Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering

Design of a centrifugal linear vibrating feeder driven by an

eccentric motor

Journal: Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering

Manuscript ID TCSME-2018-0244.R1

Manuscript Type: Article

Date Submitted by the

11-Mar-2019
Author:

Complete List of Authors: Niu, Ruikun; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State
Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures
Hua, Zhu; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Keywords: linear feeder, eccentric motor, simulation test, performance

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Is the invited manuscript for

consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission)
Issue? :
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Page 1 of 20 Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering

Design of a centrifugal linear vibrating feeder driven by an

eccentric motor

Niu Ruikun, Zhu Hua1

(State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing

University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing; 210016, China)

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The research is funded by The National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant

No. 2015CB057501).

About the author: Niu Ruikun, Doctoral student, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and

Astronautics, Nanjing, China. E-mail: niuruikun@nuaa.edu.cn

Zhu Hua (communication author), Associate Professor, E-mail: hzhu103@nuaa.edu.cn

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Abstract: In this paper, a novel linear vibrating feeder is designed that uses the

centrifugal motion of an eccentric motor as the driving source. Firstly, the working

principle of the linear vibrating feeder is theoretically analyzed and the dynamic

model is established. Subsequently, a dynamic simulation of the system is carried out

using the ANSYS software. The relationship between the displacement amplitude,

vibration speed, and frequency of the linear vibrating feeder prototype is tested using

a three-dimensional vibrometer, with an OT-10A copper terminal used to test the

prototype. The experimental results indicate that, at a vibration frequency of 125 Hz,
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maximum vibration speeds of 1.23 mm/s and 1.70 mm/s are reached in the X- and
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Z-directions, respectively. The corresponding maximum amplitudes are 0.7 mm and

0.99 mm, and the material feeding speed reaches a maximum value of 123 mm/s.

Compared with similar piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibrating feeders, the total

weight of the prototype is reduced by a third, the noise is reduced by more than 20 dB,

and the driving voltage is only 3.6 V. Hence, the performance of the linear vibrating

feeder has been successfully demonstrated.

Keywords: linear feeder, eccentric motor, simulation test, performance

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1. Introduction
Linear vibrating feeders are major components of automatic production lines and

have a wide range of applications in the medical and military fields, and in the

manufacturing of precision instruments. Conventional linear vibratory feeders are

classified into electromagnetic and piezoelectric varieties, Maul G P (2005) and Zhan

Qixian (1997). Electromagnetic vibrating feeders generate an adsorption force and

vibration by energization of an electromagnetic coil. They are characterized by large

amplitude vibrations, high conveying speed, and low cost. Compared with

piezoelectric driving sources, the noise and energy consumption are large, while the

output performance is relatively poor, Su Jiang (2010), Choi S B (2004), Ting Y et al

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(2005), Jiao Qiwei (2001). Piezoelectric feeders use piezoelectric bimorph as the
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driving source, which have the advantages of simple structure, low noise, and good

stability, while the electromagnetic production cost is relatively high. In recent times,

Japan has formed a world monopoly on piezoelectric vibrating feeders, Jeffrey

Boothroyd (2009), SU Jiang et al (2013), Tian Zongjing, Wu Wenfu (2011). In the

1990s, China began to study vibrating feeders. Although some achievements were

made with the piezoelectric design, the structure was not innovative enough, the

technology was not mature enough, and the products were not widely promoted, Paul

C P at el (2007), Liang Yanfei and Tan Weiming (2008), Jiang Bin (2008). The output

stability of the electromagnetic feeder is lower than that of the piezoelectric type, but

its efficiency is high, and its production cost and market price are low. As a result,

electromagnetic vibrating feeders have been heavily promoted, and occupy a large

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portion of the Chinese market.

As early as 1981, SINFONIA Co., Ltd. used two symmetrical feeding grooves in

the electromagnetic vibrating feeder in order to generate reciprocating vibration by

eliminating the interaction force produced during chute vibration. In 2010, the NTN

Corporation of Japan proposed the reduction of the vibration amplitude in the vertical

direction due to the vibration in the horizontal direction of the groove. In 2011,

SHINKO Co., Ltd. of Japan further proposed a vibration transmission device that

separately provided an amplitude adjustment circuit and a phase adjustment circuit,

able to adjust the vibration frequency and vibration amplitude.

In 1977, Japan Special Ceramics Co., Ltd. was the first to propose a "piezoelectric
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vibration transfer device" using piezoelectric ceramics as the driving source, and
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applied for a patent, Special Ceramics Co., Ltd(1977). In November 2002, SHINKO

Co., Ltd. of Japan applied for a patent on the piezoelectric vibrating feeder, Its

working method combines piezoelectric drive and inertial drive, Kato Ichi at el

(2013). In the same year, Yung and coworkers from the Chung Yuan Christian

University in Taiwan proposed a closed-loop control method. The feeder was

optimized to improve the conveying speed of the material. The acceleration and force

of the vibration platform were experimentally measured, Yung T at el (2002). In

2010, Tan et al. of the Dalian Jiaotong University designed a lateral diagonal tensile

piezoelectric vibrating feeder, where the piezoelectric bimorph adopts an inclined

arrangement at a certain angle with the central axis of the feeder to transfer materials,

TAN X D at el (2011). In 2013, Su Jiang et al. of the Jilin University designed and

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developed a designed and developed a vertical drive and inertial drive piezoelectric

vibratory feeder. These two structures are driven by a ring-shaped piezoelectric

vibrator and an combined piezoelectric vibrator, respectively. In order to obtain the

conveying effect, the top plate acquires upper, lower, front, and rear composite

vibrations, SU Jiang(2013).

In the current paper, a novel variation of a linear vibrating feeder is designed. The

mechanism uses an eccentric motor as the excitation source and transmits power

through the supporting spring piece. Subsequently, complementary dynamic

simulations and experimental tests of the device are conducted and analyzed.
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2. Working principle and structural design

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2.1. Working principle

The centrifugal linear feeder is composed of five components: a top plate, an

eccentric motor, a supporting spring piece, a base plate, and shock-absorbing feet. The

complete structure is shown in Fig. 1. The eccentric motor is attached to the center of

the top plate by epoxy resin. When the motor is powered using forward DC current, it

rotates clockwise and the centrifugal force, generated by the rotation of the eccentric

shaft, drives the top plate in the upward-downward direction and the

forward-backward direction in a reciprocal manner. At the same time, the top plate

transmits the force to the supporting spring piece. The role of the supporting spring

piece is to amplify the displacement of the top plate. The mechanism enables the

feeder to achieve large-amplitude vibrations and large output forces. When the

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rotational frequency of the motor is equal to the natural frequency of the system, the

entire device reaches a state of resonance. At this time, the motion amplitudes of the

top plate in the upward-downward and forward-backward directions, reach a

maximum value. This cycle is repeated such that the top plate has the capability to

transfer material. The stiffness and inclination angle of the spring piece have high

influence on the displacement amplitude of the enlarged top plate. During

experiments, the effects of different kinds of materials can be investigated by altering

the rigidity of the supporting spring piece and the inclination angle.

2.2. Kinetic model

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Using the mechanical vibration theory, the linear vibration feeder system, driven
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by an eccentric motor, is simplified to the dynamic model shown in Fig. 2, where m1

is the mass of the top plate and the motor, m2 the mass of the base and the supporting

spring piece, k1 the stiffness of the supporting spring piece, k2 the stiffness of the

rubber base, c the damping of the supporting spring piece, and F the initial excitation

force, which is the centrifugal force generated by the eccentric motor to induce

motion, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑤2𝑅.

During feeder vibration, the x1 and x2 displacements of masses m1 and m2 are

given relative to their respective static equilibrium positions for any time t. Using

Newton's second law, the dynamic differential equation is:

𝑚1𝑥1 + 𝑐1(𝑥1 ― 𝑥2) + 𝑘1(𝑥1 ― 𝑥2) = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡)

(1) { 𝑚2𝑥2 + 𝑘2𝑥2 ― 𝑐1(𝑥1 ― 𝑥2) ― 𝑘1(𝑥1 ― 𝑥2) = 0

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Let the solution of the differential equation be:

(2) {𝑥𝑥 == 𝐴𝐴 sin

1
2
1 (𝑤𝑡)
sin (𝑤𝑡)
2

where A1 and A2 are the displacement amplitudes of the top and base plates,

respectively. If damping is neglected (i.e. c=0), Equation 2 may be inserted into

Equation 1 and give after simplification:

(3) { ― 𝑚1𝑤2𝐴1 + 𝑘1(𝐴1 ― 𝐴2) = 𝐹

― 𝑚2𝑤2𝐴2 + 𝑘2𝐴2 ― 𝑘1(𝐴1 ― 𝐴2) = 0
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Since k1 is assumed to be much larger than k2, the natural frequency of the system

is:

𝑘1(𝑚1 +𝑚2)
(4) 𝑤𝑛 = 𝑚1𝑚2

The vibration system with two degrees of freedom is simplified to a single degree

of freedom forced vibration system, shown in Fig. 3, with equivalent mass defined as
𝑚1 +𝑚2
𝑚= 𝑚1𝑚2 . The differential equation of the system is now:

(5) 𝑚𝑥 +𝑐𝑥 + 𝑘1𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡)

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where m is the equivalent mass, c the damping of the system, and k the stiffness of the

supporting spring.

The frequency and damping ratios are 𝜆 = 𝑤/𝑤𝑛 and ζ=𝑐/𝑐0, respectively.

The displacement amplitude ratio is β=X/X0 and the static deflection of the vibration

system under the action of constant force F0 is X0=F/k. The displacement amplitude of

the forced vibration is:

𝐹
(6) 𝑋= 2
(𝑘 ― 𝑚𝑤2) + (𝑐𝑤)2

and the displacement amplitude ratio is given by:

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𝑋 1
(7) β = 𝑋0 = 2
(1 ― 𝜆2) + (2𝜍𝜆)2

If 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑛 1 ― 2ζ2, the amplitude ratio has its maximum value. Moreover, the

amplification factor is at a maximum, and the excitation frequency is slightly smaller

than the resonance frequency.

2.3. Simulation analysis

In order to determine a suitable mode of vibration for the vibrating feeder, the

ANSYS software is used to perform modal analysis and determine the harmonic

response of the whole system. Fig. 4 shows the first four orders of modal

displacement of the system. For the first-order mode, it can be seen that the top plate

of the feeder vibrates left and right, and up and down with the supporting spring

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piece. For the second-order mode, the top plate oscillates with the support spring

piece in the forward-backward direction. The third-order mode is characterized by

symmetrical vibration of the supporting spring piece in the left and right direction. For

the fourth-order mode, the supporting spring piece vibrates also in the left-right

direction. It is concluded that the first-order mode of vibration encapsulates the

desired behavior.

The harmonic response of the linear vibrating feeder is analyzed when the

centrifugal force F is applied to the top plate. For the first harmonic of the resonance

frequency of 121 Hz, the centrifugal force F is calculated to be 2.3 N. The

relationship between frequency and amplitude is obtained from the simulations, as

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shown in Fig. 5. When the motor frequency is 127 Hz, the displacement amplitudes of
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the system in the X- and Z-directions reach the maximum values of 1.85 mm and 1.05

mm, respectively.

3. Experimental setup
3.1. Prototype size

The current section describes the design of a linear vibration feeder prototype,

driven by an eccentric motor. The top plate is machined from aluminum alloy, with a

length and width of 84 mm and 27 mm, respectively. The dimensions of the

supporting spring piece are 95 mm × 24 mm × 1 mm, and its material is 65Mn. The

supporting spring piece has an inclination angle of 75°. The dimensions of the cast

iron base plate are 110 mm × 40 mm × 20 mm. The shock-absorbing feet are made

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from silicone rubber with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 10 mm. The basic

dimensions of the M20 eccentric motor are shown in Fig. 6. The motor size is 10 mm

× 15 mm. A voltage is applied to the motor using a DC power supply. An image of

the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 7.

3.2. Performance simulations

The motor voltage is varied to investigate the relationship between voltage and

frequency. A Doppler 3D laser vibrometer (SPV-300) is used to test the vibration of

the linear vibrating feeder, as shown in Fig. 8. The relationship between frequency

and amplitude is obtained by varying the frequency. The relationship of frequency

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with displacement amplitude and velocity is measured as a function of frequency. An

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OT-10A copper terminal is used as the conveying material, and the influence of the

frequency, voltage, and feeding speed is investigated.

4. Experimental analysis
4.1 Test results

Firstly, the voltage is adjusted from 0.4 to 8 V, and a three-dimensional

vibrometer is used to scan the vibration of the linear vibrating feeder. The relationship

between the horizontal and vertical frequencies and the amplitude is shown in Fig.

9(a). From the relationship between frequency and vibration speed, plotted in Fig.

9(b), it can be observed that the displacement amplitude and vibration speed increase

with increasing frequency. At 125 Hz, resonance occurs and the displacement

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amplitude and vibration speed reach their maximum values. The maximum

amplitudes in the horizontal and vertical direction are 0.99 and 0.7 mm, respectively,

and the maximum vibration speeds are 1.677 and 1.229 mm/s, respectively. As the

vibration frequency further increases, the displacement amplitude and vibration speed

gradually decrease. The theoretical simulation has a resonance frequency of 127 Hz.

According to theoretical modeling, the actual excitation frequency is smaller than the

resonance frequency, and the newly-designed vibrating feeder operating frequency is

125 Hz, which is basically consistent with the theoretical simulation. The fact that the

actual amplitude of the feeder is inconsistent with the amplitude calculated by the

theoretical simulation can be attributed to: a) the equivalent simplification of the

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stator structure during the simulation; b) an error in the machining and assembly of
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the part. Therefore, the ideal state cannot be achieved.

The voltage is adjusted to 3.6 V to reach a resonance frequency of 125 Hz, and

the position of the top plate of the feeder prototype is measured with a

three-dimensional laser vibrometer. The vibration behavior is shown in Fig. 10, where

the black grid shows the initial horizontal position, and the red and green grids

indicate the positions at different times. The power supply applies a voltage, and the

top plate moves from its initial position to the position shown in Fig. 10(a).

Subsequently, the top plate moves to the position shown in Fig. 10(c) through the

position shown in Fig. 10(b). This simple harmonic motion cycle is repeated and

corresponds to the first-order mode of vibration, according to the dynamic simulations

results.

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Subsequently, the feeding speed of the vibrating feeder is tested. The motor voltage

is adjusted from 0.4 V to 7 V to generate different motor rotation speeds and

excitation frequencies, and the OT-10A copper terminal is used as the conveying

material to test the relationship between the feeding speed and the frequency of the

motor. The characteristic relationship between the feeding speed and the frequency is

shown in Fig. 11. It is observed that the feeding speed increases with the increase of

frequency in the range between 0 and 125 Hz. For frequencies greater than 90 Hz, the

feeding speed increases more substantially. At 125 Hz, the feeding speed reaches its

maximum value of 123 mm/s, and as the vibration frequency is further increased, the

feeding speed decreases.

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4.2. Experimental tests

The frequency of the motor is adjusted such that the newly-designed vibrating

feeder operates under resonant conditions. The operating parameters of the linear

vibrating feeder are compared with similar piezoelectric and electromagnetic

vibrating feeders in Table 1.

In Table 1, it can be seen that at the same resonant state, the centrifugal vibrating

feeder has the lowest driving voltage of 3.6 V. The noise is 20 dB or lower, which is

smaller than those of the piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibrating feeders. Its total

weight is about one third of that of the other feeders. Compared to the other two

models, the centrifugal linear vibrating feeder has a lower feeding speed of 123 mm/s.

However, the difference in speed is small, and the output is stable.

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5 Conclusions
(1) In view of the high cost and complex structure of industrial vibrating feeders, a

new linear vibrating feeder has been designed using as the driving source an eccentric

motor. Compared to conventional electromagnetic and piezoelectric linear vibrating

feeders, the structure of the proposed feeder is simple, the power consumption is low,

the cost is low, and it has strong applicability. The dynamic model is established and a

modal analysis is carried out. It can be seen from the simulation results that the

first-order vibration mode is the left and right reciprocating motion, which is the

vibration mode desired in the design.

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(2) The displacement amplitude and vibration speed were investigated using a
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three-dimensional vibrometer. The speed of the motor is found to increase with the

increase of voltage. The displacement amplitude, vibration speed, and feeding speed

reached a maximum at 125 Hz. The maximum amplitudes of the feeder in the

horizontal and vertical directions are 0.99 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively, the

maximum vibration speeds are 1.677 mm/s and 1.229 mm/s, respectively, while the

maximum feeding rate was 123 mm/s.

(3) Compared to the electromagnetic and piezoelectric linear vibrating feeders, the

total weight of the newly-developed centrifugal feeder was found to be 30% that of

the electromagnetic feeder, and the noise is 45% that of the electromagnetic linear

vibrating feeder. The power consumption is slightly higher than that of the

piezoelectric vibrating feeder. The feeding speed is slightly lower than that of the

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other two models, and the conveying speed is higher.

References
Choi S B,Lee D H. 2004. Modal analysis and control of a bowlparts feeder activated by
piezoelectric actuators. Journal of Sound and Vibration. Sci. 275(3): 452-457.
Dio:10.1016/j.jsv.2003.10.008.
Jiang Bin. LIU Xiaolun, YANG Zhigang. et el. 2008. Study on vertical dirve ultrasonic feeder.
opt. Precision Eng. EI. 16(6): 1082-1086. Dio:10.3901/JME.2008.11.283.
Jeffrey Busthroy. 2009. Assembly Automation and Product Design. Xiong Yongjia, translated.
Mechanical Industry Press.
Jiao Qiwei, Cui Wenhui, Sun Baoyuan, et al. 2001. Development of piezoelectric vibrating
feeder. Sensor Technology. 20(4): 23-36.
www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-CGQJ200104006.htm [accessed 12 October 2017].
Kato Ichi, Fujii Takara. 2002. Piezoelectric-driven feeder and piezoelectric element-driven
feeder: China, cn1380234a. 11-20. www.sipo.gov.cn/ [accessed 05 October 2018].
Liang Yanfei, Tan Weiming. 2008. Automatic Machinery and Automatic Production Line .
Higher Education Press.
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Maul G P, Thomas M B. 1997. A system model and simula-tion of the vibratory bowl feeder.
Journal of Manu-facturing Systems. Sci. 16(5): 309-314. Dio:10.1016/s0278-6125(97)88461-0.
Paul C P, Chao, Chien-Yu Shen. 2007. Dynamic modeling and experimental verification of a
aft

piezoelectric part feeder in a structure with parallel bimorph beams. Ultrasonics. Sci. 46(3):
205-218. Dio:10.1016/j.ultras.2007.02.002.
Special Ceramics Co., Ltd. 1997. Piezoelectric vibration transfer device: Japan, 52-61087.
05-04.
SU Jiang. 2013. Application Research of Piezoelectric Vibrator on Linear Vibrating Feeder. Jilin
University School of Mechanical Engineering Ph.D. thesis.
Su Jiang.2010. Current status and development trends of vibration feeder.Machinery Design
＆Manufacture. EI. 4(7): 244-246. www.cqvip.com/Main/Detail.aspx?id=34570021 [accessed
15 October 2018].
Su Jiang, Yang Zhigang, Tian Fengjun, et al. 2013. Inertial piezoelectric vibrating feeder.
Journal of Agricultural Machinery. EI. 44(8): 281-286.
Dio:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.08.048.
TAN X D, ZHAO Y S, LIU C B, et al. 2001. The Analysis and Experiment Study on a New Driving
Structure of Piezoelectric Vibration Feeder. Advances in Mechanical Design. 199(2):
1107-1112. dio:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.199-200.1107.
Tian Zongjing, WU Wenfu. 2011. Research status and application of piezoelectric vibratory

feeder device. Machinery ＆Design Manufacture, 10(11): 54-56.

www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=jxsjyzz201111022 [accessed 15
October 2018].
Ting Y. Jar H C. Lin C Y. et al. 2005. A new type of parts feeder driven by bimorph piezo
actuator. Ultrasonics. Sci. 43(7): 566-573. Dio: 10.1016/j.ultras.2004.11.007.
Yung T, Shin MS, Chang HY. 2002. Proceeding of the ASME Design Engineering Technical

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Conference. Analysis and design of four-bar linkage type vibratory parts feeder driven by
piezoelectric actuator. Sci. 43.
Zhan Qixian. 1997. Automatic Mechanical Design. China Light Industry Press.

Table 1. Comparison of operating parameters of centrifugal, piezoelectric, and

electromagnetic linear vibrating feeders.

Type Total Height Resonance Drive Drive current Noise Feeding speed

mass (g) (mm) frequency voltage (V) (mA) (dB) (mm/s)

(Hz)

 Eccentric 300 100 125 3.6 80 35 123

Piezoelectric 800 93 325 220 29 55 128

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Electromagnetic 960 88 50 220 190 80 135

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* Relative to the original result(total mass,height,drive voltage) obtained by the

instruction manual method.

Fig. 1. Structural diagram of the centrifugal linear feeder, consisting of (1) a top

plate, (2) an eccentric motor, (3) two supporting spring pieces, (4) a base plate,

and (5) 4 damping feet.

Fig. 2. Mechanical model of the linear vibration feeder.

Fig. 3. Simplified diagram of the mechanical model.

Fig. 4. The first four orders of vibration mode of the system. [Color online.]
Fig. 5. Displacement amplitude as a function of frequency derived from the
simulations. [Color online.]
Fig. 6. Eccentric motor dimension.
Fig. 7. Experimental setup, including the linear vibrating feeder and the power

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supply.

Fig. 8. Image of the 3D laser vibration experiment.

Fig. 9. (a) Displacement amplitude as a function of velocity. (b) Vibration speed

as a function of frequency. [Color online]

Fig. 10. Motion of the top plate of the linear vibrating feeder. [Color online.]

Fig. 11. Feeding speed as a function of frequency.

Table 1. Comparison of operating parameters of centrifugal, piezoelectric, and

electromagnetic linear vibrating feeders.

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Fig. 1. Structural diagram of the centrifugal linear feeder, consisting of (1) a top plate,
(2) an eccentric motor, (3) two supporting spring pieces, (4) a base plate, and (5) 4
damping feet.

Fig. 2. Mechanical model of the linear vibration feeder.

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Fig. 3. Simplified diagram of the mechanical model.

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Fig. 4. The first four orders of vibration mode of the system.

First-order mode Second-order mode

Third-order mode Fourth-order mode

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Fig. 5. Displacement amplitude as a function of frequency derived from the simulations.

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0 2 4 6 8 10
10

2.0 X direction amplitude

Z direction amplitude
8

1.5
Amplitude(mm)

1.0

0.5

0.0

0
60 80 100 120 140 160
Frequency(Hz)

Fig. 6. Eccentric motor dimension.

Fig. 7. Experimental setup, including the linear vibrating feeder and the power supply.

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Fig. 8. Image of the 3D laser vibration experiment.

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Fig. 9. (a) Displacement amplitude as a function of velocity. (b) Vibration speed as a

function of frequency.

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
1.1 10 10
1.8 Z direction vibration speed
1.0 X direction vibration speed
Z direction amplitude 1.6
0.9 X direction amplitude 8
8
1.4
Vibration speed(mm/s)

0.8
0.7 1.2
Amplitude(mm)

6 6
0.6 1.0
0.5 0.8
0.4 4 4
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
2 0.2 2
0.1
0.0 0.0

-0.1 0 -0.2 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Voltage(Hz) Frequency(Hz)

（a） (b)

Fig. 10. Motion of the top plate of the linear vibrating feeder.

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Fig. 11. Feeding speed as a function of frequency.

0 2 4 6 8 10
140 10

120
8
100
Feed speed(mm/s)

80 6

60
4
40

20 2

0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Frequency(Hz)
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