QUIZ 3 REVIEWER

VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT
CLOUD PHYSICS • NIMBOSTRATUS
- study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, - Are dark, gray clouds that seem to fade into falling
growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds rain or snow.
- weather pattern, climate change - From low to middle height, kaya tumagal
compared sa ibang clouds
CLOUD
- puffy thing in the sky which is a mass of water drops or ice
crystals suspended in the atmosphere.

TYPES OF CLOUDS
1. LOW-LEVEL CLOUDS
2. MIDDLE-LEVEL CLOUDS
3. HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS
4. VERTICAL DEVELOPMENT CLOUDS

LOW LEVEL CLOUDS

• STRATUS
- often look like thin, white sheets covering the Air Rises - Air Parcel - Expansion and Cooling
whole sky.
- Water droplets AIR MASSES
- large bodies of air with uniform temperature and
• STRATOCUMULUS humidity characteristics, formed over source
- patchy gray or white clouds that often have dark regions with similar surface properties.
honey-comb appearance. - Continental area form, cloud formation
FRONTS
• CUMULUS → boundaries between contrasting air masses with different
- look like fluffy, white cotton balls in the sky. temperature, humidity, and density properties, leading to
- 2,000 m to 6,000 m, fair weather dynamic atmospheric instability and cloud formation.

• CUMULONIMBUS 1. WARM FRONTS

- grow on hot days when warm, wet air rises very
high into the sky.
- 18,000 m higher, super lamig ng water, lightning,
severe weather, thunderstorm, heavy rain
MIDDLE-LEVEL CLOUDS
• ALTOSTRATUS
- gray or blue-gray clouds composed of ice crystals
and water droplets.
- Layer is uniform, dim sunlight, light precipitation,
18,000 m + 6,000 m = 24,000 m
• ALTOCUMULUS
- Have several patchy white or gray layers and seem
to be made up of many small rows of fluffy ripples.
- Lighter, same height
HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS
• CIRRUS
- Are delicate, feathery clouds that are made mostly
of ice crystals.
- Hair texture, approx. 6,000 m from the highest
altitude of the middle clouds, fair weather
• CIRROSTRATUS
- are thin, white clouds that cover the whole sky like
a veil.
- Sheet-like, 6,000 m to 12,000 m galling sa middle
level, around the sun and moon
• CIRROCUMULUS
- are thin, sometimes patchy, sheet-like clouds.
▪ When warm air advances and rises over cooler air,
leading to gradual cloud development and
precipitation.
2. COLD FRONTS
▪ When cold air advances and displaces warm air,
leading to rapid uplift, condensation, and the
formation of cumulonimbus clouds and severe
weather.
5 FACTORS AFFECTING CLOUD PARTICLES
1. TEMPERATURE
2. HUMIDITY
3. AEROSOLS
4. VERTICAL MOTION
5. ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
SOLAR RADIATION
→ energy that is emitted by the sun in the form of
electromagnetic waves. This energy travels through space
and reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, where it can be
absorbed or reflected by various substances, such as the
Earth’s surface, clouds, and gases in the atmosphere.
→ Photosynthesis - evaporation, atmospheric circulation
→ Effect: human health, sunburn, skin cancer
SOLAR IRRADIANCE
→ refers to the amount of solar radiation that is received by a
surface, such as the Earth’s surface or the surface of a solar
panel, per unit area.
→ measured in watts per square meter.
→ Measurement, climate researches, watts/𝑚2
SOLAR IRRADIATION → total amount of shortwave radiation received from above by
→ another term for solar radiation or solar energy. horizontal surface.
→ It refers to the energy that is emitted by the sun in the form → includes both Direct Normal Irradiance and Diffuse
of electromagnetic waves and that reaches a surface, such Horizontal Irradiance.
as the Earth’s surface or a solar panel.
→ measured in different ways, including by the amount of solar 6. GLOBAL IN-PLANE IRRADIANCE
radiation that is received by a surface per unite area, or by → total amount of radiation received from above by an inclined
the amount of solar energy that is received over a period of surface.
time.
MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION
COMPOSITION OF SOLAR RADIATION PYRANOMETER
1. VISIBLE LIGHT -can be seen by the human eye → a device that can be used to measure both beam radiation
2. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION - shorter wavelength, cannot be and diffuse radiation.
seen by the naked eye → Total solar radiation received by horizontal surface, weather
3. INFRARED RADIATION - longer wavelength, red stations, scientific researches
4. OTHER COMPONENTS: X-RAYS, GAMMA RAYS, RADIO
WAVES PYRHELIOMETER
→ a device used for measuring direct beam radiation at normal
IMPORTANCE OF SOSLAR RADIATION incidence.
1. Energy Source → To measure intensity of the sunlight sa surface ng earth
2. Life Support (Plants: Photosynthesis: Produce oxygen)
SPECTRORADIOMETER
→ Measures solar radiation spectrally resolved.
FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLAR RADIATION → Measure spectral distribution of Solar Radiation
1. ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS → Aerosol content, scattering solar
▪ ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
▪ AEROSOLS AND PARTICLES MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
COMPONENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE BEAM RADIATION 𝑰𝒃 : direct sunlight.
✓ Gases
✓ Aerosols DIFFUSE RADIATION 𝑰𝒅 : solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust
✓ Clouds and molecules.
Anthropogenic: Industrial emission
Natural: Wildfire TOTAL RADIATION 𝑰𝒕: also known as global radiation.

2. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
▪ LATITUDE
▪ ALTITUDE
Shifting between tropic cancer and capricorn

3. SEASONAL VARIATIONS
▪ EARTH’S TILT AND SEASONS
▪ SUN PATH AND SOLAR DECLINATION
Solar Declination - process over a year

ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
1. SOLAR RADIATION
→ absorbed, scattered and reflected by components of the
atmosphere. The amount of radiation reaching the earth is
less than what entered the top of the atmosphere.
→ Angle and intensity

2. DIRECT NORMAL IRRADIANCE

→ radiation from the sun that reaches the earth without
scattering.

3. DIFFUSE IRRADIANCE
→ radiation that is scattered by the atmosphere, clouds, and
may arrive from all directions.

4. ALBEDO IRRADIANCE
→ a direct or diffuse radiation reflected from the soil or nearby
surfaces (snow, lakes, etc.)

5. GLOBAL HORIZONTAL IRRADIANCE