land, sea
cancer B) The history of the metal industry and the question of who B) therefore, in the 1870s, he came up with his own inventions, and air throughout the year
B) for there are social, economic and even environmental started it are still debated which transferred speech electrically C) in some regions, these precipitations are unrelated to the
benefits of mobile phones C) Priority was traditionally given to central China in C) nevertheless, other innovators such as Elisha Gray and impact of climate change
C) so the effects of cell phone use should be better identifying ownership of the first bronze Antonio Meucci also designed a talking telegraph D) it is thought that absorbing the heat in this radiation causes
understood D) The Izmir Archaeology Museum houses a collection of D) as a consequence, the creation of the telephone has sparked the earth to overheat
D) and thus, you can determine how you choose to use your artefacts made of bronze a great deal of debate and curiosity throughout history E) this may occur independently of the planet’s average
phone easily
E) Bronze was discovered about 3000 BC, but it was not
E) because the cellular signal will be weaker, and phones E) on the other hand, for his ideas and work in communications, temperature
widely used in artefacts until much later
will produce more electromagnetic energy the brilliant scientist was awarded more than 18 patents
91 92
STEP
7. Honeybees have a dance move called the ‘waggle dance’, 10. Conventional methods for studying a star are limited
which is a clever way of communicating between themselves to surface properties, such as surface temperature and
_______. luminosity, _______.
A) in spite of having an antioxidant that improves brain functions A) thus providing us deep information about the chemical and
4. As an ageing society is characterised by a decline in B) so they use their ‘smelly footprints’ to distinguish between the geological structure of stars
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. labour productivity and an increase in price levels, scent of a stranger B) because a thorough census was conducted to determine this
_______. C) though they love traditional cottage garden flowers and native stellar population
C) but brightness variations of stars are continuously recorded
1. While animal husbandry and taming have been widely A) in most countries, the proportion of older age groups in
wild flowers
by the Hubble
interpreted and studied concerning land mammal the population is steadily increasing D) in order to tell their nestmates where to go to find the best
species, _______. D) whereas asteroseismology, which uses sound waves,
food source
B) the growth of the digital economy poses new challenges explores its internal structure
A) traditional domestication is associated with human for jobs and skills E) as they are environmentally friendly and vital for plants as
E) thereby forcing these stars to undergo a significant mass loss
dominance over animal species pollinators
C) international competitiveness of the economy in such caused by nearby stars
B) the importance of domestication in Amazonia has been countries decreases
demonstrated in many studies D) people in developed economies reach their highest
C) the original definition of domestication may have had a productivity at around the age of 50
sense of ‘domination’ E) nearly all around the world, pension payments are lower
D) there are still disagreements over what domestication than income from work
means for aquatic animals 11. Thanks to a modified joystick designed by MIT engineers
E) most domesticated mammals seem to have remained to help doctors treat patients with strokes or aneurysms
unchanged in terms of their anatomy 8. Although best known for his dramatic and expressive quickly and remotely, _______.
artworks, _______.
A) endovascular surgery is a specialised operation that entails
A) Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest painters of the carefully twisting a thin medical wire through the arteries and
Italian Renaissance veins to the desired spot
5. _______, vitamin C also plays a vital role in reducing
2. Learning a new language is one of the most challenging B) Leonardo Da Vinci’s fascination with machines probably B) robotic systems are assistive technologies in endovascular
the severity of allergic reactions and helping fight off
aspects of establishing a new life in another country; began during his boyhood surgery, involving motor drives that advance a wire through
infections.
_______. the body’s vessels
C) after his death, Leonardo Da Vinci’s notebooks were lost, and
A moreover, one of the other simple ways to adjust to A) Apart from protecting the immune system his wonderful ideas were forgotten C) the primary goal is to safely reach the target location using
your newfound home is to initiate a conversation with B) As it prevents and treats respiratory infections D) it may seem unusual to include Leonardo Da Vinci in a list of devices such as microcatheters that can be used to deliver
others C) While severe deficiency causes dental problems palaeontologists and biologists therapeutic agents
B) however, a fluent communication with the natives can D) it is as flexible as a normal neurovascular guidewire, with a
D) As long as it reduces allergy symptoms E) Leonardo Da Vinci also created futuristic inventions that were
be easily achieved in time with determination and soft, magnetically responsive tip that bends in the direction of
E) Despite being an essential micronutrient for humans ground-breaking for the time
practice a magnetic field
E) surgeons in one hospital will be able to safely operate on a
C) as a result, you always have the option of finding work
patient in another hospital at a critical time by controlling a
in your dream country before taking the big step
robotic arm
D) therefore, you will naturally gravitate toward establishing
friendships and relationships over time
E) nevertheless, no one will ever invite strangers into their
home overseas and immediately become friends
9. _______; however, the effects of forest fires should be
reduced with afforestation projects implemented as soon as
6. Before money was invented, _______. 12. Although television became available in raw experimental
possible.
formats in the late 1920s, _______.
A) the earliest forms of paper money were developed in
3. _______ even though it is more energy efficient for A) Scrub areas are the habitat for many animal species in the
A) 79 per cent of homes owned a television set with a compact
China in the 9th century
them to swim under water than at the water’s surface. Mediterrenean climate
and energy-efficient display
B) goods were exchanged through barter or commodities
B) Symbiosis occurs in forests where several species coexist in B) they contained a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast
A) Penguins inhale and exhale rapidly at the surface such as salt, cattle, or grains
harmony signals with an electronic circuit
B) Only five species of penguin have ever set foot on the C) some evidence suggests that metal coins might be as
C) Adaptation of animals to the forest after fires is more difficult C) it took several years for this new technology to make its way
Antarctic old as 1250 BC
than plants into consumers’ homes
C) Penguins dive to depths between 9 and 18 metres D) it has taken the form of everything from dollar to
D) Burnt forests have the capacity to regenerate themselves in D) he had sufficiently developed the technology to demonstrate
D) Penguin wings are paddle-like flippers that are used to cryptocurrencies
the long-term it to the press
swim E) bartering became popular in the 1930s during the Great
E) Residual mineral substances formed after fire cause chemical E) it was shown to the public how to use it for transmission in a
E) Penguins must come to the surface to breathe Depression
effects television system
93 94
STEP
A
2019 YDT 2020 YDT
7. Although the prices of the first gramophone recordings 10. Although classical music is claimed to improve children’s
were incredibly high, _______. intelligence, _______.
A) the recording industry was slow to move into the world of A) there may not be a correlation between intelligence and
2018 YDT music appreciation for classical music
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 4. We spend a notable portion of our lives asleep, _______.
B) each went on to sell more than a million copies B) parents’ time is probably better spent exposing their
A) yet most of us understand very little about sleep and children to classical music right after birth
C) they were all written by the prolific composers of the era
insomnia
2018 YDT C) playing classical music to babies will inevitably make them
D) the business was shaped by technological advances
B) but we should learn about what happens to our bodies while
1. The body faces many dangers such as physical damage grow up smarter
we sleep E) musicians lacked electronic amplification for recording
and infectious diseases _______. D) parents may not overlook the possibility to enhance the
C) so investigating what happens during sleep seems to be
A) once the immune system releases chemicals that trigger ignored cognitive ability of their children
defence D) whereas learning about sleep makes the experience less E) it is usually enough for parents to rely on classical music
B) whenever it receives help from disease-fighting bacteria mysterious alone for the cognitive development of their children
C) if it is strong enough to fight infection and damage E) although we feel closer to finding a solution to the problem
D) but it has many different systems and barriers to defend of insomnia
itself
E) even though these stem from certain environmental factors
2019 YDT 2020 YDT

8. The effects of most antidepressant drugs may not be felt 11. When a prey animal or an unsuspecting human
for several weeks, so continuing to take the medicine is approaches, _______.
2018 YDT
important _______.
5. Tear production slows as people get older _______. A) the box jellyfish is regarded as one of the most venomous
A) if you are suffering from its side effects such as weight gain creatures in the ocean
A) because the surface of the eye is covered in a thin film of
2018 YDT
fluid to make it smooth B) while it reduces the extreme sadness and hopelessness B) the box jellyfish is found in coastal waters of northern
2. Although whales and dolphins spend their lives in water,
B) even if tears cannot spread fast enough by themselves to C) because the patient’s age may be taken into account to Australia
_______.
keep up with the rate of evaporation adjust its dosage C) the cells of the box jellyfish are triggered instantly and they
A) nearly all the members are meat-eaters
C) as driving and staring at a computer screen are among the D) given that psychotherapy could be more effective than deliver toxins
B) they all share certain features such as sharp teeth
factors that reduce the blink rate using it D) the box jellyfish gets its name from its cube-shaped bell
C) they give birth to their babies, just like other mammals
D) since the different layers of the eye keep it nice and moist, E) even though it does not seem to be working at first E) the venom of the box jellyfish is fatal to humans, affecting
D) most are intelligent animals and ruthless killers
which is necessary for tear production the nervous system
E) they have to come to the surface to breathe air
E) but it can also be reduced by damage to the corneal nerves
from contact lenses or eye surgery
2019 YDT 2020 YDT

2019 YDT
2018 YDT 9. Washing and cooking take care of most harmful microbes 12. As the climate warmed and the human population grew
6. Although the Roman Empire finally fell in 476, _______.
3. Though an increasingly small per cent of the population is on or in food _______. and spread geographically, _______.
engaged in agriculture in France, ______. A) the Romans claimed that Romulus founded the city in 753 A) while others are usually killed by stomach acid or blocked A) walking upright on two feet has long been considered to be
A) the country has a strong economy, based on commerce and BCE by the immune system a human characteristic
industry B) citizenship was given to every free male inhabitant of the B) although the toxic kinds, such as hepatitis virus are more B) humans began to develop the first ‘civilised’ human
B) the climate is predominately Mediterranean in the south and empire commonly known settlements
southeast
C) leading generals wanted more opportunities to win wealth C) because nowadays people are not taking food safety very C) they needed to find ways to keep warm and dry
C) the country’s plains are mostly located in the Paris Basin to
and glory seriously
the north D) we do not know when exactly humans started making
D) its influence is still felt in the calendars and alphabets still D) as most of the current produce seems especially worrisome clothes and footwear
D) the country is one of the most important exporters of food in
the world in use today to many people E) the task of understanding the nature of early human life
E) much of its population is concentrated in the north and E) the Roman Republic had a complex political and E) after transported fruits and vegetables are loaded with fatal has been very difficult
southeast administrative system chemicals
95 96
STEP
B
2021 YDT 2021 YDT
7. Although they are usually worn for practical reasons, so 10. Early civilizations were well aware that plants were
that the wearer can keep track of the time, _______. attacked by diseases; _______.
A) watches are also a piece of jewellery expressing the A) thus, Ireland suffered a devastating potato famine due
2020 YDT wearer’s wealth, social status, and sense of style to a fungus that caused late blight of potatoes in the 19th
Verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 4. The underlying cause of dyslexia, which is a learning B) pocket watches can be as large as three inches in diameter, century
disability, is not known, _______. thus, they do not interfere with the wearer’s movement B) therefore, it was commonly believed that most of the plant
2020 YDT C) wristwatches have been the most common form of diseases and the fungi arose spontaneously from decay
A) as it is characterised by problems in reading, spelling,
1. The rearing of livestock has brought great wealth to writing, and etc. timepiece ever since they began to be produced with metal C) nevertheless, the ability to combat plant diseases through
Uruguay _______. and leather straps pest control made it possible to yield greatly
B) that is, it results from the inability to process graphic symbols
D) watches are available today in every price range, from a D) on the other side, during the Middle Ages in Europe,
C) while dyslexic children often confuse the letter ‘d’ with the
A) even if it has been described as a giant city with many five-dollar plastic watch to a ten-thousand-dollar gold one Shakespeare mentioned wheat mildew in one of his plays
letter ‘b’
farms
D) even though research suggests the condition is often E) the idea of watches is quite ancient, dating back to the E) however, it was not until the invention of the first microscope
B) although recently tourism and banking have also
inherited Romans who lived as early as 500 BCE that people began to understand the real causes of these
contributed to the national income
diseases
C) as the capital city of Montevideo is also the largest city with E) so most children with the disability are of normal intelligence
a population of around 1.5 million
D) whereas the country exports animal products all over the
world
E) as long as the population of livestock outnumbers the
human population 2021 YDT
5. _______ because it cannot be replaced once it is removed 2021 YDT 2021 YDT
from the ground. 8. When long-tailed ducks venture beneath the waves in 11. _______, some of the water they hold evaporates into the
search of fish, _______. warm air.
A) Petroleum is mineral oil that is found under the ground or
2020 YDT
sea A) their surviving numbers are estimated between 6.2 and 6.8 A) Unless water droplets form clouds
2. Obese people usually eat more than those of average
B) People use refined petroleum to make a great variety of million B) Since clouds each have different variations
weight, _______.
products B) they are largely found in the oceans of the Northern C) When the sun shines on ponds and lakes
A) but research shows that gaining weight can be almost as Hemisphere
C) Burning fuel made from petroleum releases many harmful
D) As long as different types of precipitation fall from the sky
difficult as losing it
gases into the air C) they are able to reach depths as great as 60 meters
B) thus, obese people may eat less food but get more calories E) If patterns of weather depend on the nature of the local air
D) Petroleum, of which the world has a limited supply, is D) fewer young are hatched as populations decline due to
C) therefore, individual variations in body metabolism allow mass
called a non-renewable resource overhunting
some to burn calories faster
E) Petroleum is formed from the remains of tiny plants and E) their body length and weight differ according to what they
D) yet they often believe that they eat less than others
animals that lived millions of years ago feed on
E) because most overweight people perform less physical
activity
2020 YDT 2021 YDT 2021 YDT 2021 YDT

3. ______, the American Marshall Plan helped to jump-start 6. While most ancient societies were governed by kings, 9. _______, vitamin E is also of great importance in energy 12. _______, there is nowhere in the universe where it will
the Austrian economy, laying the foundation for the _______. production, playing an essential role in cellular respiration disappear altogether.
country’s present-day prosperity. of all muscles.
A) Pericles, a Greek politician, made Athens into an imperial A) Since the Earth’s gravitational field is constantly pulling the
A) Regardless of the capital city Vienna’s humble origins as a power A) When it comes to foods processed with heat International Space Station
Roman army camp on the Danube River B) the Athenians believed that their city was named after the B) Although excessive amounts are eliminated through bodily B) If gravity does not pull objects back to the Earth with
B) As though its leaders had repeatedly requested international goddess Athena functions excessive force
financial assistance
C) Athens was led to a war with Sparta, which the Athenians C) Besides its primary function as an antioxidant C) Although the effect of gravity will gradually decrease as we
C) Because no one thought at the time that Austria would eventually lost travel deeper into space
D) In spite of the damage it does to the nerves and red blood
receive international aid following World War II
D) Greek city-states were run by assemblies of male citizens cells D) Even though there are space stations located some 400km
D) Although until recently its government has been dominated
for centuries above the Earth’s surface
by two political parties E) Regardless of being one of the most essential vitamins
E) the competitive Greeks saw constant warfare as a normal E) Until astronauts experience 90 percent of the gravity to
E) Despite the damage from World War II and several famines
way of life which we are subjected to on Earth
in the late 1940s
97 98
STEP
Paragraph Comprehension-1
Psychodrama is a type of action-based and experiential therapy Leonardo da Vinci is regarded as one of the greatest artists
in which people act out events from their past to explore issues. in history. He became an apprentice to a famous artist named
Group dynamics, role-playing, and dramatic self-presentation Verrocchio when he was about 14 years old. He learned about
are used in this type of therapy to help people gain a better art, drawing, painting, and other subjects there. The Mona Lisa
understanding and insight into their lives and experiences. It is and The Last Supper are two of his most famous works. Many
The Old Man and the Sea is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway based on psychology, but it also incorporates elements of theatre of da Vinci’s drawings and notebooks were created to further
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. (1899–1961) and it was published in 1952. It is the story of an and sociology. Sessions are typically held once a week in a group his scientific understanding and innovations. Over 13,000 pages
elderly Cuban fisherman, Santiago, who faced many difficulties in of eight to twelve people. A session typically lasts around two
Electric cars have reformed the electric vehicle industry. These cars of his observations of the world were recorded in his journals.
the real world, struggled for survival, and tried to overcome all the hours. The main issues and conditions with which psychodrama
are environmentally safe and have the potential to give superior He drew hang-gliders, helicopters, war machines, musical
obstacles without losing his hope. He sailed the sea for 84 days may be helpful are eating disorders, grief, personality disorders,
performance to users. They have a powerful battery, and this instruments, numerous pumps, and many other things. He was
without catching any decent fish. Then, he decided to go far out mood disorders, relationship problems, and trauma. It has
battery is somewhat similar to the batteries that can be found on also interested in civil engineering projects and developed a
to catch a gigantic fish in order to break his unlucky streak of 84 also been utilised in a variety of settings, including business,
laptops and smartphones. In other words, lithium-ion batteries are single-span bridge, a diversion of the Arno River, and mobile
days. Therefore, he sailed the sea alone, and he eventually saw teaching, management, training, and religion. Psychodrama
used for electric cars to power them up. To move the car, electric barricades to safeguard a city in the event of an invasion. He
a huge marlin. In fact, the fish was so big and strong that it ended can be integrated with other psychotherapy approaches
motors convert electrical energy drawn from the batteries into did a lot of drawings of muscles, tendons, and the human
up pulling Santiago’s boat. Then, a two-day battle started, and such as psychoanalysis, behavioural therapy, play therapy,
mechanical power. This way is more efficient than the technology
Santiago won that battle although he was badly wounded in the skeleton while studying the human body. Leonardo did more
that is used in the combustion engines found in traditional cars. As hypnotherapy, family therapy, group therapy, and Gestalt
fight with the fish. However, he then lost the great fish on the way than only study human anatomy. Because of all those, the term
a result of this, if one drives an electric car, they will be able to cover therapy. Although more research is needed, some evidence
home because of the sharks’ brutal attacks. Even though he was 'Renaissance Man' was coined from Leonardo’s many talents
a longer distance with their charge, and this means saving money supports the usefulness of psychodrama. Psychodrama has
back on shore with just the skeleton of the fish, he decided to go grown in popularity, but it is still important to consider the and is today used to describe people who resemble da Vinci.
in the long term.
on with his job after a short rest. importance of trust and confidentiality within the group of people
1. How does having an electric car affect the users’ budget? who are participating in the psychodrama sessions.
4. According to the passage, Santiago was a man who
A) As the motor used in those cars is tiny, it does not cost much. _______. 7. Which of the following could be the best title for the 10. It can be understood from the passage that the term
B) Technology is used less in electric cars than others. passage? Renaissance Man _______.
A) liked spending his time on daily chores because there was
C) It helps users to feel more comfortable while driving. A) describes someone who specialises in a profession and
nothing worth doing around him A) Different Aspects of Psychodrama
D) In the long run, it helps to save money. does it very well
B) was obsessed with showing his power with a strong belief B) The Popularity of Psychodrama
E) Electric cars are not expensive compared to the others. B) describes Leonardo da Vinci’s various skills
to people around him C) Positive Effects of Psychodrama
C) is someone who looks like Leonardo da Vinci
C) struggled for survival and tried to overcome all the D) Psychodrama and Its Usages D) is used for a very clever man who is good at painting
obstacles without losing his hope
E) Psychodrama with Other Psychotherapy Approaches E) refers to someone who does many things very well
D) did not know what to do for survival in real life because of
his age
E) never believed in his abilities that might open all doors to
him
2. It is understood from the passage that the battery used in
electric cars _______. 8. Which of the following is not true according to the passage? 11. It cannot be inferred from the passage that da Vinci
_______.
A) supplies less energy for the engine compared to other A) Psychology can be stated as the subfield of psychodrama.
A) worked as an architect, an engineer, and an artist
sources 5. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage? B) Psychodrama is performed in various settings from business
B) made observations in order to understand the world around
B) does not need to be recharged to power up the cars to religion.
A) How Santiago’s life changed after the event him
C) is also found on all cutting-edge technology cars C) Psychodrama covers some theatrical and sociological
B) Why Santiago struggled with the fish C) worked as a military adviser
D) has gained great importance in engineering elements. D) was a very special man
C) What a determined person Santiago was
E) is not different from the ones used in some other devices D) Psychodrama seeks to help people get rid of their problems E) had an interest in human anatomy
D) How long the battle with the fish lasted
such as trauma.
E) What happened on the way back home E) Some of the psychotherapy approaches can be combined
with psychodrama.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

A) the obstacles that we face in life may make us stronger
and more courageous than we think we could be
3. What is the author’s primary purpose in this passage?
B) the meaning of life is so based on the fate that we cannot 9. According to the passage, what does the author warn 12. What can be inferred from the passage about da Vinci?
A) To give information about a new technology vehicle and its people in the psychodrama groups about?
change the way we live, think, and feel A) He could accomplish great things in many areas.
components B) In his work, da Vinci was quite similar to other people.
C) it is hope that keeps people alive despite the ups and A) Popularity and trust
B) To explain how to use electric cars safely and save energy C) He would have been a better painter if he had concentrated
downs they have experienced throughout their lives B) Some of the psychotherapy approaches
C) To inform the readers about all new technology cars on art alone.
D) there is no world where people live without facing any ups C) Theatre and sociology
D) To criticise the components of electric cars and their design D) He tried to follow the style of other artists of his time.
and downs even though we all have full hope D) Usefulness of psychodrama
E) To help the readers decide on which vehicles to choose in E) He was better at inventing than painting.
E) whatever they hope will come true soon if they have a E) Confidentiality and reliability
the future good heart
99 100
STEP
Meaning 'the ability to recognise and share another person’s Emotional labour is unpaid, often invisible work that a person
emotions', empathy is often confused with sympathy, pity, and is compelled to do by others to keep them happy. This could
compassion, which are only the recognition of someone else’s be an employer rule that an employee should not respond to
distress. Pity indicates a lower level of understanding and customer abuse, a partner’s suggestion that the other person do
commitment to the situation of the suffering person than empathy, housework and household logistics, or an acquaintance trying
As the Arctic warms and transforms, its most iconic frozen terrains sympathy, or compassion. Compassion is a deeper level of empathy to explain why their behaviour is problematic. Emotional labour
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. have been disappearing. The glaciers have been melting and going as it demonstrates an actual desire to help the suffering person. is often used interchangeably with the term ‘emotional work’,
to the sea. Sea ice has been giving way to the open ocean. And the Empathy generally requires shared experiences; hence, people can a term that describes a social task an individual performs to
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and is a
snow that caps the extraordinary Arctic nature is increasingly turning generally feel empathy only for other people, not for animals. For please others. Though emotion work was intended to be used
generic term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities that are severe
to rain. The gradual shift from a snowy climate to a rainy one isn’t example, people can sympathise with horses, but they cannot really
enough to interfere with daily life. Scientists believe that Alzheimer’s for different situations than emotional labour, the two have been
disease interferes with the normal functioning of some parts of the cell unexpected, but the new study suggests that parts of the Arctic may empathise with them. As psychologists say, empathy is essential
considered interchangeable in recent years. Emotional labour
factory. As the damage spreads, cells lose their function and eventually tip into a rain-dominated climate as early as the 2060s or 2070s in forming relationships and acting compassionately towards other
can manifest in multiple settings, the most common of which are
die, causing irreversible changes to the brain. Alzheimer’s disease if the world goes on warming at high rates between now and the people. In addition, empathy enables genuinely helping behaviours
workplace, partnership, and social networking. The most basic
accounts for 60–80 per cent of dementia cases. Alzheimer’s is not a end of the century. That’s several decades earlier than the previous that come easily and naturally, rather than having to be forced as
impact of emotional labour on people it is demanded from is
normal part of ageing. The biggest known risk factor is age, and most studies estimated. This is the average for the whole year. This does it involves experiencing another person’s point of view—stepping
exhaustion. Acting in a way that appeases others can be tiring
people with Alzheimer’s are over the age of 65. Alzheimer’s disease is not mean that there will be no snow in these places. In much of outside one’s self.
and frustrating. Therefore, emotional labour should not be the
a progressive disease in which the symptoms of dementia gradually the Arctic, it is possible that snow will remain dominant in winter.
worsen over many years. In the early stages, there is little memory loss, However, other parts of the year, particularly the summer and fall,
7. The reason why someone cannot feel empathy for animals way to go when people deal with situations, and anyone should
but in the advanced stages of Alzheimer’s disease, people lose the is that _______. avoid demanding emotional labour from others.
are likely to shift to a rain-dominated climate.
ability to conduct conversations and react to their environment. There A) sharing and caring are the key elements of feeling empathy
10. It is stated in the passage that emotional labour _______.
is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, but a treatment for symptoms is 4. We can understand from the passage that in the Arctic for someone or something else
possible, and research is ongoing. B) there are some things that cannot be experienced between A) is not exhausting work to some degree
_______.
an animal and a person mutually B) is preferable while carrying out some certain situations
1. According to the passage, cells fail to perform properly A) the climate is transforming into somewhat never expected by
C) it requires extrinsic motivation, which animals do not have
since _______. any of the researchers before C) can be observed and done easily without any oppression
D) people need such kinds of feelings more than animals as
B) the snowy days are expected to stay longer than before, D) mainly aims to please others sacrificing from yourself
A) scientists think that Alzheimer’s disease, as it progresses, they can do everything themselves
leads to mild damage to the cells which may lead to the iciest days in the history E) has always been accepted the same as emotional work
E) people can sympathise only with a horse among other
B) newly produced treatments for Alzheimer’s disease will be C) the winter season will be much like fall or spring in the
animals
tested in a number of research studies upcoming years unless necessary precautions are taken
C) it is argued to be among the core reasons for dementia, D) the era of glaciers and ice is about to come to an end because
which is also known as memory loss of the transformation in climate
D) Alzheimer’s disease initially damages a cell’s factory and E) more rain will be seen instead of ice and snow if the current
the resulting damage gradually expands trend in the temperature continues
8. According to the passage, pity is different from empathy, 11. The underlined word ‘appeases’ in the passage is closest
E) daily life practices are mediated by means of the cognitive
sympathy, or compassion in that it _______. in meaning to _______.
abilities’ proper functioning
A) shows a desire to help the sufferer more than others
A) irritates
B) is only recognising other people’s stressful situations,
B) satisfies
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true? 5. Which of the following could be the best title for the excluding the happier moments
passage? C) is the only feeling people can feel for animals in a very bad C) frightens
A) All of the scientists agree that Alzheimer’s disease leads to
a complete breakdown in the cells’ structures. A) The Arctic Region condition D) compels
B) Alzheimer’s disease comprises three to four-fifths of the B) The Climate of the Arctic D) enables genuinely helping behaviours that come with force E) affects
cases which are related to dementia. C) The Gradual Shift of the Arctic’s Climate E) symbolises an involvement in and recognition of the
C) As people age, they normally develop Alzheimer’s disease, D) The Expected Transformation in the Climate sufferer’s current state less than others
which is commonplace for the elderly. E) Rain Taking Place of the Snow in the Arctic
D) Alzheimer’s disease leads to difficulty in talking and giving
responses to the environment in its initial phase.
E) It is possible to state that scientists have already developed
a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
6. We can understand from the passage that _______. 9. It can be understood from the passage that empathy 12. It can be inferred from the passage that emotional labour
_______. and emotion work _______.
3. What is the author’s primary purpose in this passage? A) the new research shows a larger and faster increase in Arctic
precipitation, and a quicker transition from snow to rain A) is useless as it always comes by forcing one’s self to A) are completely different terms used in different conditions
A) To explain why some scientists, although unsuccessful,
B) there will be a big change for many regions of the Arctic, experience others’ feelings B) do not mean to satisfy others’ needs to make them happy
have conducted a number of researches
B) To emphasise the significance of research in order to get rid where temperatures formerly stayed cold year-round B) means the recognition of someone else’s distress by
C) are displayed just in the workplace, partnership, and
of Alzheimer’s disease C) as the Arctic receives more rain and less snow, it could heat acting compassionately
social networking
C) To inform us about the reasons behind Alzheimer’s disease up even faster, which has not been expected and anticipated C) is experiencing your point of view and attitude towards
some others D) would be used as different terms, but this idea changed in
and its development in any of the research up to the present times
D) is a feeling that helps some behaviours come out easily, time
D) To illustrate the treatments which have been developed in D) the speed of Arctic climate change matters for communities
order to cure Alzheimer’s disease all over the world although they are not close to it naturally, and genuinely E) are two concepts that employers do not want to see in the
E) To compare and contrast Alzheimer’s disease with other E) the melting of snow and ice in the Arctic is the main reason why E) is not considered necessary in forming new relationships office
dementia-related diseases the region is heating up so much faster than the rest of the planet with others
101 102
STEP
Oud, which has a very large family, is an indispensable instrument for Scientific studies show that mastering tools makes it easier to understand
Arab, Iranian, and Turkish music. Historians say that the first place where complex expressions in a language. Until recently, it was thought
the oud was used was Central Asia. However, today’s oud is only known that different parts of the brain were activated for these different tasks.
as the Arabic instrument. The oud, which has survived to the present However, it was understood that the brain regions that make sense of
day with the changes made in the number of strings and chords, passed the words also play a role in behaviours related to motor abilities, such as
2019 YDT from the north of Africa to Spain through Muslims. It used to be played small muscle movements. An international research group has carried out
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. Many cultures regard dreams as having great significance for the dreamer, with a wooden plectrum in the past. Today, plectrums made of flexible some research to better understand the relationship between tool use and
either by revealing something important about the dreamer’s present
2019 YDT plastic are generally used. Spreading from Spain to many countries, the language abilities. The researchers first subjected the volunteers to various
circumstances or predicting his or her future. The Austrian psychologist
Functioning mini human brains grown in a lab could help cure Parkinson’s. oud has managed to become a favourite instrument, especially among tests of tool use and language abilities while monitoring their brain activity
Sigmund Freud analysed the dreams of his patients to understand their
It may sound incredible, yet the created blobs may help researchers defeat the travelling poets. What is so beautiful about the oud is that it has been with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). The results showed
unconscious needs and desires, and psychotherapists still make use of
Parkinson’s disease and other age-related brain conditions. The mini brain adapted in many ways to suit various styles, and yet it still has not lost the that tool use and language exercises both activate the same areas of the
this technique today. Freud believed that the primary function of dreams
is an organoid grown from stem cells to imitate the human midbrain, the
was to wish fulfillment, or the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the mystical and surprisingly unique talent that has given it its importance in brain. In the second phase of the experiments, the researchers ran tests
‘information superhighway’ of the brain that controls hearing, vision and
desires that we must repress during the day. Although Freud focused today’s music world. to see whether the improvement of one skill would lead to improvement in
movement. Other researchers have successfully grown brain tissue in a
on the meaning of dreams, other theories about the causes of dreams another. While a group of volunteers was given tool use training, another
lab, but a team made up of researchers from A Star Genome Institute of
are less concerned with their content. One possibility is that we dream 7. According to the passage, the oud _______. group of volunteers was provided with language training. Afterwards, it
Singapore, the Duke-NUS Medical School and the National Neuroscience
primarily to help with consolidation, or the moving of information into long-
Institute say theirs is the first to contain neuromelanin, a dark pigment A) was first used in Central Europe was looked at to what extent these volunteers’ tool use and language skills
term memory. Rauchs and Desgranges found that rats that had been
found within the human brain that is closely linked to the development B) has lost the mystical and fascinating special ability today improved compared to the control group volunteers (volunteers who did
deprived of REM sleep, the sleep stage in which dreaming occurs, after
of Parkinson’s disease. It also contains specialised neurons that produce C) was played with a plastic plectrum in the past not receive any training). As a result, it was observed that the language
learning a new task were less able to perform the task again than rats that
dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved with motor control as low levels of D) is an ordinary instrument for Arabic, Iranian, and Turkish music
had been allowed to dream, and these differences were greater on tasks skills of the volunteers who received tool-using training and the tool-using
dopamine lead to slowed reactions and disorders like Parkinson’s. Shawn
that involved learning unusual information or developing new behaviours. E) has been adjusted in many ways to suit a variety of genres skills of the volunteers who received language training improved. It is
Je, the lead researcher of the team, says that their mini-brain organoids
mimic human midbrain development and that now they can really test stated that the results obtained will be useful in the treatment of both adults
4. It can be understood from the passage that Freud believed that
how these mini brains react to existing or newly developed drugs before who have lost their language skills due to various health problems and
dreams _______.
treating patients. This will be a game changer for future drug development. children who have language development problems.
A) could help one recall past memories with more accuracy
1. According to the passage, mini human brains may help cure B) contributed to the prediction of patients’ wishes more than their 10. The research indicates that both learning a language and using a
Parkinson’s disease since _______. desires
tool skilfully _______.
C) were about wishes people had to suppress while they were awake
A) researchers from various institutes worked together to develop A) can be learned only voluntarily
D) that occurred during REM sleep were easily interpreted
them
E) should be examined for the reasons behind them rather than for 8. One can understand from the passage that the oud still keeps B) are beneficial activities for the improvement of intelligence
B) newly produced and available drugs for Parkinson’s have been
their content _______. C) have always been the subject of curiosity by scientists
tested on them
C) they have already worked really well on other age-related brain A) being only known as the Iranian instrument D) are abilities that can be improved with hard training
conditions B) being a favourite instrument among Spanish poets and writers E) stimulate the same parts of the brain
D) they are organoids grown from stem cells with high levels of C) having the same number of strings and chords as the past form of
dopamine
Arabic and Iranian oud
E) they are like a simulation of our midbrains, which control some of
D) its mystical and fascinating unique ability that has made it
our senses and movement 5. What can be concluded from Rauchs and Desgranges’s studies?
11. In the first stage of the experiment, _______.
significant in the music world
A) They focused their studies more on the use of information in
E) being played with a wooden plectrum today A) the participants were not able to use any tool or speak a language
dreams of rats.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true? B) They found that rats were only able to learn a new task during B) the extent of the volunteers’ ability to use a tool developed
A) Low levels of dopamine can be related to some other disorders REM sleep. C) the volunteers’ brain activities were monitored while they were
along with Parkinson’s disease. C) They discovered that when rats learned a new task, dreaming tested using tools and learning languages
B) The presence of neuromelanin can help people with Parkinson’s helped them successfully recall the new task later on. D) the participants were given some expressions difficult to
disease to recover from the condition. D) They showed the differences between rats that learned common understand and tools requiring mastery to use
C) Neuromelanin and dopamine are essential components to information and those that learned unusual information.
E) the volunteers had some health problems with the functioning of
produce artificial organs. E) They found that dreaming resulted in poor performance in different
their brains
D) Compared to dopamine, neuromelanin can produce more tasks in rats.
neurotransmitters that enable motor control.
E) Neuromelanin and dopamine cause deterioration in our midbrain, 9. Which of the following is one of the characteristics of the oud?
leading to impairment in our reactions. A) It is played with a flexible plastic plectrum today.
B) It has lost its mystical and amazing unique ability.
C) It is a favourite instrument all around the world. 12. We can learn from the passage that ______.
3. What is the author’s primary purpose in this passage? 6. The main purpose of this passage is to _______.
D) It has been adjusted in only one way to suit different styles. A) improvement of a skill is dependent on how hard you try it
A) To explain why other researchers have failed to produce mini A) inform readers about the effects of dreaming
E) It has remained to the present day with no changes in the number B) the monitoring techniques of the human brain have developed so
brains with neuromelanin B) encourage readers to analyse their dreams
B) To inform us about the development of Parkinson’s disease and of strings and chords. much that scientists are able to find remedies to various diseases
C) explain the Freudian approach to dream analysis
other brain conditions C) control groups are not required while carrying out scientific
D) give information about different theories of dreams
C) To illustrate the reasons behind the failure of treatments for E) refute critical theories about the functions of dreaming research
Parkinson’s disease D) the findings of the experiment will be a hope for both adults and
D) To announce a new scientific breakthrough that can aid the children having problems with language use and its development
treatment of age-related brain conditions E) stimulation of one part of the brain leads to the development of
E) To emphasise the importance of collaboration among researchers
another one
from various institutes
103 104
STEP
All around the world, the way we produce, buy, and eat food has Ants are the most abundant living species in the world. The way
never been more similar. You think you have got more choices ants live is very interesting. Ants in solidarity with each other live in
than your parents or grandparents ever did, and on one level that’s communities by organising. Ants are found in almost every region of
true. Whether you’re in London, L.A., or Lima, you will eat sushi, the world. The reason for this is that their body structures are suitable
curry, or kebab; bite into an avocado, banana, or mango; sip a for all kinds of ecosystems. Along with Antarctica, there are specific
In animals, various sounds are made so that emotions can be types of ants in regions where some living species are scarce. Ants
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. drinkable or a branded bottle of water every single day. What we
expressed to other individuals. Each of these sounds has different have an elbowed structure.They also have an antenna on their heads.
are being offered initially appears to be diverse until you realise it
characteristics according to the different meanings they carry and Thanks to these features, they can be easily distinguished from other
Graffiti is the name for images or lettering scratched, scrawled, is the identical diversity that’s spreading around the globe. What
the different times they are uttered. For example, an animal that insect species. They are one of the hardest-working creatures in the
painted, or marked on personal or public property. It has existed the globe buys and eats is becoming more and more identical. world. There is a certain distribution of duties among the colonies.
feels endangered and tries to make itself heard will sound at a very
since ancient times, dating back to ancient Greece and the high frequency. The sound of an animal trying to remove a stranger And it is not just the identical brands, but the ingredients in those While some of the colonies are engaged in agriculture, others can take
Roman. In modern times, paint, spray paint, and marker pens from its area will be quite loud and as frightening as possible. brands, too. care of animals and raise them. In this and similar way, a division of
have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In Some movements or mimics are often added to the sounds that labour is made between the colonies. With this division of labour, the
7. According to the passage, today our options for food
specialisation of ants increases. In other words, after a short time, ant
most countries, graffiti is not considered a good thing, and even animals make for communication purposes. The various positions
_______. communities specialised in a certain field emerge. Ants found this ideal
it is sometimes restricted by governments. In others, though, it or wagging of the tail, the shape of the gaze, ears, and mouth or
is displayed in galleries and exhibitions as an art form worthy more complex body movements complement the meanings of the A) are more varied to a certain extent than those of our system millions of years ago. In this system, there is no such thing as
sounds made. Especially in animals living in herds or colonies, ancestors competition among ants. Everyone does their job to the best of their
of praise. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create
communication is provided within and between groups thanks to B) are different all around the world in terms of their ability.
disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement officers,
the different sounds made. In some cases, sounds are made for ingredients
and graffitists who wish to display and appreciate their works in
different purposes. For example, bats that have very poor eyesight
10. Which of the following cannot be said according to the
public locations. Currently, graffiti is a rapidly developing art form C) are not more than only a few passage?
make high-pitched sounds while flying to close the gap of their
whose value is highly disputed and detested by many authorities D) are only limited to a couple of brands worldwide
eyes, and according to the return of these sounds to them, they A) Ants who are in solidarity with one another organise themselves
while also subject to protection, even within the same jurisdiction. E) are the same as those of our grandparents into communities.
perceive the objects around them.
B) There are specialised sorts of ants in places where some living
1. The passage does not convey _______. 4. One can understand from the passage, terrifying sound species are limited, such as Antarctica.
A) the meaning of graffiti means that the animal _______. C) Ants produce and store the food they need thanks to their
B) how long graffiti has existed in the world hardworking nature distinguished from other species.
A) is in danger and attempts to be heard
C) controversies related to the graffiti D) There is a division of responsibilities among the colonies.
B) is starving
D) how graffiti influences other forms of art E) Between ants, there is no such thing as competition; everyone
C) wants to escape from the colony
does their best to do their tasks.
E) what materials are used in modern-day graffiti D) is attempting to evict a visitor from its territory
E) is suffering from an illness
8. We understand from the passage that products from
different brands that people buy _______.
A) are extremely distinct all over the world

B) in fact, have almost the same ingredients with another
2. It is stated in the passage that graffiti _______. 5. It is stated in the passage that animals living in colonies brand’s label on them 11. We understand from the text that ants _______.
_______. C) are of the same quality, no matter in what part of the A) fight against creatures that want to harm their colony
A) is mostly committed by street vandals
world they buy them B) may be found practically everywhere on the planet
B) has no admirers in any civilised society A) communicate by wagging their tail
D) are much more expensive than the ones that our parents C) specialise in a particular area and then disperse colonies
C) may be both despised and protected within the same B) sound quite loud to remove a visitor D) emerged from a wasp species 80 million years ago
bought years ago
community C) create various noises to offer communication E) have a sense of us before the sense of me
E) can be delivered to all parts of the world very easily
D) has not developed much due to the negative response it D) have very poor eyesight
has received E) add some movements or mimics to the sounds
E) does not have a very long history
6. According to the passage which of the following can be said?
A) The sounds that animals make are not limited to just the
sounds made by the mouth. 9. The underlined word ‘diversity’ in the passage is closest in 12. What can be the best title for the passage?
meaning to _______. A) Where Do Ant Colonies Live?
3. The writer of this passage seems to think that _______. B) Animals use a variety of noises to communicate their
A) variation B) Antarctic Ants
A) controversies about graffiti have been settled feelings to others.
C) How Do Ants Feed?
B) fertility
B) the value of graffiti is questionable C) Some of the animals speak in a kind of morse code. D) Reproductive Patterns of Ants
C) legitimacy
C) graffiti should not be displayed as a work of art D) It is essential that the communication be short and between E) The Amazing Life of Ants
D) equality
D) city officials mostly approve of graffiti as an art form animals of the same breed.
E) distribution
E) graffiti artists deserve to be punished for vandalism
E) Insects living in tree galleries communicate by banging their
heads on the hard ground.
105 106
STEP
Emperor penguins begin to breed for the first time at around The Aral Sea, located in the deserts between Kazakhstan and
three years of age. Their yearly reproductive cycle begins at the Uzbekistan, has been facing one of the largest human-made
start of the Antarctic winter, in March or April. They do not build environmental disasters of modern times. Poor agricultural
planning has caused it to shrink to a salty, lifeless lake by virtually
nests like other species of seabirds. In May or early June, the
robbing all its inflowing river water. In 1960, the Aral was the fourth-
female emperor lays a single egg on ice, unlike most penguins,
Some people have immune systems which tend to overreact the largest inland water in the world; however, some experts predict
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. which lay about three eggs. Later, she transfers the egg to the
moment they come into contact with a specific substance to show that the Aral will dry up completely by the 2050s. What led the Aral
Scientists have discovered the prehistoric footprints of a colossal that particular substance is not accepted and try to eliminate it as male and leaves the colony to return to the sea to feed. The Sea to shrink to less than half its size? Not only the weather but
dinosaur on the roof of a cave in France. No, this does not mean soon as possible. Such specific substances are called ‘allergens’, male spends the winter incubating the egg covering it with his also human involvement has contributed to the Aral’s shrinkage.
that giant dinosaurs were dancing on the ceilings of caves although it and the reaction they cause is called ‘allergy’. These substances plumage. During the winter storms, all the males in the colony From time to time, severe droughts were lowering the amount of
shows the wealth of prehistoric discoveries that could be found lurking may not inflict any harm to most people; however, those who huddle closely together to keep warm. Approximately 65 days river water flowing into the Aral Sea. On the other hand, the main
all around us. It was recently reported in the Journal of Vertebrate are allergic to them register these allergens as foreign bodies, later, starting in July, hatching begins. Newly hatched chicks cause of the Aral’s shrinkage was the massive amount of water
Paleontology that the researchers discovered the three dinosaur and their immune systems start to react in order to free the body taken from its feeder rivers for farming. The area around the lake
remain protected by their parents and go through a period called
trackways during an expedition in 2015 around the labyrinth-like has dried up as all the river water that once supplied Aral has been
from these allergens. Allergies do not develop immediately after 'the guard phase'. Meanwhile, the males, who lose a third of
Castelbouc Cave in southern France. The tracks, made some diverted to irrigate the surrounding cotton and rice fields. Therefore,
coming into contact with an allergen for the first time. The body their weight, feed their young with a milky substance produced
166 million to 168 million years ago, are extremely well-preserved, very little river water has reached the lake since the mid-1980s.
begins by identifying the allergen and producing antibodies which
complete with even claws. It is not certain what species of dinosaurs by their own bodies until the females return with approximately Without any flow of new water, the lake is rapidly drying up.
were responsible for the tracks; however, their size suggests they will react to it. As a final step, our immune systems prepare our
three kilos of pre-digested fish.
might have belonged to titanosaurs, a group of sauropod dinosaurs bodies to be sensitive to that specific allergen. This process is
that includes some of the largest land animals known to have ever known as ‘sensitisation’, which refers to the process of becoming
7. What is the passage mainly about?
10. According to the passage, the weather conditions of the
existed. So, how did these giants’ footprints end up on the cave roof? predisposed to allergens. It can be either an instantaneous or a area where the Aral Sea is located _______.
A) Reproduction of emperor penguins
When these dinosaurs were treading on earth, the site was on the long-lasting process. A) mainly contributed to the shrinkage of feeder rivers of the
B) The deep-diving adaptation of emperor penguins
planet’s surface, but geological processes have since buried the Aral
sediments over the course of millions of years. The processes have C) The scientific classification of penguins
B) can be considered as typical characteristics of continental
created a scenario where they appear on the ceiling. D) The habitat of emperor penguins
climate
E) The life cycle of emperor penguins
1. According to the passage, giant footprints on the ceiling 4. It can be understood from the passage that allergens C) are of secondary importance in the Aral’s loss of water
of the cave _______. _______. D) cause the natural habitat to die
A) were probably done by a titanosaur which is one of the largest A) must be introduced in small amounts to neutralise the E) make farming impossible for the inhabitants of the land
land animals having been discovered so far sensitisation process
B) prove that some dinosaurs could walk on the walls, even on B) do not necessarily have to be harmful substances
the ceilings C) should be kept in containers with secure lids to avoid
8. According to the passage, emperor penguins differ from 11. It is clearly stated in the passage that _______.
C) show that all of the dinosaurs were undersized around 166 to cross-contamination
other similar species in that emperor penguins _______. A) the Aral Sea robs all the irrigation water of the surrounding
168 million years ago D) are a particularly sensitive issue in the food industry
D) have always been on the ceiling of the Castelbouc Cave in E) have to be highlighted on food packages to prevent an A) entrust the male to guard their eggs area
southern France allergic reaction B) live in their nests B) severe droughts can be considered as the main reason for
E) are vague, and they do not provide any details C) lay only one egg at a time the Aral’s shrinkage
D) lay their eggs on ice C) cotton and rice are the primary sources of income for the
E) breed at around three years of age inhabitants of the area around the Aral Sea
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true? 5. Which of the following is true about sensitisation? D) the Aral Sea has been salty and lifeless since the beginning
of its existence
A) Colossal dinosaurs used to dance on the ceiling of the caves. A) It takes place immediately after exposure to an allergen.
E) the environmental disaster that the Aral Sea has been
B) Scientists cannot comment on the size of the dinosaurs B) It can be treated with certain medications.
having created these footprints. C) It can sometimes be a gradual or a fast-growing process. struggling is due to the human being
C) The largest of the animals having ever existed are titanosaurs. D) It is the first step in developing an allergy.
D) The ceiling of the Castelbouc Cave was on the surface of E) It can occur without noticeable signs or symptoms.
earth millions of years ago.
E) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology only publishes articles
about dinosaur footprints. 9. According to the passage, it is impossible to say that 12. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
_______. A) the Aral Sea came up against the threat of drying up
A) males strive together to survive the cold because of poor agricultural planning
3. The main purpose of this passage is to _______. 6. What is the passage mainly about? B) severe droughts lowered the amount of river water in the
B) emperor penguins have different characteristics from other
A) introduce Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology A) Allergens and the immune system species of seabirds Caspian Sea as well
B) praise the scientist who has made the discovery B) Foreign bodies in the immune system C) the drying up of the Aral has been going on for more than
C) emperor penguins are the only ones that breed in winter
C) give information about unusual fossils of dinosaur footprints C) A variety of reactions to allergens thirty years because of a lack of agricultural planning
D) males lose weight during the period called the guard phase
and the reason why they are not on the ground D) How an allergy develops and its stages D) it is normal for the Aral Sea to shrink since it is located
E) females digest the fish they have caught in advance
D) explain the importance of the wealth of prehistoric discoveries E) The process of sensitisation
between deserts
E) inform readers about the existence of a giant dinosaur whose E) Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan governments should take the
name is titanosaur Aral’s drying up seriously and prevent it
107 108
STEP
It is a scientifically proven fact that a very restricted environment When we think about ‘old’, dinosaurs are probably the first things
hinders the development or maintenance of normal activities. This that spring to mind; however, scorpions are believed to have come
may raise the question: does an environment enriched with a wide into existence long before dinosaurs, which means they have
range of motion and sensory experiences promote development? been roaming on earth for more than 400 million years. Taking the
To answer this question, Donald Olding Hebb, considered to be the amount of time they have had to develop into consideration, there
2021 YDT father of neuropsychology, prepared an experiment. Two groups of must be hundreds of species of scorpions worldwide. Scorpions
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. Around 1650 BCE, central Anatolia’s city-states were united by mice were used in the experiment. One group grew up in a cage have a threatening appearance due to some characteristic features
in Hebb’s lab. Hebb took the other group to his house and allowed like their venom, pincers, and stingers. If a scorpion has a bigger
2020 YDT conquest into a kingdom with its capital at Hattusa. Vigorous rulers
his daughters to roam freely in the garden and spend time playing pincer, it does not necessarily mean that it is more dangerous,
Britain’s character has been shaped by its geographical position as an of this Hittite Old Kingdom campaigned into Syria and even sacked
games. He then compared the cognitive characteristics of mice contrary to popular belief. This is because scorpions have venom
island. Having never been successfully invaded since 1066, its people Babylon in 1595 BCE. However, the series of succession disputes grown this way and fed in the lab. In order to make this comparison, primarily for feeding purposes, not for stinging humans. Huge
have developed their own distinctive traditions and continue to delight that followed reduced their dominions. From the 14th century BCE the maze experiment was applied to mice; when the ability to pincers allow them to crush their prey, reducing the need for venom,
in their own nonconformity. Britain’s heritage can be seen in its ancient on, strong Hittite kings regained previously lost territories, expanded find solutions to problems was compared, it was determined while small pincers prevent them from crushing their prey and force
castles, cathedrals, and stately homes with their gardens and parklands. into western Anatolia, and destroyed the Mitanni Empire in Syria, thus that mice raised at home in an enriched environment were much them to rely on venom to kill it. Despite the fact that all scorpions are
It is also evident in the many age-old customs played out across the more successful than mice fed in a cage in the laboratory. When venomous, only about 30 of the approximately 2000 species have
bringing them into direct territorial competition with the Egyptians.
nation throughout the year. For a small island, Britain encompasses this situation is considered in terms of education, it is seen that venom that can be fatal to humans. Most scorpion bites can cause
After the inconclusive Battle of Qadesh around 1274 BCE, Egypt
a surprising variety in its regions, whose inhabitants maintain distinct an environment that is too rich in the number of stimuli provided inexpressibly painful local reactions which will ease off gradually.
identities. Scotland and Wales are separate countries from England with accepted Hittite control over Syria. Widespread human and natural
to children from the first year contributes to the development of However, because we cannot exactly tell which species has bitten
their own legislative assemblies. They also have their own surviving troubles in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE destroyed
problem-solving skills in the following years at the same rate. us, it is wise to seek medical attention urgently.
Gaelic languages and unique traditions. The landscape is varied, too, the Hittite Empire, but a number of small Neo-Hittite kingdoms sprang
from the mountains of Wales, Scotland, and the north, through the flat up in southern Anatolia and Syria, prospering until the Assyrians 7. According to the passage, why is the existence of enriched 10. According to the passage, some scorpions have bigger pincers
expanses of the Midlands and eastern England, to the soft, rolling hills conquered them in 700 BCE. Barbarian raiders ever present to their environments important for the education of children? than the others _______.
of the south and west. The long, broad beaches of East Anglia contrast north and a tradition of armed conflict made the Hittites invest heavily A) Children enjoy learning in an environment full of educational A) but those are completely useless while they are fighting with the
with the rocky inlets along much of the west coast. Despite the spread of materials.
in defence. Massive and complex city fortifications included towers, venomous ones
towns and cities over the last two centuries, rural Britain still flourishes. B) Problem-solving skills of children develop in an environment rich
huge stone gateways with difficult approaches, and long tunnels B) since they do not have enough venom to take care of their
The countryside is dotted with farms and charming villages, with in stimulants.
under the walls to secret exits. Often a citadel and inner defensive dietary needs
picturesque cottages, and lovingly tended gardens. The most populated C) Teachers should be conscious of the content they teach during C) and those pincers look more threatening than the stinger and
part of the nation is the Southeast, close to London, where modern office walls protected the palace and other key buildings. lessons. venom combined
buildings mirror the growth of the service and high-tech industries. D) Carrying out experiments in the lessons help students to improve D) so that they can use these pincers to protect themselves against
their problem-solving skills.
1. The ancient castles, cathedrals, and stately homes in Britain are 4. The rivalry between the Hittites and Egyptians started as a enemies
E) Environments enriched with a wide range of motion and sensory E) because their bodies are not capable of producing venom at all
an example of _______. result of _______.
experiences help mice to learn better.
A) its rich cultural past A) the unification of Anatolian city-states against the Hittites
B) British disobedience B) a number of succession disputes among the Hittites
C) the conflict between Scotland and Wales C) the loss of some Hittite territories in western Anatolia
D) Britain’s resistance to invasions D) the destruction of the Mitanni Empire by the Hittites
E) the architecture still practised today E) poor administration by Hittite rulers
8. One can infer from the passage that _______. 11. It is stated in the passage that the majority of scorpion stings
2. The underlined word “they” in the passage refers to _______. 5. According to the passage, the Hittites _______. A) mice have been used in experiments to understand human can cause extremely intense localised pain, ______.
A) did not believe that they would ever win the Battle of Qadesh psychology A) yet this inexpressible pain will stop aching after a good rest
A) the legislative assemblies of England
B) were able to take control of the Syrian region due to some B) enriched environments help to develop better communication B) but applying some cream will make you feel a lot better
B) the islands of Britain
troubles experienced by Egypt skills for both mice and humans C) and deaths may occur if they are not treated immediately
C) the inhabitants of Britain
C) had to spend a lot on defence to protect their lands against C) people cannot develop certain social skills in a restricted D) while their pincers do not inflict such agonising pains
D) Scotland and Wales
outside attacks environment E) so they take a great deal of time to heal properly
E) Gaelic languages and traditions
D) lost the Battle of Qadesh because of man-made and natural D) first years are not as important in children’s development as the
disasters later years
E) initiated another battle with the Assyrians as they failed to defeat E) mice raised at home were more successful from the ones grown
3. Which of the following is true of the Southeast part of Britain the Egyptians in labs in terms of their skills
according to the passage?
A) The modern buildings in the area are a direct contrast to the
economic conditions the service and high-tech industries 6. What is the passage mainly about?
operate in.
A) Hittite expansion into western Anatolia
B) Despite having successful service and high-tech industries,
B) The governance structure of the Hittites 12. The main purpose of this passage is to _______.
there are not enough modern buildings in London. 9. What could be the best title for the passage?
C) A brief history of the Hittites
C) Modern office buildings of successful service and high-tech A) Promoting Development A) inform readers about scorpions
D) The importance of the Battle of Qadesh
industries have been a tradition in the prosperous and densely B) Cognitive Characteristics of Mice B) announce a new species of scorpion
E) The competition between the Hittites and Egyptians
populated areas of Britain. C) Donald Olding Hebb as the Father of Neuropsychology C) contrast pincers with stingers
D) Service and high-tech industries have seen unprecedented D) Role of Environment on Cognitive Skills D) refute a common belief in scorpions
growth after the region became overcrowded. E) Maze Experiment and Mice E) explain why dinosaurs are not that old
E) The growth of service and high-tech industries is reflected by the
contemporary architecture of the area.
109 110
STEP
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is a behaviour disorder To say that the British have a thing about tea is an understatement.
that causes somebody to walk or perform other complex behaviours Tea is more than simply a pleasure; it is an important element
while still largely asleep. Although there are some theories, its cause of life for everyone from the Royal Family to the poorest of the
is unknown, and there is still no specific treatment. The somnambulist, homeless and unemployed. It is one of the characteristics that
who is in the deepest stage of sleep, begins to get restless under the distinguish living in the United Kingdom from life elsewhere. The
According to a recent study, some ingenious dogs can learn the influence of their dreams and later gets into motion. Some patients typical Briton over the age of ten drinks two and a half cups of
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. names of more than 100 toys. Those that pass the toy test - that is,
who suffer from not very serious sleepwalking may sit up in bed and tea every day, or over 900 cups per year – primarily tea with milk
Appropriate preservation of perfumes involves keeping them far know the names of two or more of their favourite toys and can recall
look around, appearing briefly confused. Others may get out of bed – making Britain one of the top tea-drinking nations in the world.
them on demand - are so-called Gifted Word Learner dogs. These
from sources of heat and light. An opened bottle will keep its and walk around, open closets, get dressed, or eat, and they may Just the Irish and Turks drink more tea than the British in Europe,
skilled dogs have assisted researchers in better understanding a
original aroma for several years if it is well stored. Perfumes appear agitated. When you talk to them, they may partially respond and Russia is the closest competitor with only 700 cups of tea
hitherto unstudied behaviour: head tilt. Much like human beings have
are best preserved when kept in light-tight aluminium bottles a choice for one side in their body, dogs also have a desired paw or say things that do not make sense. The eyes are usually open consumed per year. Tea consumption in the United Kingdom
or in their original packaging when not in use and kept cold or nostril. These asymmetrical behaviours include head tilting, but it while sleepwalking although they will look straight through people increased by 50 per cent during the Covid lockdowns in 2020.
at comparatively low temperatures between 3 and 7 degrees has been unclear when and why this happens until now. According and not recognise them. They can often move well around familiar Tea’s popularity in the United Kingdom has a long history, dating
Celsius. Although it is difficult to completely remove oxygen from to new research published in the journal Animal Cognition, dogs tilt
objects. In extreme cases, the patient may get out of the house and back to the seventeenth century and reflecting the country’s
the headspace of stored odour flasks, oxygen exposure can be their heads when they are thinking about something significant or
carry out complex activities such as driving a car. It is undeniable growth. Thomas Garway, the owner of a coffee shop, sold the
minimised by choosing a dispenser rather than rollers and open when they expect to be taught something essential. “Some studies
put forward that head tilting may be related to a health problem”, said that everyone is at risk of harm. That is why the best way to treat first tea in London in 1657. By the year 1700, there were over 500
bottles. Sprays also have the advantage of isolating scent inside someone with sleepwalking is to try to help them accomplish their coffee establishments in the British capital offering the new drink,
Dr Andrea Sommese, the chief author of the study. “However, we
a bottle and preventing it from mixing with dust which could spoil task so that they can go back to bed as soon as possible. making it a popular alternative to coffee.
realised that dogs are doing it at random, and I’m sure you’ve seen a
and change the standard of a perfume. dog tilt its head before - it is a fairly normal behaviour!”
7. According to the passage, sleepwalking _______. 10. One can understand from the passage that tea _______.
1. It is clear in the passage that perfumes _______. 4. It is stated in the passage that what allows us to define a dog
A) is not considered a disease because the symptoms vary A) consumption in Russia is more than in England
A) should be kept in low temperatures as a ‘gifted word learner’ is _______.
according to its phases B) is served and drunk with water
B) might lose its aroma when kept away from light A) the dog’s ability to memorise the names of several of his B) causes people who suffer from it to be unable to speak when C) consumption in the United Kingdom surged by 50 per cent
C) are not preferable these days due to the extra contents favourite toys and remember them when necessary
they sleep or perform any type of movement during the pandemic in 2020
B) based on the dog’s asymmetrical behaviour which includes
D) should not be stored in aluminium bottles C) still does not have any clear therapy, and the exact reasons D) in England was served at first to Royal people in the palace
head tilting
E) are ineffective when they are at 5 degrees Celsius for it are not known E) was drunk only by Irish and Turkish by the year 1700
C) the dog’s assistance to help us understand their unstudied
D) has a correlation with dreams but not with the behaviour of
behaviour
D) that he can learn as many words as a human can the people who suffer from it
E) the dog’s unique capacity that can save more than 100 toys’ E) causes sufferers to get out of bed so they can finish tasks
names they could not complete during the day
2. We can understand from the passage that sprays _______. 5. It is clearly stated in the passage that similar to how people
have a preferred side of their body, dogs _______. 8. According to the passage, sleepwalking arises _______. 11. Which of the following cannot be said about tea according
A) degrade the quality of perfumes
B) are old-fashioned compared to the rollers A) can tilt their heads for no reason to the passage?
A) due to the inability to block the motor cortex of the brain
B) have a favoured paw or nostril
C) have the advantage of mixing the perfume with the oxygen B) when there is a lack of sleep in a deep state A) One of the stereotypes of British people may be drinking tea.
C) are able to recite the names of their favourite toys when asked
D) prevent the fragrance from contacting powdery dirt C) when the sleepwalker experiences something stressful B) The first tea was sold at a coffee shop in the seventeenth
D) might suffer from an illness
E) should not be used when perfumes are exposed to heat or during the day century.
E) tilt their head when they are expecting to be taught something
light D) because of sleep deprivation of the sleepwalker C) Tea became a good alternative to coffee in the 1700s.
important
E) when dreams occur in the deepest level of the sleep D) Only royal people can drink tea in England.
E) Tea is more than just a pleasurable experience for British
people.
3. It can be said that the preservation of perfumes _______. 6. One can understand from the passage that when a dog tilts 9. It is understood from the passage that the best way to treat a 12. What can be inferred from the passage about drinking tea?
his head, _______. sleepwalker is to _______.
A) must be done in high temperatures A) In Britain, no one drank tea in the sixteenth century.
B) is the best when perfumes are stored in their original bottles A) we should take him to a vet as soon as possible
A) not restrain them physically unless they are in danger B) A child who is eleven years old is not allowed to drink tea in
B) he may be trying to convey to us the message that he is sick
C) should be between 3-7 degrees Fahrenheit B) prevent them from hurting themselves by waking them up Britain.
though it may not be true
D) can be dangerous when they are exposed to the sun C) talk to them without trying to wake them up until they return to C) With 700 cups of tea, Russia is the top-tea drinking country.
C) we can be sure that he is suffering from a medical condition
E) can make the aroma of perfumes maintain forever bed D) Since it is expensive, the rate of drinking tea in the pandemic
and expecting help
D) it means that he has an important message he wants you to D) not allow them to do their activity to get back to bed as soon has decreased by twice.
know as possible E) In London, many coffee establishments offered the new drink
E) you can understand that it is the right time to feed him E) collaborate with them to finish what they want to do and not in the sixteenth century.
hurt themselves
111 112
STEP
Though mostly associated with Japan, Sudoku dates back to a game Phytotherapy is a natural treatment method applied to return the body
called ‘Latin Squares’, which was invented by a Swiss mathematician to its normal function. The aim is to awaken the function of the body,
in the 18th century. However, as we know it today, Sudoku is the as well as to strengthen the body. All herbal methods to be used are
brainchild of Howard Garns, an American puzzle designer from evaluated according to the patient’s disease. It can be prescribed as a
Indiana. The game was first published in Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word single drug or in combination. It can be prescribed in many forms, such
One of the discoveries of our century is that artificial skin with Games magazine in the year 1979. As it involved placing numbers into as tea, herbs, tablets, or creams. Phytotherapy is evaluated differently
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. different formations has been produced in a laboratory to be a empty spots on a 9x9 grid, the puzzle was known as ‘Number Place’. from other herbal treatment methods. The reason for this is that the
It was in 1984 when Sudoku was launched in Japan, where it was phytotherapy method is completely done by professionals in the field.
Medical tests like imaging the internal organs often require operating substitute for human skin. Although these artificial skins differ
given the name ‘Sudoku’. It is an abbreviated form of the Japanese For this reason, it is the most used method after medicine all over the
on patients or making them swallow big tubes with cameras on them. in their complexity, their main goal is to mimic at least some of
world. It has important benefits for human health. It provides support in
But what if we get the same results with less expensive, invasive, and the skin’s basic functions, such as protecting the body against expression “Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru”, meaning “Digits must remain
improving cancer treatment. It can be said that it plays an important role
time-consuming methods? Scientists from MIT’s Computer Science moisture and infections and regulating the body temperature. single”. Sudoku is still incredibly popular in Japan, where people
in the prevention of cancer as it has immune system strengthening and
and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), led by Professor Dina The human skin is made up of two layers called the uppermost purchase more than 600,000 Sudoku magazines every month. One
Katabi, are working on a device called ReMix, a system which is balancing properties. Phytotherapy is one of the most trusted methods
layer, the epidermis, and the layer below, the dermis. While the of the reasons why Sudoku is loved that much in Japan is because
described as ‘in-body GPS.’ Practically, the patient swallows an in the USA, Europe, and similar developed societies. It is an extremely
epidermis serves as a barrier against the environment, the dermis, Japanese is not convenient for crossword puzzles. Therefore, a
implant and ReMix connects this implant wirelessly. If there is a reliable method if it is applied by people who are experts in the field
which makes up roughly 90 per cent of the skin, gives the skin its number puzzle was much more successful than the others in Japanese
tumour in a tissue or an organ, the implant homes in it and ReMix and have knowledge on this subject. However, those who claim to sell
mechanical structure and flexibility with the proteins-collagen and culture. Also, since Japan is a country where millions of people have to phytotherapy drugs or prepare mixtures on the Internet should not be
detects its location with the help of wireless signals. To test the device,
Katabi’s group first implanted a small marker in animal tissues. They elastin. The laboratory-produced artificial skins work just like these travel long hours by bus or train, and because they need something to trusted. If it is desired to be taken, research should be done about the
used a wireless device that reflects radio signals off the patient to two layers. They are mostly used for treating burns, especially if kill time while waiting for the next stop, Japanese people tend to love people who prepare it. Otherwise, such a reliable method may become
track its movement. It was based on a wireless technology that the the patient does not have enough healthy skin to be transplanted puzzles. harmful.
researchers previously demonstrated to detect heart rate, breathing, into the wounded area. In such cases, the patient cannot generate
and movement. A special algorithm then uses that signal to pinpoint enough healthy skin cells to heal the damaged area, which may 7. The underlined word ‘brainchild’ in the passage is closest in 10. Which of the following cannot be understood from the
the exact location of the marker. In animal tests, they succeeded in even lead to fatal problems. Artificial skin is exactly used at that meaning to _______. passage?
tracking the implants with centimetre level accuracy. Now, they think
time to close the wound and improve survival by preventing A) reflection
that such implants can be used to deliver drugs to specific regions in A) Phytotherapy and herbal treatment methods are different
bacterial infections and water loss. B) disregard
the body in the future. from each other in that the former is performed by experts in
C) invention the field.
1. What makes ReMix superior to the other methods used for 4. What is the main function of artificial skin? D) rehearsal B) While phytotherapy is a very reliable method for human
medical testing? A) Regulating the body temperature E) experiment health, it can also harm human health if it is not prepared by
A) It makes use of a simple program to detect the markers inside B) Serving as a barrier against infections
experts in the field.
the body. C) Imitating the skin’s main functions
C) Phytotherapy can also be used to prevent cancer in terms of
B) It will be cheaper, less invasive, and time-consuming when D) Giving the skin its flexibility
compared to other ways of viewing internal organs. strengthening the immune system.
E) Protecting the body against moisture
C) It will be applicable to all patients in the near future. D) Relying on phytotherapy may cause negative effects on our
D) It is believed that the use of such devices on animals will be health and is not recommended by experts.
beneficial. E) Phytotherapy can be prescribed as tea, herbs, tablets, or
E) It is being developed by a team working for MIT, which is by far creams.
the best institute in the world.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that were the Japanese 11. One can understand from the passage that _______.
2. ReMix, a system which is described as ‘in-body GPS’, _______. 5. Which statement is true about the epidermis or the dermis?
language to work very well for crossword puzzles, _______. A) how to do phytotherapy is related to the subject that the
A) can only connect implants with a very special and expensive A) Epidermis is more vulnerable to attacks from outside than the
program developed by Dina Katabi and her team A) Japan would not have bothered to invent another version of patient complains about
dermis.
B) utilises wireless technology to locate the tumour inside the B) What gives the skin the flexibility is the epidermis. Sudoku B) the duration of phytotherapy treatment is not clear; in other
human body C) The main barrier against the dangers from the environment is B) Sudoku would not have been in high demand since it was first words, the patient’s condition is the most important factor that
C) is one of the expensive, invasive, and time-consuming methods the dermis. released directly affects the treatment process
used for medical testing D) The most important part of the skin is the dermis. C) the passengers would be bored to death since there was C) Phytotherapy has important benefits for human health and is
D) is the best device to detect the locations of tumours inside the E) Most of the skin consists of the dermis. nothing else to do the most trusted method after medicine in many countries
body D) Howard Garns would not have made such a huge profit from D) Phytotherapy can be preferred in cases of being overweight
E) is not practically used in animals for checking the efficiency of it Sudoku and unable to lose weight
E) none of the other puzzles would be as popular as Sudoku E) Phytotherapy is one of the methods that a person can apply
to chronically express general body pain
3. Which of the following is the main idea of this passage? 6. It is understood from the passage that artificial skin _______.
A) Every patient should be encouraged to try new treatments used A) certainly protects everybody from possible bacterial infections
for cancer therapy. B) is useful at a time when a sufferer does not have enough
B) Using technological devices in medicine is not available now, beneficial skin for wounds
but it is supposed to be in the market very soon. C) does not have two layers just like human skin as two layers are
C) The level of accuracy recorded in animal tests is not high useless
9. The main purpose of this passage is to _______. 12. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
enough to see the technology in practice in the near future. D) is the most important cure for any kind of skin injuries
D) It will be possible to use high-tech devices to pinpoint the E) works in a different way when compared with the human skin A) inform readers about the history and popularity of Sudoku A) Immune Boosting Methods System
location of tumours with the help of implants in the future. B) explain why Sudoku was only popular in Japan B) Natural Treatment Method: Phytotherapy
E) The location of tumours will continue to be detected only by C) encourage readers to solve Sudoku puzzles while travelling C) Why Prefer Phytotherapy
medical tests such as surgical or other invasive procedures. D) announce a new kind of puzzle apart from Sudoku D) The Importance of Phytotherapy over the Tears
E) give examples of some puzzles to kill time E) The Most Trustable Method to Protect Your Health
113 114
STEP
The lost city of Atlantis has become a legend since Plato, a Greek We generally do not regard pain in muscles and joints as a
scientist and philosopher, described a magnificent metropolis that severe problem since it goes away after a while. However, that
vanished in a single night more than 2,500 years ago. According to pain might sometimes be a sign of some severe underlying
Plato, earthquakes and floods destroyed the city of Atlantis. There
conditions, much more acute. That is why it is sensible to consult
are numerous theories as to where it could be. Researchers believe
a specialist for a thorough diagnosis. We usually experience
2021 YDT they have uncovered a forgotten metropolis off the coast of Cuba
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. that could be Atlantis. However, some other researchers claim aches in our muscles and joints after a fatiguing physical activity,
In 1911, the Mona Lisa painting in the Louvre Museum came to
it is buried beneath the mud in southern Spain, or it is submerged mainly if we do it after a very long time. Therefore, on the first day
global stardom when she became the victim of one the most
2020 YDT somewhere in the Mediterranean Sea. According to the records, of weight training, we suffer from soreness in all our muscles,
recognised art thefts in history. For two years the whereabouts
there are some other cities which were lost owing to natural disasters, which we work on. That is caused by the accumulation of lactic
Sweden is Europe’s fifth-largest country, with an area about the size of the painting by the great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci
of California. Roughly 1,600 km lie between its southernmost and such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or landslides. Helike, one of these acid in the different parts of the body. The muscles we do not
remained a mystery. Then in November 1913, the thief named
northernmost points. About 15 per cent of its area lies north of the cities, was entirely devastated by an earthquake in 373 BC. Tsunami use for a long time undergo some biochemical alterations that
Vincenzo Peruggia contacted an art dealer in Italy and offered to
Arctic Circle, where, for a few days each summer, the sun never sets, waves wreaked havoc on the island, killing thousands of people.
bring him the painting for a reward of 500,000 lire. Peruggia had make them shorter. Consequently, performing abrupt physical
and never rises for a similar period in winter. The Swedish climate is Tsunami waves slammed into the island, obliterating any survivors.
moved to Paris in 1908 and had worked at the Louvre for some activities without a warm-up can cause muscles to ache or
not severe, thanks to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. Only The ancient Greek port city of Pavlopetri, which was discovered in
time. Dressed in a white smock worn by Louvre employees, 1961, slipped beneath the ocean 3,000 years ago. On the other side, strain, irrespective of how simple they are.
7 per cent of Sweden’s area is cultivated farmland; more than half of
the country is covered by timberlands, consisting mostly of coniferous he had hidden inside the gallery until it closed for the night. He some researchers feel that Plato created the legend of Atlantis to
forests. Mountains, fells, and wetlands occupy nearly a quarter of the then removed the painting from its frame and strolled out with warn people not to be arrogant and greedy. He was aware of the lost
country. Sweden has about 100,000 lakes, which include Vanern, the it hidden under his smock when the museum opened as usual towns of Helike and Pavlopetri, and the narrative of Atlantis may have
third-largest body of fresh water in Europe. The Swedes are proud of the following morning. The theft was genius in its simplicity – been based on them.
the natural beauty of their country and this large variety in landscape Peruggia, in his work clothes, had attracted no notice and had
makes Sweden a prime travel destination for outdoor enthusiasts. been out of the area by the time the theft was realised. He was 7. It can be understood from the passage that Plato _______. 10. According to the passage, the pain in muscles and joints
Norrland, the northern three-fifths of the country, is rich in natural arrested, but unfortunately served only eight months in prison A) was a Greek scientist and philosopher and wrote a legend _______.
resources, including timber, ore deposits, and rivers, whose waterfalls thanks to a psychiatrist who testified that he was ‘intellectually about the lost city of Atlantis A) is a minor problem as it goes away after some time
contribute to the national energy supply. It is here that the local deficient’. B) himself witnessed the disappearance of the city of Atlantis B) never goes away even if you start receiving medical care
indigenous people earn their traditional livelihood herding reindeer. 2,500 years ago immediately
C) knew that earthquakes and tsunamis were the only natural
1. C) relieves after you give up jogging and weight lifting
Which of the following statements about Sweden is true 4. The underlined word ‘stardom’ in the passage is closest in disasters that could cause such disappearances of cities
according to the passage? meaning to _____. D) is generally caused by biochemical damage to the nervous
D) might have made up the story of Atlantis because no record of
A) Sweden is five times larger than California. system
A) change Atlantis has been found anywhere in the world
B) A very small portion of the country is used for agriculture. E) was also aware that Atlantis was buried beneath the mud in E) could point to the presence of some severe latent diseases
B) fame
C) Mountains and wetlands constitute a great majority of the C) doubt southern Spain, or submerged in the Mediterranean Sea
country’s surface area. D) perception
D) Norrland, the northern three-fifths of the country, is uninhabited. E) search
E) Coniferous forests cover only a tiny proportion of the country
2. Why do many people interested in outdoor activities prefer 5. Peruggia did not attract any attention as the thief of the Mona 8. According to the passage, the lost city of Atlantis _______. 11. It can be understood from the passage that when lactic acid
to visit Sweden? Lisa painting because _______. is accumulated in the body, it _______ .
A) has not been found yet, and there are some allegations where
A) There are 100,000 lakes including Vanern, the third-largest in A) no one had any information about where the painting was for it might be A) causes us to feel pain in working muscles
Europe. two years after the great theft B) disappeared differently from the other two lost cities Helike B) makes us much healthier and stronger
B) The natural diversity, which the locals take pride in, makes it B) he had already moved to Paris in 1908 and started to look for and Pavlopetri C) can be used to treat some severe diseases
attractive. a job C) vanished as a result of a landslide that occurred 2,500 years D) eases the pain in joints and muscles
C) They may have a chance to meet the local indigenous people C) he charged an art dealer 500,000 lire for the sale of the ago
E) helps us be more resistant to pain
herding reindeer. painting D) was gradually submerged in the sea off the coast of Cuba
D) They want to be there when the sun never sets in summertime. D) authorities did not believe that he could be the thief because E) could have been found if more research had been carried out
E) The country being rich in natural energy resources is appealing he was intellectually deficient about it
to them. E) he was wearing his work clothes when he took the painting out
of the museum
3. What can be inferred about the local indigenous population 6. What is the author’s attitude towards Peruggia’s eight-month
of Norrland? prison sentence? 9. What can be inferred from the passage about Helike and 12. The passage points out that the muscles which we do not
Pavlopetri? use _______.
A) Their work contributes to the national energy supply.
A) Suspicious
B) They are in constant fight with the Swedes over the herding of A) They might have been the inspiration for the story of Atlantis. A) are subject to specific changes
B) Sarcastic
reindeer. B) They were destroyed by earthquakes and tsunamis. B) need to be stretched properly
C) Supportive
C) They have promoted the tourism industry in Sweden. C) The people living there were not arrogant and greedy. C) can be rippled while shifting positions
D) Disapproving
D) Their livelihood depends on the ore deposits and waterfalls in D) They could have been affected by the story of Atlantis. D) cause more pain than the others
E) Impartial
Norrland. E) Both of them were situated in the Mediterranean. E) suffer from a build-up of toxins
E) They lead a pastoral life in a rural area of the country.
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STEP
According to modern theorists, Mars is located on the outer edge of More than 99 per cent of all the species that have ever lived on
the habitable zone, and life may exist in one part of the Solar System. our planet are extinct now. This is mainly because of the constant
Mars borders a region known as the expanded habitable zone shuffle of ecological and evolutionary change, but additionally,
where condensed greenhouse gases will support liquid water on its
many species have vanished in a geological snap during mass
surface at sufficient atmospheric pressure. According to the data, the
extinctions. For some time, as opposed to reality, new life forms
Leading a healthy lifestyle has recently been one of the biggest water on the Martian surface is much saltier and much more acidic
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. than necessary for life. Despite all these negativities, it cannot be were believed to flourish in the aftermath of those ecological
challenges facing everyone in developed countries. Most people
said that there are no organisms on Mars or that they have never disasters. However, what the fossil records tell us about the
in the modern world lead busy lives and therefore fall into bad
Queen Elizabeth II never expected to become Queen when she was lived. It is also known as the red planet as it has a red appearance nature of life on Earth does not support the traditional view.
habits, such as eating junk food that is lack of essential nutrients
a kid, but she did, and she now holds the record for the longest- due to iron oxide. It rotates on its axis in 24.6 hours (a very close The very concept of extinction is relatively recent. Despite the
and full of preservatives and additives. There is a new trend
serving British monarch of all time, surpassing her great-great- rotation time to Earth). It takes 687 days to complete its orbit around fact that humans both caused and witnessed extinction, one of
towards relying upon junk food as the number of people, who face
grandmother Queen Victoria, who reigned for 64 years - most of the Sun. Its mass is 1/10th of the Earth's. Of course, snowfall can the examples of which is 'Dodo', many naturalists doubted that
the nineteenth century. Queen Elizabeth II, at the age of 95, still greater time constraints from work, childcare, and commuting,
also be seen on Mars, but it is a little different from the snow we
performs many of the fundamental functions of the Head of State; has increased noticeably. This is not intrinsically wrong, but it extinction was still possible. It was not until the late 1700s that
know. Since Mars is so cold compared to Earth, the existing water
however, her workload has been drastically reduced since 2020 due means that we must be very conscious of what we are eating extinction was accepted as an inescapable facet of nature when
is almost completely frozen, trapped in the soil and glaciers. The
to age and the Covid-19 pandemic. She continues to meet her Prime and compensate for any dietary inadequacies. Some light meals water vapour in the atmosphere is not dense enough to form clouds a young French anatomist named Georges Cuvier, focusing on
Minister on a regular basis and signs the documents that require a day with fruit and nut snacks keep our blood sugar within normal and cause precipitation. According to the findings, the Red Planet reading animal bodies to understand the organisation of nature,
Royal Assent. While most people of her age have been retired for levels. In addition, they are easier to digest and less likely to make convincingly argued that species could go extinct, and already had
was once home to lakes, rivers, and even a large ocean. However,
over 30 years, Queen Elizabeth II has often stated that she will never us sleepy than a substantial lunch and dinner loaded with sugar all of this surface water evaporated, along with most of the Martian been long before humanity.
retire and will continue to serve her kingdom and other dominions and fat. The whole performance of preparing and eating a meal atmosphere, about 3.5 billion years ago.
as long as she is able. Today, Queen Elizabeth is alert and in good
should be a social event which is shared with family and friends.
health, and she is, without doubt, one of the most well-known figures
If we succeed in sitting down to enjoy at least one healthy meal 7. As we learn from the passage, water on the surface of Mars 10. Which of the following statements is true according to the
in the world. The British Royal Family has had its ups and downs passage?
prepared at home every day without rushing off afterwards, both _______.
over the last 70 years, but the Queen herself has stayed popular with
our digestive systems will be under less strain, and we will also A) disappeared billions of years ago mysteriously A) The cause of the extinction of all species is mainly evolutionary
the public. If she lives to be 100 years old, which she will in 2026, she
communicate better besides feeling less stressed. B) is too salty and acidic for living beings to live change.
will be the first head of state in the world to do so.
C) may be trapped in Mars' outer crust B) Extinction was accepted as an avoidable feature of nature
1. One can understand from the passage that Queen Elizabeth 4. According to the passage, bad eating habits _______. D) is located on the outer edge of the habitable zone before the 1700s.
_______. E) is trapped in minerals C) Cuvier convinced everyone that species could go extinct long
A) are an increasing tendency among modern people whose lives
A) is the only person in the world born to be a queen before humanity.
get so busy
B) is currently the all-time British queen with the most years in B) keep people’s blood sugar levels within the range D) Dodo is one of the examples whose extinction people led to
office C) lead to digestive problems such as reflux or heartburn and witnessed.
C) served less, lagging behind her great-great-grandmother D) include sugary foods, and they trigger the brain to want more E) Most of the species that have ever lived vanished in a geological
Queen Victoria food snap.
D) breaks frequent meetings with her Prime Minister because of E) prevent people from sharing their meals with their families or
Covid-19 friends
E) will announce her retirement when she is 100 years old
8. Which of the following cannot be said about Mars according 11. What is the topic argued in this passage?
to the passage? A) Doomed to extinction
A) Because of its crimson colour caused by iron oxide, it is also B) Geological snaps
known as the red planet. C) Mass extinctions
2. What is the main reason for the significant reduction in Queen 5. Which is recommended to compensate for nutritional B) It rotates on its axis in more than 24 hours. D) Ecological disasters
Elizabeth's workload? deficiencies according to the passage? C) The atmosphere's water vapour isn't thick enough to generate E) New life forms
A) Her regular meetings with the Prime minister A) By doing regular physical activities, people can avoid getting fat clouds and precipitation.
B) Her statements about retirement because of junk food. D) Mars is warmer than Earth.
C) Her age and the Covid-19. B) People should prefer at least home-cooked food for their one E) According to the results, there were once lakes, rivers, and
D) Staying popular with public meal every day. perhaps a massive ocean on Mars.
E) Having no expectation of becoming Queen C) Protein-based diet can repair the damage of preservatives and
additives to the body.
D) People should eat three good meals, or six small meals during
the day.
E) Avoiding a substantial lunch and dinner loaded with sugar and
fat helps people lose weight.
3. Which of the following is not true about Queen Elizabeth II 9. Which one is true about Mars according to the passage? 12. According to the passage, the traditional view supports the
according to the passage? A) Regardless of the drawbacks, it is impossible to say that there idea that _______.
A) If all goes well, she will become the world’s first monarch or are no species on Mars or that they have never existed. A) the concept of extinction has always been inevitable
head of state to reach the age of 100, a milestone. B) It takes Mars to complete its orbit around the Sun three times B) new life forms are the result of ecological and evolutionary
B) Throughout her reign, Elizabeth has faced criticism of the royal longer than Earth.
6. Which of the following could be the best title for the text? change
family, but she supported the monarchy in the United Kingdom.
C) Mars has two moons although scientists are suspicious of the C) ecological disasters resulting in mass extinctions cause new
C) Queen Elizabeth is very healthy now even though she is 95. A) The Importance of Eating Together
existence of some others. species to form
D) Despite her sense of duty and her devotion to a life of service, B) Why Do People Feel Sleepy After Meals?
C) How to Keep Blood Sugar within Normal Levels D) NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has discovered previously D) extinction of species is possible according to the fossil records
she wants to retire.
D) Right Time for People to Improve Their Eating Habits unknown organic molecules on the Red Planet. E) Dodo is an animal species coming into existence after an
E) In 2026, she will be the first head of state in the world, serving
her kingdom and other dominions for such a long time. E) Why Are People So Busy in Modern Life? E) It is named after Mars, the god of war in Roman mythology. ecological disaster
117 118
STEP
To provide power to various devices, we use batteries which Genetic engineering of food as a means of increasing the world’s
convert chemical energy into electrical energy, and if it weren’t food supply while minimising the use of chemicals is an issue that has
for the efforts of the inventor of the batteries, we wouldn’t be both advocates and opponents. Supporters of genetically modified
enjoying their benefits in our day-to-day lives now. The first (GM) food indicate that the world requires an ever-increasing food
supply annually. Incompatible with this, the increasing occurrence
battery, which is also known as the Voltaic pile, was invented in
Yawning is an involuntary, natural process which can be simply of droughts and flooding regularly disables food production in some
1800 by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, and it was used as
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. described as opening mouth wide owing to a limited supply of oxygen to parts of the world. Not surprisingly, many supporters of GM food feel
the main source of electricity until scientists developed electrical
the body, fatigue, or utter boredom. One inhales a lot of air involuntarily that priority must be given to the increased production of all kinds
Anorexia is a disease the sufferers of which try to stay as thin as possible while yawning, and it does not usually last more than 6 seconds. Even generators towards the end of the 19th century. In addition to of foodstuffs, unlike many others holding a contrary view. They
by routinely refusing to eat. While it disproportionately affects females babies are believed to start yawning long before they are born. Animals batteries, Volta also made great discoveries in electrostatics, are afraid that GM food may be a serious threat to environmental
and most of the cases often begin in mid-adolescence, it also afflicts such as the jaguar, hippopotamus, parrot, monkey, seagull, and others, pneumatics, and meteorology, but of course, the battery was his safety as well as human health, and these people suggest limiting
men and boys and can be diagnosed in children as well as older adults. in addition to humans, yawn. We have the urge to yawn when we see or abandoning GM research. They believe that if we manipulate
greatest. On Alessandro Volta’s birth date, February 18, people
However, it should be noted that it can occur in people of all genders, someone else yawn. Yawning is, therefore, believed to be contagious
celebrate National Battery Day every year to acknowledge and the advantages of GM foods, unacceptable effects will unavoidably
ages, races, ethnicities, body shapes and weights, and socioeconomic in adults regardless of whether they are visually impaired or hearing-
recognise this great invention, without which life would be hard occur. Because GM foods are such a new phenomenon and the
statuses. People who are experiencing anorexia nervosa may exhibit impaired. Adults, moreover, show an inclination to yawn whenever they
see others yawn, when they read about yawning, or even when they agricultural industry does not have enough evidence that can ensure
physical, behavioural, and emotional symptoms, most of which may go these days. Today this brilliant invention coming in all shapes,
unnoticed by family members or friends of the sufferer. The physical hear a yawn. On the other hand, babies, infants, and those who are that GM crops are safe, it is impossible to predict what those specific
sizes, and power capacities is found in several machines and
symptoms such as muscle loss, weakness, cold hands and feet, and pale autistic and schizophrenic do not yawn even if anyone around them effects might be. Opponents of GM food advise a fundamental shift
devices which we use every day like cell phones, cars, laptops,
and dry skin appear due to the lack of nutrients that the body needs. The yawns. Having discovered that there is a small part of the brain that in philosophy: Instead of investing time and money into engineering
behavioural symptoms, which are more likely to be noticed earlier than controls all facial expressions, some scientists believe that yawning is etc. It is possible to find batteries for almost anything as small as food, they ought to build a culture that places more value on natural,
physical and emotional manifestations, are complaints of stomach aches, based on the reaction of certain processes in our brain. Consequently, it earbuds or those as big as trucks. unrefined, organically grown food.
fatigue, denial of hunger, and eating unusual and odd food combinations. is believed that when one sees someone else yawn, this part of the brain
The emotional symptoms, on the other hand, are depression, anxiety, becomes active, thereby responding similarly. 7. According to the passage, the first battery _______. 10. According to the advocates of genetically modified foods
and unwillingness to engage in activities or relationships. A) was developed towards the end of the 19th century _______.
1. It can be understood from the passage that anorexia is a kind of 4. According to the passage, one of the reasons why we yawn is B) was not the only discovery ever made in the field of A) governments should invest in the research and development
eating disorder that _______. _______. electrostatics of them in order to prevent future food shortage
A) develops in only some specific group of society like the poor or C) was intended to provide power to certain devices B) more research should be carried out as it is a new concept
A) to move carbon dioxide out of the blood
adults B) being exposed to a high temperature D) consisted of electrical generators converting electrical energy C) a change in the policy of food production is vitally important
B) can be easily treated on condition that it is diagnosed in the early C) a shortage of oxygen in the body to chemical energy D) both the increase in food demand and the natural disasters
stages D) not yet well defined by scientists E) was not invented until the beginning of the 19th century affecting food supply are the reasons for producing GM crops
C) causes its sufferers to attend social activities and build more E) only researched through brain research E) the harmful effects of GM foods on the environment and
relationships human health are not known yet
D) mostly starts in the middle of puberty and affects females more
than males
E) results from fatigue, denial of hunger, and unusual or peculiar
eating habits
8. One can understand from the passage that modern batteries 11. Opponents of GM foods claim that _______.
2. It is clearly stated in the passage that family members and 5. According to the passage, yawning is contagious because of _______. A) the need for their production is the result of natural disasters
friends of people who are suffering from anorexia _______. _______. A) are far more durable than the first ones B) as there is not enough scientific research proving that they
A) may not realise the symptoms of anorexia that these people are A) the ancient and subconscious roots of social bonding and B) are almost the same technologies as their older counterparts are safe, the production of them should be limited or quitted
experiencing empathy C) can even fit into the palm of your hand C) they may be a solution to the food shortage that humanity
B) can understand there is something wrong with them as soon as B) a herd instinct we inherited from our ancestors would have in the future
D) are the brainchild of a mechanic named Alessandro Volta
the physical symptoms of the diseases become apparent C) a reaction in a tiny part of our brain that controls facial expressions
E) depend on pneumatics to produce and transfer electricity D) advances in agricultural science increase the production of
C) ignore changes in their behaviours although they notice them D) our desire to bond with others through shared experience
GM foods
D) should force them to eat the foods that they always eat rather E) an inclination to respond to others around us
than unusual or odd foods E) new policies should be carried out to prevent climate change
E) should be kept responsible for the development of the disease in
people who are so close to them
3. It can be concluded from the passage that people with anorexia 6. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
_______. A) Myths about Yawning
9. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? 12. An essential change in the philosophy of engineering food
A) are inclined to refuse to eat with their family members or friends B) What Research Says about Yawning
by coming up with excuses C) Why You Should Yawn A) Batteries: A Source of Energy _______.
B) avoid eating anything for fear that they may gain weight, and D) How to Stop Yourself from Yawning B) Evolution of Energy Storage A) can be defined as the investment in the research and
consequently experience difficulty in physical, behavioural, and E) Yawning Secrets Revealed C) How to Maximise Battery Life development of natural and organic ways of food production
emotional states D) A Brief History of the Battery B) is not supported by the opponents of GM foods
C) have so inconsistent feelings that their friends may not make out E) Why We Need Batteries C) should be put forward by the governments and carried out by
how they will react in a situation
universities
D) experience sudden muscle and weight loss, yet they do not
regard it as a health problem D) requires more money and energy compared to the GM food
E) tend to wear thick clothes all the time because of the coldness in production
their hands and feet even in summers E) could also be a solution to the climate change
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STEP
The Nok culture is named after the settlement of the same name in It is estimated that 90 per cent of the world’s trade is transported by
Nigeria, where artefacts of their culture were first discovered. They sea. As consumers, we think very little about how the things we buy
flourished during the Iron Age from the 5th century BC to the 2nd century are delivered across the globe to our homes. That is, until an incident
AD. Some theories say that the depletion of natural resources played like the recent grounding of a huge container ship, the Ever Given,
a major role in the population’s decline. Whatever the case, scholars in the Suez Canal, the gateway for the movement of goods between
2021 YDT believe they played a significant role in the development of other cultures Europe and Asia, exposes the weaknesses in this global system. The
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. Social media websites arrived in the middle of a dramatic increase in the area like the Yoruba and Benin peoples. One of the identifying reason the container ship blocked the narrow strait, which serves as
characteristics of the Nok is the terracotta sculptures of human heads, a trade artery between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, is
in the quantity and intensity of human loneliness, a rise that initially
2020 YDT human figures, and animals found throughout the area. Another presumed to be strong winds. However, since shipments depend on
made these websites’ promise of greater connection seem deeply
Since the time of Christopher Columbus, Europeans have called important feature of the Nok culture is the use of iron technology. There these narrow waterways, the possibility of such an accident is always
attractive. A recent study found a complex relationship between
the original inhabitants of North America 'Indians'. Giving them a is evidence of ironworking in the region dating back to at least the 4th present. Maritime security researchers often simulate incidents like
loneliness and social networking. Social media users had slightly
common name is misleading since these people had no national century BC, possibly even earlier. In the village of Taruga, Nigeria, the Ever Given grounding to understand the probable long and short-
lower levels of social loneliness (the sense of not feeling bonded
identity. They lived in areas as diverse as the Arctic and the deserts archaeologists have found no fewer than 13 iron smelting furnaces. They term consequences. The incident represents an almost the worst-case
of the southwest, and differed greatly in their lifestyles. In the north, with friends), but significantly higher levels of family loneliness (the
have also discovered other Nok iron artefacts, such as agricultural tools scenario for the Suez Canal and knock-on effects on global trade. The
the Cree hunted moose and caribou. Tribes such as the Huron and sense of not feeling bonded with the family). It may be that social and weapons. While the Nok undoubtedly had the technology of iron Suez Canal Authorities stated that they started expanding the strait to
the Iroquois in the northeast and the Apache in the southwest were networking encourages more contact with people outside of our smelting, they used stone tools as well as metal, indicating that metallic raise its daily capacity from 49 vessels at present to 97 within a few
farmers, while those in the northwest relied on fishing. Before the household, at the expense of our family relationships or it may materials were scarce and not widely available. The Nok was one of the years. This will give you an idea of the number of ships that are expected
Europeans arrived, some tribes of the great central plains cultivated be that people who have unhappy family relationships in the first few civilisations in the world that went directly from stone tools to iron to be affected by the current situation. There are reports that the incident
the fertile lands along rivers and streams, while others hunted bison place seek companionship through other means, including social tools without first learning to make copper or bronze tools. Even though has already halted the passage of ten crude tankers carrying 13 million
during the summer. After European contact, they took easily to the media websites. The fears that social media is distancing us from they are believed to have been one of the earliest African civilisations, barrels of oil, and that any ships rerouted will have at least 15 days
horses that were brought and used them to help in their hunting. each other, making us lonelier; and that social networking might be evidence of their existence has been slow to come to light, as what is added to their voyage.
The huge herds of bison then became more important to Plains spreading the very isolation it seemed designed to conquer highlight now Nigeria is a notoriously difficult country to explore.
Indians. They could eat their meat, make their skins into clothing and the anxieties that social media have produced. In fact, what social
7. What is the main purpose of the passage? 10. One can understand from the passage that consumers
shelters, and use their bones and horns to make tools. Although they media has revealed about human nature is that a connection is not
_______.
survived attempts by European settlers to wipe them out, few native the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is not A) To talk about the success of the Nok in the past
Americans now follow a traditional lifestyle, but most are very proud a ticket to a happier, better world. B) To inform readers about the earliest African civilisations A) are mostly aware of the importance of canals like Suez in the
of their ancestry. C) To give some information about the Nok culture transportation of goods across the continents
D) To uncover the reasons why the Nok used stone tools B) will have to wait for another fifteen days for their packages to be
1. According to the passage, giving a single common 4. According to the passage, why did social media become so E) To explain why the Nok culture no longer exists today delivered after the Ever Given incident
name to all the original inhabitants of North America was attractive? C) hardly ever know that nearly 90 per cent of the world’s trade is
inappropriate because _______. A) It connected people from different backgrounds to improve carried out by sea
A) they were quite diverse and were not identified as one unified their social experiences. D) almost never thought of how the products that they bought
entity B) It enabled family members to strengthen their bonds with were transported to their threshold until the Ever Given incident
B) they had nomadic lifestyles before settling down in different each other. E) have understood how difficult it is to carry a good from one part
places C) It spread happiness by giving people the opportunity to make of the world to another following the Ever Given incident
C) very few of them are eager to follow the traditional lifestyle new social contacts.
today D) It offered greater connection at a time when people were
D) it is still contradictory who the first nation that appeared in the feeling extremely lonely. 8. According to the passage, the Nok _______. 11. According to the passage, the Suez Canal _______.
region was E) It gave self-confidence to introverts by encouraging them to A) got its name because of the location where the sculptures were A) occupies an important place in the trade between Asia and
E) they mostly farmed as well as hunting, especially bison contact new people. found Europe
B) preferred to produce figures of animals to sculptures of human B) is located in a region where high winds are usually seen
heads in terracotta C) was partly closed to transportation after the Ever Given incident
C) was the first civilisation to learn to make copper or bronze tools D) will host three times as many as vessels it now does after the
2. Which statement is true about native North American tribes? 5. According to the passage, social networking _______. D) declined around the 2nd century AD due to the arrival of other expansion of the strait is completed
A) The lifestyles they adopted were quite similar to one another. A) makes people spend most of their time on electronic devices cultures such as the Yoruba and Benin peoples E) was one of the canals which were presumed to be affected by
B) may lead to isolation among family members E) had perfect iron-smelting technology, so they stopped using an incident like the Ever Given the least
B) The Cree lived in the north and hunted moose and caribou.
C) prevents people from facing the challenges in their stone tools and used metal ones instead
C) Most of the tribes lived in the Arctic rather than the southwest.
D) The Iroquois lived in the northeast and relied on fishing. relationships
E) Before Europeans arrived, bison was the Plains Indians’ D) may cause people to develop a narrower view of the world
primary food source. E) gives rise to mutual misunderstandings in relationships
9. According to the passage, which of the following is true? 12. What can be concluded about the passage?
A) The Nok is the earliest African civilisation to use agricultural A) Apart from sea transportation, there are some other ways to
tools and weapons. transport goods across the world.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that due to European 6. What is the main purpose of the author?
B) Archaeologists have managed to unearth all the characteristics of B) The Ever Given incident caused a global crisis in world trade
interference _______. A) To give examples of how social media damages close the Nok despite modern-day Nigeria’s infamously difficult-to-study as it took place in the Suez Canal, which is the most important
A) most native Americans maintained their traditional lifestyles relationships environment. gateway between Asia and Europe.
B) the Huron and the Apache living in the southwest relied on B) To highlight the basic human need for bonding with others C) The use of mostly stone tools instead of iron tools indicates that C) The expansion of the Suez Canal may contribute to world trade
hunting C) To explain why social media has attracted millions of users the Nok culture did not get to the Iron Age. more than expected.
C) native Americans learned more efficient farming techniques D) To show that social networking does not necessarily result in D) The Nok culture is known for its unique terracotta sculptures D) If man-made canals are built in the Mediterranean and the Red
D) Plains Indians became more successful hunters of bison happiness and its early ironworking. Sea, world trade will double as a consequence.
E) cultivating lands accompanied by hunting became the main E) To describe the ways one can make friends using social E) The surrounding cultures held the Nok in considerable respect E) The Ever Given incident is not the first vessel accident that
priorities for the natives networking owing to near life-size terracotta sculptures. blocked the Suez Canal.
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STEP
The Spoonmaker’s Diamond is an eighty-six-carat pear-shaped Telescopes are devices used to observe objects too far away to
diamond that is the costliest single exhibit in the Imperial Treasury be seen with the naked eye. They collect significantly more light
at the Topkapı Palace Museum. It is regarded as the world's than the human eye, allowing for more detailed observations of faint
fourth-biggest diamond of its kind. According to one story, a poor objects at higher magnification and resolution. Optical telescopes,
fisherman in İstanbul was strolling aimlessly down the shore, the most common type of telescope, collect visible light rays from
Typically, the term ‘electric car’ refers to battery electric vehicles empty-handed, when he came across a shiny stone among
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. distant objects and focus them on obtaining magnified images of
equipped with an onboard rechargeable battery pack that can be the litter. After a few days of carrying it around in his pocket, he
objects. However, some telescopes collect other kinds of radiation
plugged into and charged via the electrical grid. The electricity stopped by the jewellers’ market and showed it to the first jeweller
The Pacific Northwest’s summer 2021 heatwave stood out even that the human eye cannot detect, such as radio waves, X-rays,
in a world increasingly hammered by weather extremes. For a stored in the vehicle is the only source of energy that powers the he met. The jeweller gave the stone a casual glance and appeared
wheels. Although the phrase refers to highway-capable autos, there unconcerned, adding, "It's a piece of glass; take it if you want, or I'll ultraviolet rays, and infrared. Although many people claim to have
few days in late June, cities like Vancouver, Portland, and Seattle
are other low-speed electric vehicles with weight, power, and top give you three spoons. You brought it all the way here; at the very invented the telescope in different parts of the world, we know
baked in record heat, killing hundreds. On June 29, Lytton, a small
town in British Columbia, set a new heat record of 49.6° Celsius speed restrictions that are permitted to travel on public highways. In least, make it worthwhile." What was the poor fisherman supposed that the first patent application was made by Dutch optician Hans
in Canada, and it was devastated the following day by a wildfire. the United States, these are referred to as Neighbourhood Electric to do with this shard of glass? The jeweller felt sorry for him and Lippershey in 1608. For this reason, many historians cite Lippershey
Within a week, an international team of scientists announced that Vehicles (NEVs), while in Europe, they are referred to as Electric gave him three spoons as compensation. The fisherman took the as the inventor of the telescope. Lippershey built the first telescope
this unprecedented heat would not have been possible if it were not Motorised Quadricycles. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) spoons, leaving a great treasure in their place. It is stated that this by placing two lenses, one concave (the lens is thinner in the middle
for human-caused climate change. Since the preindustrial era of initiated a drive for more fuel-efficient and low-emission automobiles is how the diamond got its name, ‘The Spoonmaker's Diamond’. A than the sides) and the other convex (the lens is thicker in the middle
1850–1900, the planet’s average surface temperature has increased in the early 1990s, with the ultimate objective of transitioning to vizier later purchased the diamond on behalf of the Sultan. Other than the sides), inside a long tube, and that telescope could magnify
by at least 1.1° Celsius. The reason is that humans are polluting the zero-emission vehicles such as electric vehicles. Automobile legends claim that the name comes from the finder's occupation objects three times.
atmosphere with heat-trapping gases created by the combustion manufacturers responded by developing electric vehicles. An electric as a spoon manufacturer or that the diamond was given that name
of fossil fuels like gasoline and coal, as well as through forest car manufacturing renaissance emerged at the beginning of 2008 due because it resembled the bowl of a spoon.
clearance. A bit more than 1° Celsius of warming may not seem like to battery advancements and a drive to cut greenhouse gas emissions
much. However, it has already been sufficient to alter how energy 10. According to the passage, how do optical telescopes get
and thus enhance urban air quality. The electric car sector grew
is distributed across the planet profoundly. The rate of change is
significantly in the 2010s owing to government incentives. Numerous the magnified view?
speeding up, and the repercussions are becoming increasingly
automakers have lowered their electric vehicle prices in response to 7. The underlined word ‘strolling’ in the passage is closest in A) They collect radiation that the human eye cannot detect,
visible. Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets are melting, resulting
these subsidies, making electric vehicles affordable to a broader part meaning to _______.
in rising sea levels and flooding of low-lying island nations and such as X-rays and infrared.
coastal cities. Drought is wreaking havoc on farmlands and the rivers of society. A) wandering B) They collect visible light by using a mirror, not a lens.
that irrigate them. Wildfires are blazing, rainfall is intensifying, and B) tolerating
4. The underlined word ‘enhance’ in the passage is closest in C) They collect and focus visible light rays from distant objects
weather patterns are altering. C) suffering
meaning to _______. to produce enlarged images.
D) permitting
1. According to the passage, on June 29, a small town in British A) improve D) They use two convex lenses to get a better view with the
E) deceiving
Columbia _______. B) decrease naked eye.
A) broke the record in Canada for the hottest place in the country, C) aggravate E) They observe infrared wavelengths by having a very large
with 49.6° Celsius D) determine mirror.
B) set a new hottest day record globally, and it was devastated by a E) associate
8. According to the passage, which of the following can
wildfire afterwards
be one of the legends that the name ‘the Spoonmaker’s
C) experienced at least a 1.1° Celsius increase in its surface
Diamond’ comes from?
temperature
D) stood out as a beacon of hope even in a globe increasingly A) The fisherman who found the diamond was walking around
ravaged by harsh weather with a wooden spoon around his neck.
E) was baked in record heat, which caused hundreds of people to 5. According to the passage, thanks to the state subsidisation of B) The vizier sold the diamond to a wooden spoonmaker to
pass away ‘electric cars’, _______. 11. One can understand from the passage that Hans
escape exile.
A) the production of fuel-based vehicles has finally come to an end C) A famous wooden spoon seller found the diamond while Lippershey _______.
in many developed countries strolling on the docks.
2. Earth’s surface temperature has risen by at least 1.1° Celsius B) a sharp drop in emission ratios is not expected by the A) made the first telescope patent application
D) The man who happened to find the diamond used to make
since the preindustrial era because _______. governments until the next century B) forgot to apply for a patent on his telescope
spoons for a living.
A) farmlands and the rivers that supply them with water are suffering C) the use of low-speed electric cars on public roadways is C) used three lenses to magnify objects
E) The jewellers bought the diamond from the wooden
as a consequence of the current drought authorised under certain conditions D) collected radiation such as X-rays and infrared
spoonmakers.
B) the higher trend in Earth’s average temperature indicates that D) their production has increased, and they can be purchased E) invented the telescope by using a single concave
more locations are warming than are cooling more easily by people from all walks of life
C) the ozone layer has been recovering since the mid-1980s, but the E) they are designed with a power pack that can be charged by
ozone hole is still present in the stratosphere plugging into the power grid
D) the melting ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are causing 9. According to the passage, which of the following makes
sea levels to rise, leading to more floods the Spoonmaker's Diamond a world-renowned diamond?
E) humans pollute the atmosphere through deforestation and by
using fossil fuels such as gasoline and coal A) The belief that it resembles the bowl of a spoon upon its
discovery
12. What is the passage mainly about?
6. What is the passage mainly about? B) The size of the diamond which makes it unique in the world
3. The underlined word ‘combustion’ in the passage is closest in C) A poor fisherman’s thinking that it was nothing but a trivial A) The function of the event horizon telescope
A) Benefits of electric vehicles to nature
meaning to _______. glass B) The first observatories and telescopes
B) Differences between fuel-based and electric cars
A) keeping B) stashing C) The emergence and spread of electric cars D) The occupation of the person who was also deceived by a C) The high cost of large telescopes
C) burning D) damping D) Electric vehicles in terms of environmental concerns jeweller D) The history and function of the telescope
E) teasing E) Advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles E) The oval cuts that makes readers compare it with a spoon E) The use of the reflecting telescope
123 124
STEP
Futurism is one of the most popular notions in today’s society. The Plastic foam is both popular and incredibly useful. As it is filled with
Italian poet Flippo Tommaso Marinetti originally coined the term millions of tiny air pockets, its frothy structure is lightweight and
in the 1900s. It appeared in painting, sculpture, and writing, all of strong. This material protects fragile packages during shipping.
which attempted to convey the feelings of the past, present, and And when used as an insulating material, the foam’s tiny bubbles
future. This movement, which examines the future in a sociological, help retain heat inside for hours. Therefore, people have relied
Art is the expression of creativity and imagination through tools such psychological, ecological, and technological context, is also a field on it for everything from cups and coolers to packaging and home
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. as music, dance, sculpture, and painting. In the digitalising world, of study. The purpose of this field is to dismiss the art of the past, insulation. However, the foam has a few drawbacks. It is made
the artist’s use of technological tools to express his feelings and
Medical waste is a general name given to all wastes consisting of appreciate change and creativity in society, and build a future that is from petroleum, a non-renewable material, and when people are
thoughts can be defined as digital art. It covers all branches of art
infectious, pathological, and penetrating-cutting wastes that occur both sustainable and innovative for humanity. Today, it is observed done with these foam-based products, they are difficult to recycle.
in which the artist uses technological devices to produce his works.
during the processes in health units, such as hospitals, research in the architecture and the design industry by creating modern cities Furthermore, plastic foam is not biodegradable, which means it does
The artist reveals his imagination and creativity by using computer
institutions, and laboratories. It is a type of biological waste that is that demonstrate the power of technology. Flow and movement are not break down naturally. Instead, it breaks apart into tiny beads that
programs instead of the materials used in traditional methods. In order
often regarded as hazardous in its classification. Medical waste should two of the most prominent characteristics of futuristic architecture. can be blown by the wind, spreading pollution near and far. Thus,
for the artist to produce digital art in a quality manner, he must have
never be mixed with other types of waste and should not be disposed Designers used straight lines and square or rectangular shapes researchers have been trying to make something that not only works
hardware such as a computer, a camera, lighting tools, and some
of in the same environment. It can only be disposed of at facilities before the futurist movement; however, there are unusual angles, better than plastic foam but is also friendlier to the environment.
computer programs. Its difference from traditional art is due to the
that have been officially approved, and institutions are not permitted to
different equipment with which it is designed. For example, a painter oval lines, domes, and sharp edges in the construction of futuristic
dispose of their own garbage. Licensed vehicles and personnel collect
uses canvas in traditional art while producing his work. In contrast, architecture. The dynamic forms of the structures are emphasised
duly sorted wastes and bring them to the disposal facility. In these 10. The underlined word ‘retain’ in the passage is closest in
in digital art, digital tools such as a computer or a camera are used by this method, which takes structural aspects from the environment.
facilities, methods such as sterilisation or incineration are used. Thus, meaning to _______.
in the design of the work. The concept of digital art covers a wide Glass elevators, metal components, and mechanical aspects are
the risk of spreading the disease from hazardous wastes is eliminated. A) assemble
range of applications, from graphic arrangements to reproduction and all part of this movement’s aesthetic adoption of technological
The gases formed during the incineration in the facilities are sent to a
copying of traditional art forms such as photography, sculpture, and advancements. B) withstand
second combustion chamber to eliminate the micro-organisms that
painting. Moreover, many applications, from engineering construction C) conserve
may pose a danger. The gases that emerge after combustion are
passed through the filtration unit, which has the conditions specified in
to projects involving artificial intelligence, can be the subject of digital 7. It is pointed out in the passage that futuristic architecture D) disperse
art. _______.
the regulations, before being emitted into the air. E) generate
A) relies principally on geometric shapes such as squares or
1. The underlined word ‘hazardous’ in the passage is the 4. It can be concluded from the passage that the most basic rectangles
closest in meaning to _______. similarity between a traditional artist and a digital artist B) is characterised by various geometric shapes which make
is that _______.
A) reliable buildings seem in a dynamic form
B) marvellous A) they try to produce their works in a quality manner C) has been adversely affected by the improvement of
C) secure B) both have a very broad scope in the artistic sense technology 11. According to the passage, plastic foam _______.
D) dangerous C) they have different workshops to produce their works D) aims to preserve the traditional structure of buildings in cities A) is widely used in different fields due to its lightness and
E) relevant D) the tools they use in practice are more or less the same E) was created in the 20th century by Flippo Tommaso Marinetti
E) both use imagination and creativity to produce a work of strength
art B) can, fortunately, be recycled at a low cost and with less effort
2. It can be inferred from the passage that _______. C) is an inflammable material used for insulation or as a packing
A) medical waste can only be disposed of by institutions that material
8. It is inferred from the passage that futurism _______.
have been authorised D) is mostly preferred in the packaging and food sectors
B) sterilisation and incineration are the methods used in the
5. Which of the following cannot be said about the A) played the most significant role in the reconstruction of
worldwide
application areas of digital art? modern cities
process of disposing of medical waste E) is not long-lasting enough to protect fragile goods during
C) it may not always be possible to completely destroy A) Digital art can be utilised in projects, including artificial B) is a movement that influenced the design industry regarding
shipping
harmful microorganisms during the incineration process intelligence applications. the restoration of buildings
D) there are regulations dictating how medical waste is to be B) Some areas of engineering may benefit from the utilisation C) is mainly associated with combining humans with the past,
disposed of without harming the environment of digital artwork. present, and future
E) disposal facilities must be officially approved by health C) Digital art copies some traditional art forms such as D) was practised in Italy well before the turn of the twentieth
authorities photography, sculpture, and painting. century
D) Music, dance, sculpture, and painting are the fields of art E) is one of the modern ideologies intending to criticise the
in which digital art can be performed. pre-futurist art
12. We can understand from the passage that as plastic foam is
made from petroleum, _______.
3. Which of the following is not a procedure used in the E) Original works of the famous artist cannot be copied by
disposing process of medical waste? any form of digital art. A) scientists have been attempting to create an eco-friendlier
A) Medical waste is stored separately from other types of alternative
waste. 9. What is the main purpose of the author? B) heat loss is prevented, which makes it an excellent insulator
B) Hazardous microorganisms are filtered after having been used in cold chain logistics
6. Which of the following could be the best title for the A) To describe the techniques used in futuristic architecture
collected. C) it is used for everything from cups and coolers to packaging
passage? B) To give examples of futuristic movement and architecture
C) Domestic and medical waste are disposed of in seperate
C) To introduce futurism and futuristic architecture in an and home insulation
environments. A) Art in the Digitalising World
B) Digital Art and Digital Artists explanatory way D) it has tremendously useful and versatile properties in many
D) Licensed staff and vehicles collect medical waste from
C) Revelation of Imagination and Creativity D) To demonstrate how futurism influences designers and different fields
health units.
D) Digital World and Artificial Intelligence architects in our age E) it is filled with millions of tiny air bubbles, which makes its
E) Sterilisation and incineration are applied in the process of
E) Quality of Digital Tools in Art E) To emphasise the importance of futurism in architecture structure light
disposing.
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A
2018 YDT 2018 YDT
Today’s symphony orchestra has its roots in 17th century bands. For centuries, the world’s physicists, writers and philosophers have
The earliest orchestras, usually attached to a church, or a theatre, argued about whether time travel is possible, with most coming to
varied in structure from place to place. They were often directed from the conclusion that it is never going to happen. But on a large plot
the keyboard or by the principal violinist. During the 18th century, of land just outside the small town of Comfort, Texas, a group of
2018 YDT as popular works such as those by Haydn and Mozart began to architects, engineers and scientists are building a ‘Timeship’ that
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. A new helmet display promises to give bikers eyes in the back of be played all over Europe, some standardization of the orchestra they say it could transport tens of thousands of individuals to a
2018 YDT their heads. The designer of the equipment states that the inherent became necessary. A string section comprising violins, violas, cellos, far-distant future. Their approach does not involve the use of flux
Consumers purchase products and services to experience certain problem with motorcycles is that the mirrors reflect a very small and double basses was usually joined by two horns, two flutes, two capacitors, or zooming at light-speed through black holes. Instead,
emotional states or achieve emotional goals in a process called image and, because of the position of the mirrors, motorcyclists trumpets, and timpani. The clarinet became a standard member of the Timeship aims to store people at such low temperatures that
emotional arousal. Emotions can create a feeling of pleasure or mostly just see their elbows. A small backlit display screen is added the orchestra only at the end of the 18th century. The 19th century their bodies are preserved for a future civilisation to reanimate
satisfaction, but they can also give the consumer the perception onto motorcycle helmets with an adjustable arm which lets riders saw the rise of public concerts in large halls, which necessitated them, a concept known as cryonics. “Just as a spaceship allows
that their purchase will help them avoid a feeling of displeasure. No place it just below or above their eye, in their peripheral vision. A rear- louder instruments and larger orchestras. As a result, instruments people to move through space, our Timeship will allow people to
matter what the purchase is, consumers must somehow associate facing camera attached to the back of the bike streams live video via changed. They were redesigned and adapted to enable them to travel to another time in the future,” explains Stephen Valentine,
a positive emotional connection between a product and themselves. Wi-Fi to the helmet-mounted receiver. The images are processed project further. Larger and smaller versions of some instruments, who is the director and principal architect of the Timeship project.
Positive emotions can include the fulfillment of a desire or the feelings and stabilised before they reach the display to accommodate for the such as the piccolo, cor anglais, and bass clarinet, were featured
bike’s movements. One glance at the display gives the rider a wide
of safety and protection. Consumers also have both unexpressed more frequently. Some new instruments were also added, with 10. According to the group of architects, engineers and
and expressed emotions. It is important to understand the difference view of the road behind them. Although the screen is just next to the
trombones and later, tubas becoming standard members of the scientists in Texas, _______.
between these emotions because if a consumer is purchasing but is user’s face, optics fool the eye into focusing at a more comfortable
orchestra. A) the city is not really suitable for the ‘Timeship’ because it is
not expressing any emotion toward a product, you may need to ask distance of around 3 metres. However, it is still suggested that users
such a small place
more questions in order to reach the customer on a deeper level. should check their mirrors and do the lifesaver check, turning their 7. According to the passage, the first orchestras _______.
heads to check blind spots. B) it will soon be possible to transport more than 10,000
Doing so helps the consumers feel that they are somehow linked A) did not all have a consistent structure
people to a far-distant future
to your product and that it produces a favorable image of them. B) were able to perform only in churches and theatres
C) it is possible that the bodies of people are preserved with
This reaction evokes consumer identification with your product and 4. What is the problem regarding the motorcyclists’ vision? C) had almost the same structural system with each other
almost no changes
motivates them to buy – and keep buying – your product. A) It is difficult for bikers to get a broad view of the road behind D) used the same instruments as modern orchestras do today
D) their ‘Timeship’ will have the capacity of at most 10,000
them using only their mirrors. E) reached their audiences with louder instruments in larger halls
1. How does buying something affect consumers’ emotions? people
B) Fatal accidents cannot be prevented because of the limited
A) It gives consumers a feeling of achievement. E) time travel is not likely to take place until a far-distant future
use of mirrors.
B) It causes consumers to have damaging thoughts.
C) Motorcyclists have difficulty adjusting mirrors to get images
C) It influences every decision is made by consumers before
from the sides of the bike.
purchasing.
D) The body’s position on the motorcycle does not allow the biker
D) It leads to a condition of discomfort and misery.
to see what is happening around him. 8. It is pointed out in the passage that orchestras in the 19th
E) It results in a feeling of regret for purchasing too much.
E) Mirror positions constantly need to be changed to follow traffic century _______.
11. According to the passage, the Timeship _______.
flow. A) changed a lot due to the different religious and cultural
A) is designed using the latest technology in order to reach
2. It is very important to comprehend the difference between demands of the leaders at that time
B) were only led by keyboards and principal violinists light-speed efficiently while travelling through time
unexpressed and expressed emotions because _______.
C) required more members and instruments modified to project B) will be able to travel through space, but will avoid black
A) emotions are important in understanding why consumers
sound further holes through the use of the most modern technology
buy certain products
B) these expressions are evidence of how consumers can 5. It is understood from the passage that the helmet display D) wanted to redesign their instruments so as to use them in small available
_______. churches and theatres C) is constructed in much the same way as a spaceship, but
reach emotional goals
C) when consumers identify themselves with a particular A) records the motorcycle’s movements E) added trombones and tubas because the variety of instruments rather than travelling through space it will simply be used to
product, they keep buying it B) is placed directly below or above the mirror on the front of the in orchestras was limited freeze people
D) consumers need to get rid of any uncomfortable and unsafe bike D) will not really move, but rather will show passengers a
feelings C) views peripheral images and movements, though there is a simulation of what the far-distant future might look like
E) consumers make decisions based on perceptions rather delay in transmission E) will house people who have been frozen until some time in
than reality D) shows images of what is happening behind the motorcycle the future, thus having time-travelled
E) fools motorcyclists’ eyes into thinking things are more than 3
metres behind them 9. What is the main purpose of the passage?
3. Which of the following could be the main idea of this
A) To show how orchestras have changed over the years in
passage?
terms of their structure and instruments
A) It is important to evaluate the emotional needs of customers.
B) To inform readers about the differences between the 17th and
B) Consumers satisfy all of their needs by purchasing 12. Which of the following could be the best title for the
19th century orchestras
products.
6. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? C) To explain how classical music got to be so popular in today’s passage?
C) The motivational process begins with the need for a certain
A) New Helmet Technology for Rear Vision modern world A) Why Is Time Travel Essential?
product.
D) Consumers are triggered by some specific emotions when B) Helmet Displays Replace Mirrors D) To inspire and encourage people to start listening to classical B) A Different Way to Travel Through Time
buying a product. C) Image Processing through Helmet Displays music C) Faster than a Spaceship
E) It is unclear whether emotions truly or falsely have an D) Mirrors versus Helmet Displays E) To give examples of the types of instruments which were D) How to Create a Timeship
impact on consumer behaviour. E) Lifesaver Check of a Motorcyclist changed or modified after the 19th century E) Travelling to Space
127 128
STEP
B
2019 YDT 2019 YDT
The Zapotec are a group of American Indians who live in the state Occupational therapy is a branch of medical care aiming to improve
of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. The Zapotec have lived in what is the quality of life of patients through occupational pursuits – helping
now known as Oaxaca since about 1500 BCE. In around 500 BCE, them overcome disabilities resulting from illness, injury or age so
they built their capital city known as Monte Alban. This city had that they can carry out the activities they need to perform in order
2019 YDT flat, step-style pyramids, temples, and very elaborate and ornate to lead healthy and fulfilling lives. This means both giving them the
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. Jesse Jackson fought for the rights of African Americans during the civil tombs. Like the Zapotec people of today, the early Zapotec people means and mobility to pursue occupations, and selecting activities
2018 YDT rights movement of the 1960s. Later on he became involved in politics were farmers. They also made fine pottery. In addition to this, they that are therapeutic to their particular condition. For example, a
It was a road that kicked off the pattern of destruction in the Amazon forest. and world affairs. Jackson joined the civil rights movement when he carved writing onto slabs of stone. This was one of the earliest forms patient learning to get around in a wheelchair might need structural
During the 1970s, Brazil began building the Trans-Amazonian Highway was a student. In 1965, he began working for a civil rights group led by changes to their environment such as widening of doorways and
of writing in the Americas. Zapotec lands once stretched from what
from near the country’s easternmost point to its western border, where the famous Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1971, Jackson founded the group fitting of ramps as well as a programme of physical exercise to
is now Puebla – the state north of Oaxaca – to the Pacific Ocean.
the state of Amazonas meets Peru. The route opened up the heart of the People United to Save Humanity (PUSH). This group helped African
But after around 500 AD, Monte Alban started to fall into ruin, and a build strength in their arms and shoulders. Another patient, who
Amazon to settlement, causing deforestation rates to increase. During the
Americans to get jobs and to open businesses. In 1984, he founded the has suffered a stroke, might be encouraged to try arts and crafts
1990s and early 2000s, more than 25,000 square kilometres of rainforest people called the Mixtec took over the city. The Zapotec started to
National Rainbow Coalition (NRC) to help all kinds of people, not just as a way to rebuild their manual dexterity skills. Occupational
per year were cleared out. Throughout these years, roads have provided form a number of small kingdoms, but these were conquered by the
the means to penetrate the forest and eliminate large chunks of it. In an African Americans. Jackson ran for President of the United States in therapy has a long history, dating back to the 1st century BCE and
Spanish when they took over the region in the 1500s.
unpublished study of the Brazilian Amazon, researcher Christopher Barber 1984 and 1988. While he did not win either time, he did better than any the physicians of Ancient Greece. Today, it is still applied as an
found that 95% of deforestation in the region occurs within 7 kilometres of other African American presidential candidates who had come before effective method of medical care.
a road. Once construction begins, road crews are quickly followed by land him. Jackson also gained a lot of attention for his role in world affairs. 7. What is true about the Zapotec people of today?
speculators, loggers, farmers, ranchers, gold miners and others who carve He spoke out against apartheid (separation of the races) in South Africa
A) They still carve their writing onto slabs of stone. 10. According to the passage, the purpose of occupational
away the forest along the route. This creates great treeless expanses in and took part in peace talks in the Middle East. He also worked with
the landscape, but research is now showing that the building of roads also B) They have migrated out of the Oaxaca region towards therapy is to _______.
several countries to free US citizens being held as prisoners.
triggers environmental changes in the remaining forest that can dry out Puebla. A) help patients overcome certain physical issues so that they
trees, set the stage for wildfires, and weaken the ecosystem. C) They continue to live in Monte Alban to this day. can lead better lives
4. What can be inferred from the passage about the African
1. Which of the following can be said about the Amazon forest? D) They rely on farming just like their ancestors. B) motivate patients so that they can accept their particular
Americans in the 1970s?
E) They are mostly of Spanish descent. condition
A) The state of Brazil had to build roads through it for the people who A) No one was willing to help them during this time.
were settled in the forest. C) provide special treatment for patients who suffer from job-
B) It was difficult for them to find employment.
B) Although it damaged the forest, the new highway enabled the related illnesses
C) They were all members of the PUSH.
people of Amazonas to better travel to Peru. D) improve the quality of therapies by encouraging patients to
C) From the 1990s onwards, 25,000 square kilometres were being D) They were not allowed to run for president.
work harder
cut down every year to make way for the new highway. E) They were held in prisons in several other countries.
E) enable patients to overcome their fear of getting involved in
D) The rainforest has been suffering from a pattern of destruction in a public life
scale it had not experienced before the 1970s.
E) Deforestation has not only affected Brazil’s eastern and western
borders, but it has also started to spread through other countries. 8. According to the passage, the Zapotec people _______.
A) used to control a large region of land, but then something
2. Which of the following best describes the relationship between 5. Which statement is true about Jesse Jackson’s political happened which caused them to abandon their capital and 11. According to the passage, occupational therapy supports
road construction and deforestation? involvement? patients by _______.
create smaller regions
A) Since the road crews work with a lot of parties to carve away the A) He was the first African American candidate for president. B) were never a successful group of people and mainly stayed A) choosing therapeutic activities that are designed to meet
forest, deforestation along the route is not affected at all. B) He was primarily interested in helping African Americans in the their specific needs
in their capital until they were conquered by the Spanish
B) According to research on the Brazilian Amazon, a very large B) providing them with the wheelchairs they need to be able to
US. C) were migratory people who moved between Puebla and
percentage of deforestation is a direct consequence of building the
C) He supported apartheid in South Africa as well as in the Middle Oaxaca looking for fertile land for farming move
Trans-Amazonian Highway.
C) The highway and its branching roads were built to provide the East. D) preferred to make pottery and farm rather than protect their C) helping them become physically strong enough to deal with
necessary means of penetrating the forest to erase the traces of D) He was concerned for the rights of people inside and outside the land, which is why they were conquered by the Spanish arts and crafts
deforestation. US. E) allied themselves with the Mixtec people to control Monte D) preventing them from focusing on their disabilities with the
D) Contrary to previous beliefs, research is now showing that road E) He received help from Martin Luther King, Jr. to establish the Alban and protect themselves against the Spanish use of certain medication
crews also set fires and dry out the trees during construction work. NRC. E) ensuring their participation in outdoor activities on a regular
E) Although trees were cut down for the highway resulting in treeless basis
landscapes, this was limited to an area of within 7 kilometres of a
road.
3. One can conclude from the passage that the author mainly
_______. 12. It is understood from the passage that occupational
A) wants to warn the Brazillian state against the future consequences therapy _______.
9. The main purpose of this passage is to _______.
of their project of Trans-Amazonian Highway A) underestimates the importance of providing psychological
B) tries to point that the environmental effects of building roads are A) explain why the Zapotec no longer exist today
support
confused with the ones caused by humans 6. What is the passage mainly about? B) discuss the reasons why Monte Alban was an important
B) has been used as a method of treatment for a long period of
C) informs the reader on the effects building a road through the forest capital
A) Jesse Jackson’s election campaign for president time
has on the local ecosystem C) give some brief information about the Zapotec people
B) The human rights groups that Jesse Jackson was a part of C) combines techniques from different medical fields to help
D) criticises people contributing to the deforestation process with their D) talk about why the Zapotec were so successful in the past
work C) The reason why Jesse Jackson was a role model to Americans patients
D) Jesse Jackson’s contributions to civil rights movements E) contrast the Zapotec of the past with present-day Zapotec
E) underlines the reasons why the Brazilian Amazon suffers more D) is effective only when it is given together with medication
than the other parts of the forest E) Jesse Jackson’s moral beliefs about civil rights people
E) has evolved dramatically since the time of Ancient Greece
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ENGLISH 3RD ENGLISH 3RD STEP-C
STEP
C
2021 YDT 2021 YDT
Under the Roman Republic, brickmaking, particularly in the region The skill of observing animals to aid our survival dates back
of Rome itself, became a major industry, and finally, under the millennia. Nearly 6,000 years ago, indigenous people of North
Empire, it became a state monopoly. Brick construction was America used their deep understanding of bison behaviour to
cheaper than stone due to the economies of scale in mass devise an efficient way to hunt. In modern times, our interest in
2020 YDT production and the lower level of skill needed to put it in place. animal behaviour comes with new insights and terminology. ‘Herd
Soruları verilen parçalara göre cevaplayınız. Influenced by the common misconception, films such as
The brick arch was adopted to span openings in walls. Mortar sourcing’, for example, borrows from the word: ‘crowdsourcing’,
2020 YDT Jurassic Park show dinosaurs with tough, leathery, rhino-like
skin, but it has since been proven that many dinosaur species had traditionally been composed of sand, lime, and water, but centres on using the collective intelligence of wildlife rather
People have often reported seeing animals, inanimate objects,
were feathered. In a study, a group of scientists have analysed but beginning in the 2nd century BCE, a new ingredient was than people. Over the last few years, watching animals for the
and people who have previously died. They may be ‘ghosts’ or
‘angels’ and some involve quite complicated scenes or bizarre the fossilised remains of the bird-sized dinosaur Anchiornis, introduced. The Romans called it pulvis puteoli after the town of clues they provide about the natural world has shifted from
situations. These are known as hallucinations. Some visual which lived 160 million years ago. The specimen has particularly Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli), near Naples, where it was first found. folklore to science. In 2013, for example, US scientists put to
hallucinations are silent, but in some, people speak, often directly well-preserved feather details, a feature that is usually lost The material, formed in Mount Vesuvius and mined on its slopes, the test the ‘old wives’ tale’ that cows lie down when rain is on
to the individual experiencing the hallucination and give them during fossilisation. Covering its body, Anchiornis had unusual
is now called pozzolana. When mixed with lime, pozzolana forms a its way. The researchers measured the core body temperature
specific commands. But why do hallucinations occur? There are contour feathers plumage not used in flight that were soft and
natural cement that is much stronger and more weather-resistant of cattle and found that cows lie down when it is cold and stand
a number of psychological explanations for their occurrence. V-shaped, at around one to two centimetres in length. Longer
flight feathers emerged in layers from all four of the animal’s than lime mortar alone, and that will harden even underwater. up when it is hot to disperse heat. While it may not accurately
Freudians see hallucinations as projections of unconscious wishes
or wants. For example, what a person experiences as “real” in a limbs. Anchiornis seems to have needed extra flight feathers Pozzolanic mortars were so strong and cheap, and could be predict precipitation, it does show a link between cattle behaviour
hallucination is actually something they felt but could not express because theirs were not zipped together like a bird’s, and so placed by labourers of such low skill, that the Romans began to and the weather.
because it was felt subconsciously. Cognitive psychologists point generated less lift. Fossil feathers in particular are very hard to substitute them for traditional mortars inside walls. The concrete
to problems in cognitive processing, particularly metacognition, interpret for scientists because they are preserved as flat stains
made from pozzolana made it possible to create curved shapes 10. It is pointed out in the passage that observing animals
which is concerned with the understanding of others’ behaviours. derived from the feather pigments. So, making an illustration of
and led to the creation of a series of remarkable interior spaces _______.
However, it is the biological psychologists who focus most clearly the dinosaur was very tough, but the researchers worked closely
with a scientific illustrator and came up with the most accurate spanned by domes and columns.
on the causes. They see hallucinations primarily as deficits in brain A) is not a recent trend
states resulting from damage and chemical imbalances. They depiction of a dinosaur ever.
B) mostly benefitted indigenous people
have been able to identify the chemical processes that lead to 7. Which of the following was one of the advantages of C) has shaped people’s ideas about the world
hallucinations. Nevertheless, explaining why a particular individual 4. According to the passage, the skin of dinosaurs _______.
brick over stone? D) was more popular in hunting communities
has a very particular hallucination remains something of a mystery. A) is generally believed to lack feathers but, in fact, many
dinosaur species had them A) It was more practical to use in construction than stone. E) can harm their environment
1. According to the passage, biological psychologists _______. B) was first discussed by the films like Jurassic Park before the B) It was unique to Rome, which made brickmaking a state
A) see hallucinations as the subconscious of an individual scientific community monopoly.
with hidden wishes and desires C) started to change around 160 million years ago C) It created a new type of job, which revived the economy.
B) claim that hallucinations may occur due to some physical D) had an internal structure that made it impossible for them to D) It was easier to use given that Rome did not have enough
or chemical problems in the brain fly
labour force.
C) focus on seeing some spiritual concepts such as ghosts E) is agreed to be more feathered compared to birds
E) It required a high level of skill, which improved construction.
and angels resulting in bizarre situations 11. One can understand from the passage that observing
D) regard hallucinations as the projections of other people’s animal behaviour _______.
behaviours and their misinterpretation 5. It is pointed out in the passage that the remains of Anchiornis
A) has evolved into a more scientific practice than in the past
E) treat hallucinations by giving specific commands to an mentioned in the passage _______.
individual experiencing a hallucination B) has always had a scientific basis
A) were in good condition in terms of the feather details it had
C) is a unique way of crowdsourcing
B) were too small in quantity to come to a reasonable conclusion
about its flight capability 8. Why were pozzolanic mortars preferred to traditional D) has not changed in practice for the last millennia
2. Which of the following is true about hallucinations? C) lost its fundamental and peculiar features during the mortars inside walls? E) provides valuable data for how to improve ‘herd sourcing’
A) The majority of hallucinations involve situations that are fossilisation period A) They were more affordable and durable. techniques
bizarre and complicated, according to cognitive psychologists. D) revealed that bird-sized dinosaurs had feathers tied together B) The raw material came from Mount Vesuvius.
B) Freudians have made the most detailed explanation about similar to birds’
C) The Romans wanted to build constructions underwater.
the reasons for hallucinations. E) were ordinary in terms of both feathers and the colours that
they had D) They were prepared by professional workers.
C) Cognitive psychologists and Freudians share many
E) The weather in the region was ideal for that material.
perspectives on hallucinations.
D) Freudians reject the idea that hallucinations are about one’s
consciousness and feelings. 6. According to the passage, the drawing of an Anchiornis 12. According to the research carried out by the US
E) Despite finding out about the chemical processes involved _______.
scientists, _______.
in hallucinations, biological psychologists do not know why A) required a lot of work but resulted in the most realistic
individuals hallucinate in specific ways. dinosaur depiction so far A) there might be a connection between animal behaviour and
B) lacked the details showing the difference of flight feathers 9. Which of the following could be the best title for the natural events
from birds passage? B) cows do not like hot weather as much as cold weather
3. What is the passage mainly about? C) inaccurately illustrated a bird-sized dinosaur to compare it
A) Interior Design of Roman Buildings C) old sayings about animals prove to be correct in some parts
A) A historical overview of hallucinations to modern birds
B) The Expenses of Brickmaking of the world
B) Psychological approaches to the causes of hallucinations D) clarified that some dinosaurs were identical to today's
feathery birds in terms of feather structure C) The Handicaps of Pozzolana D) cows are affected by temperature and get more aggressive
C) Types of hallucinations
E) was largely influenced by the traditional depictions of D) A Short Global History of Brickmaking in the cold
D) The psychological and physiological effects of hallucinations
E) Cognitive processing and hallucinations dinosaurs by the film industry E) Construction Materials in Roman Architecture E) it is hard to understand how cows can predict natural events
131 132
STEP
Dialogue-1
5. Tom: 7. Bobby:
— I was planning to fly to Amsterdam to see my aunt the — When I looked in the mirror a few days ago, I realised that
following week, but I think I had better postpone it because some of my teeth were misaligned.
I am on a tight budget these days. James:
Cindy: — _______
3. Mark: — Why is that? You can find a lot of cheap flights online. It Bobby:
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını
— When I feel that I am fed up with spending time on social is not a big deal. — You’re right, but I don’t know an orthodontist worth his
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.
media, I turn on the TV, but mostly I am indecisive about Tom: salt. If I can find one, I’ll see him as soon as possible.
what to watch. What kind of programmes do you like? — _______ James:
1. John: Claire: Cindy: — I know a very good one. Wait a moment. I’ll fetch his
— Can you look for a good spot to put the tent up, Oscar? — _______ — Oh, so you should have booked it several months in card. It must be somewhere in the drawer.
Oscar: Mark: advance to get the best price.
— _______ — I agree with you. But sometimes I’d prefer to watch some A) You don’t need to worry as straightening your teeth is possible
John: entertainment shows to cheer myself up rather than learn A) It is not flights. The gifts I was going to buy for her cost much with braces.
— Well, let’s have a look, shall we? Come on! about wildlife. more than I thought. B) Have you had your wisdom teeth pulled out before?
Oscar: Claire: B) As buying tickets online has always been a very complicated C) I told you that you should wait a little longer before having your
— Okay. Let’s see then. — Frankly speaking, I do so, too, even though it is just once task for me, I have to go to the airport or a travel agency. braces removed.
in a blue moon. C) This is true. Buying tickets online is always cheaper and easier D) I hope you now understand better the harms of cracking nuts
A) I’ve never put up a tent on a hill. than buying them from a travel agency. with your teeth.
B) However, will there be enough place in the tent for ten people? A) I don’t watch TV at all, so I can’t recommend one to you. D) I know, but since my flight date is next week, prices are much E) There’s a very good dental hospital here, and all the dentists
C) Is that hill high enough for climbing? B) I haven’t watched TV for a very long time. more expensive than I expected, even for low-cost airlines. are real experts.
D) Yes, I have already found a good place. C) In this social media age, watching TV is out of date. E) You’re right. It never occurred to me, so I have no idea about it.
E) There has never been a suitable place for camping. D) I prefer watching all types of programmes which make me feel
better.
E) I can hardly find any programmes worth watching apart from
documentaries.
2. David: 4. Jeff: 6. Maria: 8. Elijah:

— I wonder if you have my test results. — Hey Tina, you don’t look good. What is the matter with — I didn’t see you at Paul’s party last weekend, but you said — Next time, I’ll have my car serviced properly before
Doctor: you? you were coming. setting out again.
— I didn’t see anything out of the ordinary, but I want you to Tina: Lisa: Maria:
log onto our website for a printout of all the details. — I don’t know Jeff. I have been feeling very stressed for a — _______ — Why? Did you have a problem with it on your holiday?
David: while, which is negatively affecting my whole life. Maria: Elijah:
— So, basically, I am OK? Jeff: — I get it, but I wish you had told Paul too as he waited a — Unfortunately, yes. It broke down on the motorway, and
Doctor: — _______ long time for you. we had to wait for hours for the tow truck, but the worst
— If there were any major problems, I would always notify Tina: Lisa: of all, it took three days for the mechanic to repair the
you by phone to come in. — Not really. It can be because of my boss, who makes — Oh, it’s completely out of my mind; do you think Paul car.
David: me feel under pressure most of the time, or maybe it is may have been offended by me? Maria:
— _______ because of the surgery that I will undergo next month. — _______
Doctor: A) I don’t like Paul, and he knows that. Elijah:
— A description of each test is issued there. A) Don’t you think you should spare some time for yourself? B) Actually, I wanted to come, but I couldn’t because I wasn’t — Absolutely, it was.
B) Why don’t you make yourself comfortable and tell me all the invited. A) Please tell me that you had enough money to pay for the tow
A) I don’t like to go to hospital at all. details? C) Yes, I was going to come, but I received a last minute call from truck.
B) Should I take a rest and do nothing? C) Have you got any ideas about what could be the causes of it? the manager asking for an urgent meeting. B) At least you’ve learnt something valuable while watching the
C) Where can I find all these medicines? D) Getting your annual leave from work and travelling somewhere D) There is no need to take these matters seriously. mechanic.
D) Do I have to take all the pills that you recommend to me? can make you feel better. E) Paul will give you the necessary explanation. C) Oh, I thought it was something important. Just a flat tyre!
E) What will I learn when I see the results on the website? E) Would you mind if I asked you a personal question?
D) What a pity! It must be the worst holiday you’ve ever had.
E) No way! I can’t believe that you stayed in the garage for three
days.
133 134
STEP
Dialogue-1
5. Martin: 7. Jane:
— I will fly to İstanbul next week. If you have time, can we — How did you decide to do a digital detox?
spend some time together? Amanda:
Cem: — After I read a book including some really good advice, I
— I’m really sorry to say that I will be very busy at work next tried to change some of my digital habits, and I started by
3. Hazel: week. removing distractions.
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını Martin: Jane:
— Ever since I started writing my thesis on the laptop, I have
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. had difficulty seeing objects from afar. Also, sometimes — Oh, come on! I want to see you this time. — What do you mean by that?
my eyes hurt a lot. Cem: Amanda:
1. William: Oscar: — _______ — _______
— It’s freezing outside! What happened to the weather — This is a problem experienced by most people working at Martin:
report? I thought this cold front was supposed to pass. — That would be great. It’s been a long time since we didn’t A) Turning off all alarms or notifications except for important
a computer for long periods of time. Why don’t you see an
Henry: see each other; I would like to have a cup of Turkish coffee contacts helped me concentrate on what I was doing.
eye doctor, preferably an optometrist?
— _______ with you like in the old days. B) I assure you that once you’ve tried it, you’ll want to try it again.
Hazel:
William: C) I work for a magazine, you know. I work online and spend eight
— _______
— I guess the wind chill is really driving down the A) Work always comes first. Unfortunately, there is nothing I can hours sitting in front of the computer.
Oscar:
temperature. do. D) It was a little bit hard at first, but it turned out to be an amazing
— I think you need an optometrist first. An optometrist
Henry: B) I’ll try my best to see you even if it’s for an hour. experience.
examines, diagnoses, and treats your eyes, but the latter
— Can we go inside? I feel like my toes are starting to go C) Maybe it will be better if you come two weeks later instead of E) You should take the advantages and disadvantages into
performs medical and surgical interventions.
numb. next week. consideration and decide accordingly.
A) I know I should, but I don’t think my boss will let me go to a D) I will be sorry if I can’t arrange a meeting.
A) I know. You must be so careful when you’re driving. hospital these days since I need to finish the report by next E) We shared many memories together in the past, and maybe
B) Yeah, I thought so too. That’s what I read online this morning. week. we will experience new ones next time.
C) I just got a new job in the city, so I’m shopping for some clothes. B) I will try a few home remedies that my friends advised to
D) Well, I have a bad cough and a sore throat. I also have a alleviate the pain.
headache. C) When it comes to eye health, I am extremely meticulous. I
E) Thanks! I’ve only been in town a few days, so I don’t know my would like to see an optometrist who’s very good in his field.
way around yet. Do you know a good one?
D) Before seeing an ophthalmologist, I should first buy a screen
filter for the computer to protect my eyes from the light.
E) Which one would be a better choice then? I don’t know what
the difference is.
6. Presenter: 8. Terry:
— Helen, I have read your latest novel, and to be honest, I — _______
4. Daniel: have found it hard to read as it is so dramatic, although Connell:
2. Hugh: — It may not make much sense to you, but since I started it’s very well written. — Yes, but is that really true? I mean, Mars is much colder
— Have you heard that our company will be taken over by a working at this desk by the window, I have been feeling Helen: than Earth, isn’t it? It’s usually about -50 0C, while only the
group of foreign investors? much more energetic and positive. — I know what you mean. You’d never want to be in this poles get that cold on Earth. How can one live in such a
Laila: Ashley: broken family yourself, but I have intended that my cold place?
— _______ — _______ readers experience walking in someone else’s shoes for a Terry:
Hugh: Daniel: while. — True. Well then, could we say both planets are a similar
— If I hadn’t overheard him saying it to the human resources — I didn’t know if it had anything to do with such a scientific Presenter: distance from the Sun?
manager, I wouldn’t have thought it was true, either. explanation. Was the reason for it also mentioned? — _______ Connell:
Laila: Ashley: Helen: — No way! Mars is much further away from the Sun than
— Are you serious? It is not a simple rumour then. I hope we — Yes, it is because of the natural light from the window that — Yes, but I’ve changed my happy ending style in this book. Earth.
will not need to look for another job. reduces eye strain, headaches, and drowsiness.
A) Do you think families should allow their children to read these A) One of the similarities between Mars and Earth is that they can
A) Yes, I have, but I won’t believe it until I hear it from the boss A) Maybe you’d feel better if you also opened the window. books? both support human life.
himself. B) Don’t talk nonsense. What does sitting by the window have to B) You started writing when you were a child, didn’t you? B) As far as I know the coldest place on Earth is Antarctica.
B) Sure. It doesn’t matter to me who owns the company, as long do with feeling good? C) The audience seems to have been impressed by your C) Do you know the differences between the South and North
as I am not fired. C) I don’t know if science has any explanation for it, but it sounds personality. Poles?
C) Yes, but there is no official statement from the company yet so weird to me. D) You surprise us as your previous books have topics that give D) Do you have any information about Mars? I’ve heard that it is
confirming this news. D) This is interesting. If a study were conducted on this subject, a joy and hope to the readers. too cold to survive.
D) No, I’ve just learned it from you. Do you know if this is true or scientific basis might be found out about the reason for it. E) Is it a piece of advice for young writers who have just begun to E) I’m going to a conference meeting about life on Mars next
not? E) In fact, it does. Once, I read an article saying that workers in write? Thursday.
E) Of course, it’s been a long time since I heard it. I think the open-plan offices are more productive when they sit at window
takeover of the company is imminent. desks.
135 136
STEP
Dialogue-1
5. Harvey: 7. Bryan:
— Can you believe that there are still some people who think the — Don’t you think it is great that scientists are finally able to
Earth is flat? develop a biomaterial tough enough to repair the heart,
Nathan: muscles, and vocal cords?
— Um, what’s wrong with that? I’m one of those. Emma:
3. Tom: Harvey: — Wow! I think it is such a major advance in regenerative
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını — _______ medicine.
— Hey Jeff, have you been to the art room today? Mr Jennings
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. hung up a notice there. Nathan: Bryan:
Jeff: — I’m sorry to tell you this, but those are just photoshopped. — _______
2018 YDT
— No, not yet. What’s on the notice? Even GPS devices make pilots think they’re flying in straight Emma:
1. Journalist:
Tom: lines around a sphere, but they’re actually flying in circles — It sounds like a very innovative method. It means that instead
— Experts warn that food industries are being threatened by a
— _______ above a disc. of having surgery, patients will go through such a simple
growing resistance to antibiotics.
Jeff: treatment that will provide them a speedy recovery, right?
Researcher: A) Do you really believe that Antarctica is a tall wall of ice fencing the
— You mean, like, making a painting on the entire wall of a
— Yes, it’s becoming more serious day by day. A UK government Earth, and it’s guarded to prevent people from climbing over and A) Considering the side effects that the substance called biomaterial
report states that by 2050, antimicrobial resistance will cost building?
falling off? may cause in the body, I do not fully trust such a method at this
more money than the current size of the world’s economy,
Tom: B) So, you’re saying that the Sun, which is also ‘round’, circles over stage of the study.
leading to catastrophes in food production.
— Exactly. the top side of the world like a carousel, right? B) Do you think this method will completely eliminate open-heart
Journalist:
C) If I had a rocket, I’d launch you into space so you could see that surgeries soon?
— _______
with the naked eye, and even take a photo, but unfortunately, I’m C) Sure it is. Once the biomaterial is injected into the body, it will form
Researcher: A) A big project that’s going on downtown; they are going to create a not that rich. a stable structure allowing live cells to grow or pass through to
— For example, if you buy a farmed salmon today, chances are mural. D) What makes you believe that the Earth is flat, while there is so repair the injured organ.
it will have eaten a greater weight of antibiotics during its life
B) The students from this school design and paint the public library. much evidence and photos showing just the opposite? D) It is really exciting for human beings that science has reached
than its own body weight.
C) All the design ideas students come up with should have a natural E) What more evidence do you need in order to believe that the Earth such a point.
Journalist:
design. is round? All the evidence is clear as day. E) It may take many years of study to try this technique in people with
— So, we can say that farming practices are perfect for boosting
D) We will have a school trip to the zoo this weekend. heart disease.
antimicrobial resistance.
E) We will do a lot of work to fix Main Street.
A) We know that farmers rely heavily on antibiotics. What is the
reason behind their practices?
B) What can health scientists and clinicians do to sort out the problem?
C) Can you tell us how antimicrobial resistance affects food?
D) Do you think food industries could collapse if resistance spreads?
E) What else does the report warn us about?
4. Isabel:
8. Jessica:
6. Customer:
— I see that your shelves are overflowing with books. Have you
— Can you believe that there are more than 5.7 million children — We’re thinking about replacing all the laptops in our office as
read them all?
under five on the brink of starvation worldwide? ours are really old, and they no more meet the requirements
Samuel:
Sophia: of the graphic programs we use.
— I’d like to say ‘yes’; however, there are still some awaiting
2020 YDT — It is a big shame for humanity. In today’s world, we have Salesperson:
exploration. What about you? Do you also like reading?
2. Interviewer: enough food to feed every child if we distribute it fairly. — I see. How many laptops do you need?
Jessica:
— Where did your idea of package delivery using unmanned Isabel: Customer:
— _______
flying vehicles, drones, come from? — _______ — We need thirty laptops, and our budget is £10,000. I hope
Samuel:
Entrepreneur: Sophia: you can give us a good discount as we’ve bought all our
— I see. Why don’t you try reading different genres, maybe
— Well, I’ve been passionate about aviation all of my life. Also, a — Reducing the worst effects of both is only part of the solution. electronics from this store.
thrillers or suspense?
few years ago my company decided that technology was then However, in order to solve these problems, all the international Salesperson:
mature enough to pursue it. communities must address the underlying causes of food — I appreciate that, but even with the discount we can offer, it’s A) I have a habit of picking up books that I never quite get around to
Interviewer: and nutrition insecurity. impossible to buy thirty laptops. My apologies. reading, which is called tsundoku.
— _______ Customer: B) I hate to say that, but I haven’t finished reading a book since I
Entrepreneur: A) Although Africa has the highest number of starving children in the
— _______ graduated from middle school. I’m open to suggestions, though.
— One is the capability to operate safely and independently, world, some countries on the continent are still at war with each
C) Of course, I always keep a few books in my backpack and read
without crashing into anything or anyone. other, which makes the situation worse. A) I came here with high hopes, but it seems I have to return
whenever I have time. I’m a total bookworm.
B) You are right. Furthermore, hunger, according to the World Health empty-handed.
A) What do you think can you do to make drone delivery economically D) Sure, but I prefer film adaptations to books because I like more
Organization, is still the most serious threat to global public health. B) You could have made a handsome profit with a special discount,
more competitive? when I see the books visually, and they’re less time-consuming.
C) Furthermore, for the first time in decades, child hunger and but it’s too late now.
B) Why do you think ordinary people have so many concerns about E) I’d rather listen to audiobooks than read books, which is easier
malnutrition are on the rise because of the deadly combination of C) I don’t understand why anyone would refuse such a tempting
drone delivery? while driving. And as you know, I have to drive for a long time due
Covid-19 and the impacts of climate change. offer.
C) How confident are you that people will choose your delivery to my job.
D) In my opinion, hunger is one of the problems of humanity that D) Is it possible to return all the products we bought now that you
system? will never be solved as long as the world population continues to didn’t give us a discount?
D) What are some of the technical improvements you want to achieve increase. E) It’s hard to believe that the price of second-hand laptops has
to enhance the drone delivery system? E) I agree with you. In addition, malnutrition in the early stages also increased that much.
E) Which types of drones are the most appealing for most customers? has a negative effect on mental health of those children.
137 138
STEP
Dialogue-2
5. Mike: 7. Jamie:
— _______ — Have you heard that there was a terrible fire in the
Monica: theatre the previous night? I was there.
— Really? If I were him, I would have given up already. Amelia:
Mike: — Really? What bad luck! You must have been so scared.
3. Bella: — The most stubborn person I’ve ever seen. He said he’d Jamie:
— I need to print these out, but the printing machine isn’t try it one more time. — _______
responding no matter what I do. Monica: Amelia:
1. Jim: Holly: — Oh, well! Better luck to him then! — It must be the worst night of your life.
— You look tired. Haven’t you been sleeping properly? — _______
Gerry: Bella: A) Charlie got the highest mark in the Maths exam again. Jamie:
— Not really. We’ve got new neighbours, and they seem to — Yes, I removed, checked, and reinstalled it. Then I also B) Do you want to apply for the project competition at the — Yes, unfortunately, it was. I almost got crushed
have parties every night. checked if there was a paper jam, still nothing. science fair? underfoot.
Jim: Holly: C) It is the third time Eddy has failed his driving test.
A) Have you experienced such a terrible disaster before?
— _______ — There must be a connection problem then. Let me check. D) My best friend won his try-outs for the basketball team.
B) We were going to have some coffee after the play.
Gerry: E) Danny and Gillian argued about the food again the other
A) Shall we talk to the manager about changing this useless C) Because the gas is highly explosive, it must be kept in
— I would, but they always start when I’m in bed, and I can’t day.
device? special containers.
be bothered to get up again!
B) Sometimes, unplugging the device works. Did you try it? D) I wonder how much damage it has done to the theatre.
A) It would be nice if people were more considerate. C) Can’t you do something by yourself? I’ve just finished printing E) On hearing the alarm, everyone in the theatre rushed
B) Why don’t you knock on their door and complain? mine. straight to the exit.
C) I don’t suppose you’d mind if they invited you, would you? D) There might be something wrong with the cartridge. Did you
D) I’d love to be able to have parties every night! check it?
E) Well, you must be out of mind as you put up with it. E) Are you sure that you’re sending your file to the correct
printer?
2. Tom: 4. Julia:
— Hi Dad! It’s Tom. — Are you careful with your money, or do you spend too 6. Robert: 8. Principal:
Father: much? — I am really excited to go to university next week, but I — One of your students came to class before everyone
— Hi, is everything all right? Do you need anything? Mary: also feel a little nervous as I don’t know anyone. else and released the fleas she brought in a jar. I had
Tom: — I try not to spend too much. I go to shops when there is a Steven: to have the whole school sprayed with pesticides.
— _______ sale, and I don’t buy things that I don’t need. What about — You’re an enjoyable person. I’m sure you’ll make new Teacher:
Father: you? friends soon. — Yes, the other kids told me the story.
— Of course not! I’ve already made a note of it. Julia: Robert: Principal:
— Me, too. When I am at the supermarket, I look for special — I hope you’re right. Your support is so precious to me. — Did they tell you who did it?
A) Not really. Everything is fine. I might watch another movie. offers such as “Buy one, get one free!” Steven: Teacher:
B) Thank you, I am fine. Will you come to the meeting by taxi? Mary: — _______ — _______
C) No, thanks. I just wanted to check if you forgot about tonight’s — _______
meeting. A) Be careful. They may also think you are a silly boy. A) Let’s send children with allergies home.
D) I am fine right now. I just wonder what you will be wearing A) Sometimes I finish all my money by the end of the month. B) No worries. Telling a funny story is a good way of breaking B) Unfortunately, no one knows who came up with this crazy
tonight. B) I spend the most on the children’s expenses. the ice when meeting new friends. idea.
E) No, I don’t. Thank you for your kindness and thoughtfulness. C) I wish we had a job which enables us to earn more. C) How long will you stay abroad for university? Have you C) I wish they put so much effort into their studies.
D) Since I spend more money than I expect on sale days, I don’t bought a one-way or return ticket? D) You had better remind them of the school rules one more
make a lot of savings. D) You can come to see us from time to time, right? time.
E) How nice! It means you are careful not to waste your money E) When you meet new friends, please don’t forget us. E) I’m afraid I will have to set a parents’ meeting on Sunday.
like me.
139 140
STEP
Dialogue-2
5. Isaac: 7. Megan:
— Is it possible for you to pick up the kids from school this — _______
afternoon? I don’t think I can make it in time. Phillip:
Emily: — First, let’s talk about the rate of increase in wages, and
— _______ everyone is wondering about it. Then we can discuss the
3. Grace: Isaac: investments we are planning.
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını — Well, I was indeed, but I’m still in the hospital. The doctor Megan:
— Do you know that cell phone batteries generally last one
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. to two years, which equals approximately 300 to 500 has asked for a few more tests, and now I have to wait for — We need to announce the performance evaluation
charging cycles? their results. criteria, as well.
1. Burak:
Jacob: Emily: Philip:
— The report says a company is launching some satellites
— _______ — Oh dear, so we need to ask mum or dad to pick up the — So, tomorrow will be a tough day, right?
in a project to deliver affordable Internet access to every
Grace: kids from school today.
corner of the globe. A) Do you have any suggestions for the weekend activities?
Matilda: — And your warranty can cover the replacement if it hasn’t
A) If you’d bothered to tell me earlier, the kids would be at home B) Foreign countries have been investing in the companies
— _______ expired.
now, but we’re stuck in traffic as you are being irresponsible here. What shall we do to get their attention?
Burak: Jacob:
again. C) What is our budget? Do we have enough resources to pay
— Well, China, Russia, and North Korea have already voiced — You’re a life-saver. Thanks.
B) I’m sorry, but I have to attend an urgent meeting. I thought the salaries?
concerns that the network could damage their national
A) Why didn’t you tell me that earlier? I wouldn’t bother to buy a you were going to pick them up; is everything OK? D) Let’s quickly run through the points we’re going to discuss at
security.
new cell phone then. Is that so? C) Just to be sure, you’re asking me to pick up the kids from tomorrow’s meeting.
Matilda:
— As a matter of fact, they might be right as such a network B) Then I’ll order a new battery right away. Can you please school, right? I thought you’d never let me drive after the last E) Shall we plan the technological dimension of the investments
could be used to gather intelligence. replace it for me? accident. in the company?
C) I didn’t know that. I wish I’d bought a phone with a higher D) Sure, but next time, please let me know earlier if something
A) Connecting millions of people who are currently not connected battery capacity. happens, so I don’t have to reschedule my meetings.
will greatly alter their lives; however, I don’t think everyone will D) What about scratches on the screen? I hope there’s also an E) You don’t need to worry about that. The kids are already at
be happy at the prospect of a global network. easy way to remove them. home, playing. It’s a public holiday, remember?
B) I’ve read that too. It seems they have already launched six E) Really? This explains why my phone drains more rapidly than
satellites, and they intend to send some 600 more by the end in the past.
of the year.
C) They’re going to start by focusing on connecting schools,
connecting boats, connecting planes, and connecting huge
territories of the planet.
D) However, the project may be shut down before it can even
begin since the threat of space junk is growing. So, only time
can tell us whether the project will be successful.
E) The Russian government has been tightening its grip over the
Internet since social media facilitated huge protests against the
government in 2011 - 2013.
6. Oliver: 8. Oscar:
— Have you had a chance to read the news I shared with — I have a lot of clothes that I don’t wear any more, but
you on social media? I don’t want to throw them away. What do you think I
Sandra: should do?
— Not yet. What is it about? Henry:
2. Dominic: 4. Antonio:
Oliver: — _______
— I can’t believe how sore I felt after playing just one game of — Yesterday, I came across a TV programme about
— It’s about hidden galaxies dating back 13 billion years, Oscar:
football yesterday. sleeping disorders, and now I’m pretty sure about what
Frederick: discovered by a group of scientists. — Is that so? I didn’t know such boxes existed.
I’m suffering from.
— _______ Sandra: Henry:
Phoebe:
Dominic: — _______ — It’s a beneficial service. Not only do you get rid of your
— Go on, don’t leave me in suspense.
— I’m sure you’re right, but I simply don’t have time unnecessary clothes, but you also help those in need.
Antonio: Oliver:
nowadays. — _______ — Sorry, I think I’m confused. Now I remember, it was your A) You can either give them to people in need or donate them to
Frederick:
Phoebe: brother who was into Astronomy, not you. charities. It’s up to you.
— Well, I guess you’ve either got to spare time or live with
— So, it’s just oversleeping. B) How about giving them to my younger sister? They might suit
the pain.
A) You know, it’s one of the topics that interest me the most, but her very well.
A) It’s a rare disease by which one in 100 people is affected, I don’t have time to read it right now.
A) Really? I feel fine except that I’m a bit tired after spending C) Why not use them while cleaning the windows or mopping
which means I’m special. B) Thank you, I will take a look at it tonight. Can you keep sharing
hours at the club. the floor?
B) I remember vaguely, but it might be something like the inability similar articles with me from time to time?
B) I know what you mean. I felt as if I had run a marathon and D) You can sell them on social platforms at low prices and earn
to fall or remain asleep. C) I can’t wait to read it because galaxies have always fascinated
been run over by a couple of cars. some money.
C) Maybe we should try playing football more often. It is a lot of fun C) It’s hypersomnia, a condition where one wakes up feeling me. E) There are clothing bins placed in certain spots of the
even if it does hurt the next day. tired even after sleeping for 12 - 15 hours. D) What is that got to do with me? I am not interested in such neighbourhood by the municipalities.
D) If you exercised regularly, a little physical exertion wouldn’t D) I have sleep apnoea; in other words, my body takes in less scientific matters.
cause you so much discomfort. oxygen while I sleep. E) I can’t spare much time for social media because I’m working
E) I’m in a lot of pain myself. I’m glad the game was only an hour E) It’s similar to anaemia, a deficiency in the number or quality of hard these days, but I want to read it as soon as possible.
and not 90 minutes. red blood cells in your body.
141 142
STEP
Dialogue-2
5. Customer: 7. Emily:
— Despite all my complaints, I still have connection — Since every country in the world contributes to climate
problems, and I don’t want to pay money for the Internet change, more or less, they are all responsible for global
I can’t use anymore. Therefore, I want to cancel the warming they cause.
contract. Hassan:
3. Patricia: Customer Representative: — True, but not all are equally responsible.
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını — OK. I’ve cancelled it as you requested, but you’ll have Emily:
— As far as I know, you’re into technology, so I want to ask
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. you something if you have a moment. to stop by one of our branches for a wet signature. And — You are right, but how can we know which country has
George: how do you want to pay your early termination fee? how much influence on it? If only there were clear data
2019 YDT
— Sure, go ahead. I’m all ears. Customer: showing how much influence each country has.
1. Interviewer:
Patricia: — _______ Hassan:
— Many people believe that our personal information is quite
safe if we have no apps on our phones. How true is that? — Last night, I heard a song on the radio, and it wasn’t in Customer Representative: — _______
Tech Expert: English, but the rhythm was so catchy. All my attempts — Let me check. It seems you have a 24-month term, so Emily:
— Well, that depends. There’s new software available that to find it were in vain. Is there a way to find it? it’ll be roughly $300. Should you refuse to pay it, the — Great. Such a document is invaluable to future
can collect information about you simply by using your George: company sues you to levy execution. generations showing how guilty their ancestors are of
Wifi connection. — _______ global warming.
A) May I ask exactly how much it is and what happens if I don’t
Interviewer:
A) You can use your smartphone’s voice assistant by saying, pay it? A) It would be very difficult to create such a data table as there is
— _______
Tech Expert: “Whose song is this?” or download an application to do the B) I want to know if the tax is included or excluded. so much variation between countries.
— By using this software, I can see which Wifi networks job. C) Could you at least increase my Internet speed as a gesture of B) Such a document can only make sense if it is created based
you’ve connected to before, I can predict your financial B) It looks like you want to set that song as your ringtone, but I goodwill? on very concrete and objective data.
status, and I can also figure out where you live and work. wouldn’t do it if I were you. D) Is it possible to pay in instalments without interest? C) In fact, there is a report about it called ‘emissions inequality’
C) You can buy audio versions of printed materials and listen to E) As I’ve said before, I refuse to pay for something which I’ve published by the World Inequality Lab that highlights how
A) What do you think is safe about this software? them whenever you want, even when you’re driving home or never been able to use. much countries contribute to climate change.
B) What kind of information could you possibly learn through Wifi working. D) Since such a report will probably be prepared by the
connection? D) Why don’t you buy her music CD? By doing so, you can developed countries that cause climate change the most,
C) How can I protect my personal information from this type of support her to release new albums. none of them will take the blame for global warming.
software? E) In parallel with the development level of the nations, the
E) I don’t know the lyrics of that song you keep listening to, but
D) What would be the best way to detect such threats? impact of each country on global warming can be evaluated.
the rhythm is so good that it keeps playing in my head.
E) Are there any other ways to get information about people in
addition to Wifi connection?
2021 YDT
2. Sam: 4. Luna:
— I just saw a documentary which said that there are some — _______
people who believe that animals can predict natural Felix: 8. Clara:
disasters like earthquakes. Can you believe that? — I don’t think it’s a good idea because it might not be as 6. Daisy:
— I’ve got a splitting headache again. Do you have
May: captivating as you thought. — _______
anything to ease it?
— You might be surprised! There’re even many scientists Luna: Violet:
Dana:
who think that they really can. — What are your reasons for thinking so? — A pigeon? How on earth did this happen?
— _______
Sam: Felix: Daisy:
Clara:
— Really? Do they have any actual evidence for it? — Poor sanitation, being accused of performing witchcraft, — As far I as remember, it was thanks to a carrier pigeon.
— You’re right. I’ll do it first tomorrow.
May: not being open to scientific developments, epidemics, Despite being injured, she was able to deliver the
Dana:
— _______ and slavery are just a few. message.
— It’s the right thing to do, or you might end up at the
Sam: Violet:
emergency service.
— Wow! Sounds interesting. A) Just imagine! All of a sudden, the electricity were wiped off the — I’m speechless with amazement.
face of the earth. The whole world were in dark. Wouldn’t it be A) There is a late-night pharmacy near here, but I don’t think
A) There’re also many scientists who believe it’s impossible to A) I was shocked when I learnt a pigeon can navigate by sensing
thrilling? they’ll sell antibiotics without a prescription.
predict natural disasters like earthquakes. the Earth’s magnetic field and using the sun for direction.
B) I have a question for you. If you had just one wish that would B) Sorry, but why don’t you see a doctor? You’re having a lot of
B) The idea that animals can predict natural disasters isn’t actually B) Last night, I watched a documentary about World War I and
come true for certain, what would you wish for? headaches these days. It might be a sign of a serious illness.
a new one. 3,000 years ago, Chinese scholars were convinced learnt that a pigeon saved nearly 200 soldiers.
C) I’d like to have lived in the Middle Age. Don’t you think C) I’d like to give you a painkiller, but unfortunately, I don’t have
that they could. C) Did you know that the pigeon has served humankind as
C) I think scientists will have a better understanding of whether the clothes, environment, and ambiance of that time are any. I need to buy some as soon as possible.
fascinating? a symbol, a source of food, and a messenger over the
animals can in anyway feel a natural disaster with more D) I’ve already given you a strong sedative. Close your eyes and
D) I wish I had a time machine. Then I’d go back in time to the centuries?
evidence. get some rest. I’m sure you’ll feel a lot better in the morning.
age of dinosaurs and see them with my own eyes. D) Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets are said to mention the
D) Researchers who studied the Etna volcanic eruption and E) Do you want to try complementary medicine? I have some
E) I would do anything to get my hands on a potion which could domestication of pigeons more than 5 millennia ago.
following earthquakes observed that animals reacted during herbs in the cupboard that will relieve the pain immediately.
make me immortal. An eternal life! Isn’t it what everybody E) It’s estimated that 200,000 homing pigeons were used during
the hours before.
wants? World War I and World War II, and they were essential to the
E) When a natural disaster like a volcanic eruption is underway,
the ground under us changes. So, we might be feeling those. strategies of various armies.
143 144
STEP
Dialogue-3
5. Joey: 7. Zachary:
— These days, you look very tired. What’s the matter with — What would you say if I told you that in the mornings,
you? you’re taller than the rest of the day?
Monica: Thomas:
— _______
3. Ayça: — My mom’s gone out of town for work, and now I have
Karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını to carry out all the household chores until she comes Zachary:
— I’ve just learnt that one more town in Türkiye received
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. back. — I’ve read that human beings are taller in the mornings
the title of cittaslow in March. Do you know what this
word means? Joey: since gravity leads the spine and other body parts to
1. Alex:
Jenny: — _______ compress throughout the day.
— There is a wonderful exhibition in the big mall called
— Yes, cittaslow is a type of sustainable living Monica: Thomas:
‘Leonardo da Vinci: Artificial Intelligence, the Wisdom
that focuses on preserving the city’s originality,
of Light, Humanity, and the Metaverse from CERN to — Really? You’ve saved my life. I can’t tell you how — Wow, that’s a rather mind-blowing piece of information.
NASA’. I have two tickets; do you want to come with me? conserving the environment, and increasing the
quality of life. Which town took the title? thankful I’m.
Mary: A) I’d say that you’re mistaken. We’re not taller in the morning;
— _______ Ayça:
A) I see, but as long as you plan what you are going to do in on the contrary, we’re just shorter at that time.
Alex: — _______
advance, you don’t spend so much time on them. B) I suppose you must be wrong since it’s evident that I’m
— I’m sorry to hear that because I really wish you could Jenny:
see this fantastic visual show. — Unfortunately, not. I haven’t had a chance to travel to B) Why are you doing all the housework alone? Everyone at always the same height, regardless of the time of the day.
Mary: that part of the country. home is responsible for the mess. C) Well, come on! I wonder what made you ask such an absurd
— Maybe I won’t be able to visit this magnificent C) Why don’t you just relax? In my opinion, you overestimate question. That just can’t be true, can it?
exhibition with you, but I will be pleased if you share A) Safranbolu, which is famous for its traditional Ottoman
the amount of housework you do. D) I’ve been noticing this for a while now, and I was wondering
your photos with me after your visit. houses. Would you like to go there?
B) Kemaliye. It is a small town in Erzincan on the eastern D) Thanks to an app, you can organise those boring tasks to do if it was just me or if anyone else has noticed this.
A) Thank you very much for this kind invitation; I would be side. Have you ever been there? them more effectively. E) I want to say ‘impossible’ from the bottom of my heart, but we
very happy to visit this exhibition with you. C) Alanya is one of the busiest towns in summer due to a lot E) Here is some good news for you. There will be robot maids both know that it’s entirely true.
B) Since I’m not very interested in art, this exhibition didn’t of tourists coming for a holiday, isn’t it? in the future, so hold on tight!
attract my attention. I’m sorry. D) As far as I remember, it’s Foça where you spent your
C) You came to me with such a great offer as you know my holiday last summer. Did you like it?
interest in artificial intelligence, didn’t you? E) The news says that it’s Cumalıkızık. Isn’t it surprising that
D) I’ve heard that it’s a great exhibit, but I think fast I’m visiting there next week?
transitions and loud music won’t be good for me as I have
vertigo.
E) Artificial intelligence includes creating intelligent
technologies like search algorithms and self-driving cars. 6. Cindy:
— I didn’t know that applying ice to burns on the skin could
cause frostbite until I experienced it myself last night.
8. Charlie:
Rick:
2. Ted: — _______
— I’m sorry to hear that. I hope you didn’t apply anything
— It says here that the High Mountains in Portugal is Lauren:
one of the lesser-known books by the famous author, hot to the same area afterwards because it could cause
— Of course, you know I’m a diligent newbie to psychology.
Yann Martel. permanent skin damage.
I can’t wait to hear what you will say.
Mark: Cindy:
4. Dwight: Charlie:
— I think that’s very sad. If I wrote a book, I would want — _______
— What does the term ‘ghosting’ really mean? — We subconsciously modify our behaviour when we’re
it to be read by the majority. Rick:
Michael: observed, which is called ‘the Hawthorne effect’.
Ted:
— Well, it is essentially related to online relationships — You made a good decision. It is always right to seek Lauren:
— _______
on social media. professional help rather than try home remedies. — You know what? That’s absolutely right and, it’s a very
Mark:
— You’re right. It is one of the most respected literary Dwight: interesting concept that I’ve never heard of before.
— _______ A) Unfortunately, I did since I didn’t anticipate that it would make
awards in the world.
Michael: the situation worse. A) Do you know that human behaviours can be influenced by
A) It wouldn’t be wise of you to write a book with that limited — All right, I’ll try. It refers to a time when a friend of yours B) No, I didn’t. Instead, I applied a mixture that my mother smell?
knowledge of literature. ends all communication with you without warning. prepared at home for such burns. B) Have you ever met someone suffering from behavioural
B) I wonder if you will be able to win a prize in the field of
C) Of course, I didn’t. In order not to do anything wrong once disorders?
literature one day. A) I don’t get your point. Can you be a bit more specific?
C) I think so. It’s a pity that all the money he spent on B) Are you saying that the increasing use of social media is more, I immediately went to the hospital. C) Do you want to know something interesting about our
publication wasn’t worth it. the cause? D) Actually, I did. But if I had known this important information behaviours?
D) I may be wrong, but I read the news about his winning the C) Do you mean ghosting is a popular colloquial term? earlier, I would not have done it. D) Would you react if you saw a superhero sitting in a restaurant?
Academy Award for the best film. D) Are you claiming that it is a form of social rejection?
E) Yes, but he had the satisfaction of receiving the 2002 E) I’ve never heard of such a thing. Are you sure this information E) Do you think animals represent different characters in
E) Despite being a new term, the act of ghosting existed well
Man Booker Prize for his novel, Life of Pi. is correct? different cultures?
before the digital age, right?
145 146
STEP
Dialogue-3
5. Dad: 7. Eva:
— Are you all right? Your message has sounded urgent. — It’s really interesting that the microbes in our guts play
Is there a problem? an important role in what we choose to eat.
Daughter: Tom:
— I was driving along the motorway, and my front tyre — I don’t fully understand how these microbes affect our
3. Meredith: burst. I don’t know what to do. eating habits. How is it possible?
— The other day, I read an interesting article about Roman
tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz. Dad: Eva:
Gladiators on the Net.
— _______ — _______
Ryan:
1. Vedran: Daughter: Tom:
— _______
— I intend to buy an electric car instead of the traditional — About half an hour ago. They said they were on their — So, it means it’s not us who determine our diet, but the
Meredith:
petrol and diesel-fuelled cars. Do you have any ideas way here, but they haven’t shown up yet. microbes in our guts.
— Sure. I didn’t know that not all of them had to be slaves
about these cars?
or convicts. Some were citizens heavily in debt, while A) Do you need any help? I can call the roadside assistance A) The idea that microbes affect our behaviour may seem
Martin:
some, like Emperor Commodus, just did it for fun. team. exaggerated to us, but not to experts.
— I think it is a very right decision because electric cars are
Ryan: B) Do you remember when the last time you had your car B) These digestive by-products indicate that you’ve consumed
one of the strongest steps in reducing carbon emissions.
— Oh, really? Can you share the link of the article with me? examined was? an adequate amount of food.
Vedran:
That sounds interesting.
— I’m just not clear about how electric automobiles differ in C) I’m sorry to hear that, but I’m too busy with work at the C) In fact, there are certainly dozens of signals that affect our
terms of power from gasoline or diesel vehicles. A) Is it true that they fought to the death as in the Hollywood moment. feeding behaviour on a daily basis.
Martin: films? D) Calm down, honey, and tell me where you are. I’m coming D) Well, they produce some substances that prompt cravings
— _______ B) Could you tell me what it says? Is there anything interesting? right now. for different kinds of foods.
C) Do you mind if we talk about it another time? I’m a little busy E) If you can pull over, position your car in a safe place. Did E) Actually, it doesn’t make sense to me, either. I need to do
A) Don’t worry; it is predicted that the number of electric vehicle
now. you call the technical assistance? detailed ,research on this subject.
charging stations will increase faster.
D) Have you heard that some women also fought as gladiators?
B) On the contrary, it dramatically reduces energy and
E) Do you claim that they were at the bottom of the heap in
maintenance costs during its lifetime.
Roman society?
C) It further increases the cost advantage through accessible or
affordable charging stations in major cities.
D) From what I’ve heard, the charging capabilities of electric
cars at home may differ depending on the vehicle’s brand 6. Paul: 8. Victoria:
and model. — I have read in a recent study that scientists have — I think Elvis Presley’s manager was a kind of genius.
E) In particular, I’ve read that electric vehicles can speed up identified 5,500 new virus species in the oceans. Don’t Joseph:
much faster than the others, and they are also much quieter. you think it is astonishing? — What makes you think so?
Sandra: Victoria:
— _______ — _______
Paul: Joseph:
2. Adrian: 4. Jim: — The researchers believe that knowing the diversity — Wow, that’s one of the most ingenious marketing
— Have you applied the new surgical strategies you wrote — Hey, Pam. I left work early. How about eating out and and quantity of viruses in the world’s oceans can aid methods I’ve ever heard of.
about in your latest essay to this procedure? going to the movies tonight? in explaining the function of marine microbes in ocean
Dr Rubert: Pam: A) He sold ‘I Hate Elvis’ badges to make money from those
adaptation to climate change.
— Yes, and I’m quite happy about the outcome. I’m sure — Thanks, but I’m not in the mood for a movie. Would you who weren’t buying Elvis merchandise.
Sandra:
you will be too. like to listen to live music while eating something at B) The manager of the most famous and popular entertainer
— Oh, I see. Thus, it could help us take the necessary
Adrian: McLaren’s Café? in the world couldn’t help but be in the public eye.
steps to reverse global warming, right?
— Well, it appears to be a significant milestone. Jim: C) He had turned down dozens of offers, which totalled
— Congratulations! — _______ Paul: millions of dollars, to have Elvis tour the world.
Dr Rubert: Pam: — Yes, it is true.
D) Elvis became one of the world’s most popular and
— _______ — Really? I’m so sorry to hear that. I loved that café so
A) Yes, I’ve read it too, but considering the enormous size of successful entertainers with his first single, Heartbreak
much.
A) There are, as you mention, a number of issues that need to the ocean, it didn’t surprise me at all. Hotel.
be handled. A) This sounds like a lot of fun. I wouldn’t miss it if I had free time. E) He received over half of Elvis’ early success income, which
B) This is truly remarkable, but I wonder how the discovery of
B) Besides that, we should completely rethink our surgical B) Be ready in fifteen minutes; I’ll pick you up from the house. was extraordinary for a music manager at the time.
so many viruses will benefit the Earth.
procedures. C) I’m sorry, but it’s been closed for a long time. Haven’t you
C) Wow! Do you know how many people participated in the
C) I appreciate your compliment, but there is still work to be heard?
study and how long it took?
done in this area. D) Mind if I take a rain check on it? I’m short on the cash at the
D) Be a little more reserved in your enthusiasm; I must admit D) If the studies continue in the upcoming years, I think
moment.
that I’m a little underwhelmed. thousands of new species will be discovered.
E) Well, I don’t enjoy live music, but that’s all right. You can
E) In fact, the medical community took notice of that specific count me in. E) It is really unbelievable. Funding for this type of crucial
essay with great interest. study must be very high.
147 148
STEP
A
Dialogue-3
2019 YDT 2019 YDT
5. Kevin: 7. Teacher:
— Have you heard what famous footballer David — Have you ever read a book by Sir Arthur Conan
Beckham says is his greatest achievement? Doyle?
Richard: Student:
2018 YDT — _______ — Yes. I’ve just finished reading The Return of Sherlock
3. Eda: Kevin: Holmes.
— I haven’t seen you on social media for some time. — Actually, no. He says his greatest achievement has Teacher:
Don’t you use it any more? been always putting his family first. He even makes — _______
2018 YDT
Çiğdem:
1. James: breakfast every day for his kids. Student:
— _______ Richard: — Because it’s the collected short-story adventures
— Is it possible to cite sources from the Internet in our
Eda: — That’s really unexpected from someone like him. published after the Great Detective’s return from the
papers?
— You’ve done the right thing! Experts say browsing I always thought celebrities only cared about dead.
Vince:
social media sites leads to depression as it triggers a themselves.
— Well, it depends on the source you’re referring to.
feeling of envy among users. A) Can you tell us what you really liked about the book?
James:
Çiğdem: A) Let me guess! He must’ve said something about his B) Why do you think the book is called so?
— _______
— That could be true, as well. But my reason is being career playing for several well-known clubs. C) Do you know why the first one was titled Sherlock
Vince:
too busy to use it these days, not because I’m jealous B) How would I know? I’ve never met a celebrity in my life! Holmes?
— Of course not. We’re writing an academic paper and
of others. C) That’s easy. Celebrities always say they put their loved D) Why does the writer have a collection of stories?
all the information should be reliable.
ones and friends first. E) Why is Sherlock Holmes so famous in fiction?
A) I’m afraid I’ve forgotten my password, so I can’t log in D) That’s a really tricky question. He’s had such a successful
A) I see. Why don’t we go to the computer lab and check the
these days. career that anything could be considered great!
database?
B) Well, seeing how people are satisfied with their lives gets E) In my opinion, the real achievement is what you do for
B) So are you saying that we should consult our advisors
on my nerves. others in your daily life.
first?
C) I believe it’s a waste of time and I do nothing but follow
C) The Internet has the necessary information. It isn’t worth
the lives of people around me.
going to the library, is it?
D) I didn’t expect you’d notice my absence, but don’t worry
D) What do you mean by that? Can’t we cite every source
I’ll be back very soon.
we find online?
E) I’ve closed my account as I’ve got much more important
E) I didn’t get your point. Would you please be more specific?
stuff to do.
2019 YDT
2018 YDT 8. Adam:
2. Jessica: 2019 YDT — I don’t understand how meditation has become so
— Why do you think Galileo Galilei is accepted as one of 6. Jane: popular and is practised everywhere from hospitals
the most important scientists? — Do you think there could be another planet in the to schools.
Robert: Solar System other than the ones we already know? Jennifier:
2018 YDT Ronald: — _______
— Because he invented the astronomical telescope and
4. Mert: — Why not? But even if one exists, it must be quite Adam:
suggested the sun-centered Solar System.
— I ran a couple of kilometres this morning as usual, distant from the Sun. — Yeah, you’re right, all you need is a comfortable
Jessica:
and I’ve got this awful pain in my leg. Jane: posture and wish for self-transformation and desire
— _______
Fatma: — _______ for others’ well-being.
Robert:
— _______ Ronald: Jennifier:
— It’s really surprising that you’re questioning it. His
Mert: — Oh, don’t worry. If one’s out there, they’ll find it! — Of course the beneficial psychological effects can
studies started everything about the Universe!
— No, I’ve been running in the mornings for the last Science has been improving faster than we may also be the reason.
A) Yes, I also learnt that he used improved telescopes to three months, I haven’t taken a break. think.
identify the moons of Jupiter. Fatma: A) It may be because it is derived from various branches of
B) Doesn’t everybody know that his obsession with — Frequent runners often suffer pain in their legs, and A) Astronomers are going to start analysing the movements Buddhism.
measurable experiments marked him as one of the nobody knows why. Maybe you should take it easy of objects in the Solar System soon. B) Because scientists proved that its practitioners are less
founders of modern science? for a couple of days. B) Do you think that scientists will ever be able to find prone to stress.
C) He did but it’s unfortunate that his conflict with the Church another one? C) I think it’s very easy to practise, I mean no equipment and
A) Do you stop for water breaks when you’re running? C) I hope people will be able to travel across the universe in workout is needed.
led to the censorship of his publications.
B) Do you always suffer pain after running? the future. D) You know, meditation also leads to some physiological
D) I know all about this, but I just can’t understand why so
C) Do you usually run in the evenings? D) Will people ever believe that there could be life on other changes in the brain.
many popular writers still mention him in their works.
D) Was it your first time running for a while? planets? E) Especially three types that developed through Buddhism
E) Maybe you can check it online before you believe what
E) Do you think it would help staying healthy? E) What if it was not that far from the Sun or our planet? are very commonly practised.
people say about him.
149 150

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MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK

10. Translation (TUR-ENG)............................................................................................................................................213

11. Translation (ENG-TUR)............................................................................................................................................235

12. Irrelevant Sentence..................................................................................................................................................257

2022 YDT (ÖSYM) Çıkmış Sorular................................................................................................................................277

A) priority A) come down

5. According to the 8th article of the Universal Declaration B) commodity B) turned up

A) implicit A) abundant A) dependants

E) sorted out E) deficiently

5. A copycat brand, sometimes known as a ‘parasitic brand,’ A) deceive A) utilised

E) partially E) provides E) insensitively

A) Because A) were travelling / noticed

A) Both / and A) for / against

D) cleaning / using E) inhabit / guided D) that’s why

E) to be cleaned / to be using E) moreover

D) rather C) had been living / was

E) contrary to D) have lived / was

A) thereby A) Hardly / when

B) to expose / have to acquire B) had taken / are needed

A) more / than A) with / along

A) where A) the fastest / the shortest A) whether / or

A) into / from A) Because of

A) would announce / will have spent A) owing to

A) was helping / could abandon A) can be supported / should not be seen

B) had helped / had to abandon B) would have supported / must be seen

C) helped / would abandon C) could have supported / might not be seen

D) used to help / might abandon D) might be supported / could have seen

A) are concerned / are alleviating A) as well as

B) will be defined / paying C) each / few

2018 YDT A) as / as A) to have extended

2019 YDT 2019 YDT

E) had been contaminated / were thriving

5. 10. 15. 20.

8. E) might not have focused E) off

1. D) output 12. 17.

5. 10. 15. 20.

E) if the scientists explain the reason why some people are

D) the number of people making their own camping vans out

2019 YDT 2020 YDT

2019 YDT 2020 YDT

2020 YDT 2021 YDT 2021 YDT 2021 YDT

6. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

A) are extremely distinct all over the world

6. According to the passage which of the following can be said?

2. David: 4. Jeff: 6. Maria: 8. Elijah:

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