THE SUN

•Very hot gas

•Surface temperature- 5000˚C to 6000˚C
•At the center- 15 000 000˚C
•Produces own light and heat
•Many uses

LAYERS OF THE SUN

•The core
•Photosphere- visible layer
•Chromosphere- 10 000km
•Corona- 2 000 000˚C

SOLAR ACTIVITIES
•Sun’s surface is very active
•Sun’s magnetic field on the surface
•Solar flares, prominence, sunspots, and solar winds

SOLAR PROMINENCE
•Bright gaseous features that looks like arches or loops
•800 000km

SOLAR FLARES
•Tremendous explosions
•Ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through corona
•Radio signals and satellites can be disrupted

SUNSPOTS
•Dark areas on the surface
•Prevents light and heat from escaping
•1000 or 2000˚C cooler
•16km or bigger than Earth

SOLAR WINDS
•Solar energy that reaches the Earth’s atmosphere
•Streams of particles (protons and electrons)
•The same effects with solar flares

AURORAS
•Aurora borealis (Northern lights)
 •Aurora australis (Southern lights)
•Green, red and violet
•Solar winds and Earth’s atmosphere

EFFECTS OF THE SUN ON LIVING THINGS

•The Sun affects the Earth especially the living things
•Plants depend on the Sun’s energy to make their own food
•Sun also affects the Water cycle

Who will be affected if plants cannot make their own food?

EVERYBODY

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

•Day and night is caused by the Earth’s rotation

REVOLUTION – is the movement of the Earth around the Sun

365 Days 52 Weeks 12 Months 1 Year

31,556,926 Seconds 52,948,766 Minutes 8765 Hours

FOUR SEASONS
1. Summer 3. Autumn
2. Spring 4. Winter

•Philippines is near the equator.

SEASONS IN THE PHILIPPINES: DRY & WET

WEATHER
• WEATHER is the condition of the Earth’s Atmosphere in a given place at a given time.
•It can change drastically in a 24 hour period.
METEOROLOGISTS – scientists who study the weather; they predict or forecast the weather based on
certain elements or components

TEMPERATURE
•TEMPERATURE is amount of heat in a substance. Expressed in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade
(Celsius)
•Temperature is measure by an instrument called a thermometer.

WEATHER COMPONENTS
1. AIR TEMPERATURE - refers to how hot or cold the atmosphere is; affects other weather
components
2. AIR PRESSURE OR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
•The force that is applied on everything on the Earth caused by the weight of the air.
•Air particles are mobile, the exert pressure on objects.
•High pressure area brings warm, dry air. Low pressure area brings rain or moisture
•Measured using a barometer

3. HUMIDITY - refers to the amount of moisture in the air at a given time

•The sun h eats up the water on land and causes evaporation.
•Saturated is when the air has too much moisture and cannot hold anymore

HYGROMETER – instrument that measures humidity level; it has two thermometers --- one WET and
another DRY

4. WIND – the moving air in the atmosphere.

•Air is always moving from high pressure to low pressure.
•The strongest winds are tornadoes, the air pressure is extremely low.
5. CLOUD
•Clouds come in many shapes and forms.
•Some are high in the sky, while others are so low they touch the ground.
•No matter what shape or elevation, clouds form the same way, by having water vapor condense onto
small solid particles like dust, sea salt, and pollution
•Clouds serve several important functions.
•They provide rain and snow.
•They also help retain heat, so it doesn’t escape quickly back into space.
•On hot days, clouds provide shade
6. PRECIPITATION
•When there is too much moisture, the water will fall as precipitation.
•Precipitation will fall in two main forms: rain or snow depending on the temperature of the air through
which the moisture will fall.
•Other forms of precipitation are sleet and hail.

THERMOGRAPH – a device that records temperature automatically and continuously

THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

• It is a layer of air that surrounds the earth.
•It is made up of many gases. Mostly Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.
A BUNCH OF HOT AIR
• Cold air contracts or sinks.
•The air molecules get closer together, which makes the air heavier or more dense
•Hot air expands or rises. The molecules get further apart, become less dense and they get lighter

THE WATER CYCLE

•The sun heats up the water- evaporation
•The water vapor (gas) condenses into clouds
•The clouds become saturated and precipitation is the result.
•The precipitation pools in lakes, oceans and rivers. Waiting to evaporate again.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
•It is the ratio of how much moisture is in the air and how much the air can hold.
•50% humidity means the air is holding 50% moisture

AIR CIRCULATION
•Since warm air rises, the upper part of the room is the warmest. The coolest part of the room would be
closer to the floor.

CONVECTION CURRENTS
• Is the act of a cold fluid or gas pushing a warmer, more dense fluid or gas out of the way.

WIND SPIRAL
Why is the spiral able to turn? - The hot air “rising” is turning the spiral.

HOW TO MEASURE WIND SPEED?

•Wind speed is measured in kilometers per hour (kph). We use a device called an ANEMOMETER.
•WIND DIRECTION is always stated in terms of where the wind is coming from.

MEASURING WIND DIRECTION

•Wind Sock
•Wind vane

BEAUFORT SCALE
•is an empirical measure for describing wind intensity based mainly on observed sea conditions. Its full
name is the Beaufort wind force scale.
•BLM #12b
SNOW
• If the air is cooled below the freezing point of water, the condensing moisture is quickly freeze into ice
crystals.
•The ice crystals join to make snowflakes
•Snowflakes are always six sided.

RAIN - hen droplets of moisture join together becoming heavy enough to fall to the ground.

HAIL - formed in cumulonimbus (storm) clouds. They are frozen droplets of moisture.
•BLM #9

SLEET
•When falling rain starts off in warmer air, but passes through air below freezing, the rain drops cool and
freeze onto surfaces when they hit the ground.

FACTS ON PRECIPITATION
•It takes 10 centimeters of snow to make one centimeter of rain.
•Dew is moisture in the air cools off at night. In the morning it is found on everything. In colder
temperatures, dew is frost.

RAIN GAUGE - a device for collecting and measuring the amount of rain that falls.
TYPES OF CLOUDS
1. CIRRUS - found high in the atmosphere
•They are thin, wispy clouds blown by high winds into long streamers.
•They usually mean fair to pleasant weather.

2. CUMULUS - found in mid-atmosphere

•They are puffy clouds that sometimes look like pieces of floating cotton
•They can develop into a giant cumulonimbus, which is a thunderstorm cloud

3. STRATUS - found in the low atmosphere

•are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky.
•They resemble fog that does not reach the ground.
•Usually no precipitation falls from stratus clouds, but sometimes they may drizzle.

4. NIMBUS - storm clouds

•They are thunderstorm clouds that form if cumulus clouds continue to grow vertically.
•Lightning, thunder, and even violent tornadoes are associated with the cumulonimbus.

TROPICAL CYCLONES
•Depression- 6 1km/hr
•Storm- 62 km/hr to 118km/hr
•Typhoon- 118km/hr to 220km/hr
•Super typhoon- 220km and up

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS BEFORE OR DURING A TYPHOON

There are different weather disturbances, but the Philippines commonly experiences typhoons. Typhoons
cause floods, loss of lives, and destruction of crops, property, and infrastructure. Here are some
SAFETY MEASURES THAT MUST BE OBSERVED BEFORE OR DURING A TYPHOON:
1. Stay away from low – lying areas that are prone to flooding
2. Strengthen your house. Secure all materials that may be blown away by strong winds
3. Store canned goods and other kinds of food that do not require cooking. Store also enough
drinking water
4. Prepare safety matches, candles, flashlights, and batteries to be used in case of electrical power
failure
5. Secure medicines for cold, cough, fever, and diarrhea. These illnesses are common during the
rainy season
6. Constantly listen to weather updates over the radio or television and the internet

METHODS OF REMOVING IMPURITIES FROM WATER

METHODS OF PURIFICATION
1. BOILING / EVAPORATION
•ADVANTAGES
– Simple and effective method of purification
– Will kill many waterborne bacteria through the intense heat
– Uses local available materials
•DISADVANTAGES
– Can sometimes be difficult, time consuming, and cost inefficient because of the high volume of fuel
used
– Will not remove mud from ‘murky’ water
– Will not remove suspended or dissolved compounds

EQUIPMENT / SKILL REQUIRED:

•Water container
•Intense heat
- fuel (wood, gas, etc)
- Preferably a fuel efficient stove
- Must be able to produce heat

•PROCESS:
- Water should be placed in a container and heated until boiling.
- The water should be allowed to boil for at least 10 minutes.
- Once cooled the water will be ready to use.

2. DISTILLATION
•Distilled water is water that has had many of its impurities removed by distillation. Distillation involves
boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container.

3. DECANTATION
•The soil will sink to the bottom of the tube allowing the clear water to be poured off.

4. FILTRATION – the separation of insoluble impurities from water with the use of a FILTER. The
filter TRAPS THE INSOLUBLE MATERIALS BUT ALLOWS WATER TO DRIP INTO A
CONTAINER UNDER IT

PURIFYING DRINKING WATER

1. BOILING – boiling water helps kill bacteria and other harmful organisms. If there is no clean source
of water in the area, the best thing to do is to BOIL WATER BEFORE DRINKING IT

2. CHLORINATION – water can be DISINFECTED by adding a small quantity of CHLORINE GAS.

Water systems in different cities make use of chlorination to ensure that consumers receive a clean water
supply

WATER CYCLE
•Water has been around for billions of years
•Water gets recycled over and over again
WHAT IS WATER CYCLE?

1. TRANSPIRATION - the evaporation of water from plants

2. EVAPORATION - The conversion of water from a liquid to a gas

- Solar energy drives evaporation of water from the ocean.
- The evaporated water changes from a liquid form into water vapor a gaseous form.

3. CONDENSATION - The transformation of water vapor back into liquid water by cooling
- Evaporated water is warmed and rises into the air where it eventually cools and condenses to form
clouds.

4. PRECIPITATION - Rain, hail, or snow falling from the clouds

- When clouds become very heavy with condensed water, the water is released in the form of rain, hail, or
snow.

5. ACCUMULATION - The collection of precipitation into rivers, lakes, and oceans.

- This completes the water cycle!