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Siliconas Aceite - 2004 - Effectiveness of Dimethylpolysiloxane Duringdeep Frying
Siliconas Aceite - 2004 - Effectiveness of Dimethylpolysiloxane Duringdeep Frying
In general, the extent of the effect found in the literature is In this paper, the mechanisms attributed to DMPS action
very variable, reaching from a drastic decrease of the are reviewed. Justifications for the differences found on
alteration [3–6] to small or non-significant differences be- the effect of added DMPS are presented, considering the
tween oils with and without DMPS added at the usual variables acting under the different conditions applied,
concentrations [7–9]. The differences between the results i.e., thermoxidation in the absence of food, discontinuous
obtained may be due to the complexity of the frying pro- frying or continuous frying operations.
cess, since oil degradation is influenced by a high number
of variables and parameters. In this respect, changes
from antioxidant to prooxidant activity of DMPS,
2 Mechanism of DMPS action
depending on the type of heating (either in an oven or on
plates), have been reported [10], although other authors According to previous studies, DMPS has a very low fat
have found a positive effect in all the experiments, with solubility (, 1 mg/kg) and tends to accumulate at the oil
surface, protecting the bulk oil against oxidation [19]. The
minimum amount that exerts a protective action would
Correspondence: M. Carmen Dobarganes, Instituto de la Grasa
(CSIC), Avda. Padre Garcia Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. Phone: correspond to that forming a monolayer on the oil surface,
+34-95-4611550, Fax: +34-95-4616790; e-mail: cdobar@cica.es as stated by decreasing the amount of DMPS until its
action disappeared [3, 20]. It has been found that con- To sum up, although the precise mode of action has not
centrations as low as 0.06 mg/kg were enough to provide been conclusively verified, inhibition of the convection
an effective protection to the oils. This concentration currents contributing to oxidation seems to play an
depended on the surface-to-oil volume ratio and was be- important role in DMPS action. On the contrary, con-
tween 0.05–0.06 mg/cm2 oil-to-air surface [3]. sideration of DMPS as a true antioxidant is not probable,
as it has been consistently shown that the DMPS effect
Apart from the excellent research work carried out by takes place only at high temperature and no differences
Freeman et al. [3], the systematic series of studies under- were found between samples with and without DMPS
gone in Japan to elucidate the mechanism of action of during storage or in accelerated oxidation studies [25–
silicone oil in thermoxidation stands out. Conclusions 27].
drawn from these experiments can be summarised as
follows: In recent years, the action of DMPS addition has been re-
evaluated, considering the previous studies, to define the
(1) The protective effect of DMPS was detected only when possibilities of using high linoleic and high oleic sunflower
the silicon oil was rather insoluble in fat. Fat soluble sili- oils in industrial frying as an alternative to palm olein and
cone oils, such as higher-fatty acid-modified silicone oils, hydrogenated oils. The main results of the extensive pro-
showed no action. Among the silicone oils tested, those ject funded by the European Commission were published
with viscosity values of 20 and 100 centistokes were in a special issue of Grasas y Aceites. Results obtained for
active, while those with viscosity values of 0.65, 1 and 5 DMPS action in thermoxidation experiments in the
centistokes had no protective effect when added at a absence of foods, in laboratory assays of discontinuous
concentration of 1 mg/kg, in experiments carried out at and continuous frying and in industrial continuous frying
180 7C for 4, 6 and 8 h [21]. of crisps are summarised in the next paragraphs. Tab. 1
lists the composition of the sunflower oils used for all the
(2) Under nitrogen protection, the effect of DMPS dis-
experiments commented where the only important differ-
appeared in all the oils assayed [11].
ence between the oils was fatty acid composition.
(3) When one drop of soybean oil coloured with Sudan III
was added to oils with and without DMPS, the measure-
ment of the time between the addition and disappearance Tab. 1. Chemical evaluation of sunflower oils{.
of the pigment was longer in oils with DMPS added [22].
HLSO HOSO
(4) DMPS showed a protective effect in all non-con-
jugated unsaturated oils, but not in conjugated unsatu- Fatty acid composition [wt-% of oil]:
C16:0 6.8 4.5
rated oils like tung oil [21].
C18:0 4.9 4.3
C18:1 21.4 72.4
(5) The water and oxygen dissolved in oils with and with-
C18:2 65.1 16.9
out DMPS did not account for the ability of DMPS pro- C18:3 0.1 0.1
tection [23]. Others 1.7 1.8
(6) DMPS seemed to decrease dissolution of iron into fats Polar compounds [wt-% of oil]:
Total 3.2 2.9
and oils [24].
oxTGM 0.9 0.7
TGD 0.6 0.3
Although some of the results were not clear, overall results
TGP , 0.1 , 0.1
indicated that the protective effect exerted by silicon oils
DG 1.1 1.3
depended on their solubility and viscosity and confirmed FFA 0.6 0.6
those found in previous reports suggesting that DMPS
Minor components:
inhibits the convection currents contributing to the
a-tocopherol [mg/kg] 603 631
entrance of oxygen into the oil. g-tocopherol [mg/kg] 28 13
Fe [mg/kg] , 4.4 , 4.4
Other alternative and/or complementary ways of DMPS Cu [mg/kg] , 1.3 , 1.3
action suggested could be either the formation of a
physical barrier preventing the penetration of oxygen into {
Abbreviations: HLSO – high linoleic sunflower oil,
the oil, its antioxidant activity by an ionic mechanism HOSO – high oleic sunflower oil, oxTGM – oxidized
inhibiting the oxidative propagation reactions, or the triacylglycerol monomers, TGD – triacylglycerol
exposure to the atmosphere of an inert surface delaying dimers, TGP – triacylglycerol polymers, DG – dia-
the action of oxygen [3]. cylglycerols, FFA – free fatty acids.
3 Thermoxidation in the absence of food oven, showing the strong interaction between the two
variables. Values of polar compounds obtained on plates
The main objective of this study was to clarify the effect of were between 3- and 4-fold lower than those found in the
DMPS and its dependence on the main known variables oven, clearly suggesting that DMPS addition had a dras-
influencing the frying process, i.e., temperature, surface- tic positive effect on frying fat alteration when a tempera-
to-oil volume ratio, type of heating, unsaturation degree, ture gradient was established. The differences found
and heating period [5]. Analyses included polar com- would demonstrate the existence of a strong protection of
pound determination by silica column chromatography, DMPS against oxidation during heating on plates, as
the method widely used for evaluation of total degrada- other reactions contributing to an increase in polar com-
tion compounds in used frying oils [28], as well as further pound levels under frying conditions, like thermal poly-
quantification of oxidised and polymeric compounds by merisation or cyclisation (due to the high temperature),
high-performance size exclusion chromatography [29]. are expected to be of the same order, while hydrolysis
was avoided due to the absence of food moisture.
Samples of 25 or 50 mL oil (high linoleic sunflower oil
(HLSO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), and a 50% mix- Interestingly, the significantly higher degradation of con-
ture of both of them), without or with 2 mg/kg DMPS, were trol samples when heating on plates would indicate that,
heated in 150-mL standard beakers, thus providing an under these circumstances, the entrance of oxygen is
excellent control of the surface-to-oil volume ratio vari- favoured, possibly due to the higher absorption of oxygen
able, 1 and 0.5 cm21, respectively. Two temperatures, i.e., at the lower surface temperature on plates. On the con-
170 7C and 180 7C, were selected. Heating of the samples trary, the degradation level of samples with DMPS heated
was carried out either in an oven or on plates. The main in an oven was higher than that found on plates, thus
difference between the two treatments consisted in the indicating that DMPS had no protective action when there
occurrence of a temperature gradient when the sample was no temperature gradient.
was heated on plates, while the bulk of the sample was at
the same temperature in the oven. Finally, depending on As shown in Fig. 2, very low concentrations of DMPS were
the values of the main variables, oils were heated for 5, necessary to obtain a positive effect during thermox-
10, and 20 h, even though 5-h heating samples were pre- idation on plates. The figure corresponds to samples
pared for all the combinations. heated on plates at a surface-to-oil volume ratio (1 cm21)
much higher than that applied in discontinuous frying,
Analysis of variance demonstrated that two-way interac- normally ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 cm21 in food outlets and
tions between type of heating/DMPS addition, type of domestic fryers. As can be observed, polar compounds
heating/oil unsaturation, surface-to-oil volume ratio/ decreased considerably in samples supplemented with
DMPS addition and surface-to-oil volume ratio/oil unsat- only 0.06 mg/kg DMPS. Thus, considering that the active
uration were significant, thus indicating the complexity of DMPS concentration in oil would correspond to that nec-
the frying process. essary to form a monolayer on the surface, even lower
Fig. 1 shows selected representative results for DMPS concentrations may be active for real surface-to-oil vol-
action. As can be observed, strong differences were ume ratios.
obtained when samples were prepared on plates, while
no clear differences were found for samples heated in an
4 Industrial continuous frying of crisps
Palm olein, which is widely used in the manufacture of
fried products, was used as reference oil in industrial
continuous frying assays of crisps. Industrial frying con-
ditions as well as characteristics of the fryer and process
were reported in detail [30].
Due to the good manufacturing frying practices applied, and cut in homogeneous strips were used, and batches of
i.e., fryer design, high rate of production, low period of 200 g were fried for 10 min. Differences between both
turnover, and others, the alteration level of oils after 2 d of types of frying procedures are summarised below.
frying (10 h/d) was very low, and analytical deviations could
explain that no significant differences were obtained.
Alternatively, the dynamic nature of the surface during fry- 5.1 Simulated continuous frying
ing might have contributed to the lack of DMPS action. The presence of potatoes in the fryer was maintained
To explain these results and investigate further the action during all the heating period. Thus, 32 batches of pota-
of DMPS under industrial conditions, it was necessary to toes were fried in each oil, and a minimum initial heating
simulate in the laboratory the main characteristic of con- period of 20 min and a final one of 20 min completed the
tinuous frying operations, which is the continuous pres- 6-h heating. It was necessary to add 250 mL oil after the
ence of food in the fryer. 21st frying operation, to maintain a minimum amount of
oil. The surface-to-oil volume ratio changed from the
initial 0.3 cm21 to 0.5 cm21 after the 32nd frying operation.
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