SCIENCE QUARTER 4 REVIEWER

By Faith of 7 Xunzi

SECTION 1: Locating Places Using Coordinate

System, Landmasses and Bodies of Water

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

Latitude
∙ maximum of 90°
∙ imaginary horizontal lines on the globe
∙ all parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallel of
latitudes
∙ each line of latitude determines climate
∙ the closer you are to the equator, the hotter the climate
∙ has two parts:
‣ northern hemisphere
‣ southern hemisphere
∙ special lines of latitude:
‣ NORTH POLE — 90°N
‣ ARCTIC CIRCLE — 66.5°N
‣ TROPIC OF CANCER — 23.5°N
‣ EQUATOR — 0°
‣ TROPIC OF CAPRICORN — 23.5°S
‣ ANTARCTIC CIRCLE — 65.5°S
‣ SOUTH POLE — 90°S
Longitude
∙ maximum of 180°
∙ imaginary vertical line on the globe
∙ also called meridians
∙ used to determine time zones
∙ has two parts:
‣ eastern hemisphere
‣ western hemisphere
∙ PRIME MERIDIAN — 0° longitude located at Greenwich, England
Map
∙ 2D representation of the world or an area

Globe
∙ 3D representation of the world

LANDMASSES AND BODIES OF WATER

SURROUNDING THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines Archipelago
∙ The Philippines
∙ landmass
∙ 12.8797° N, 121.7740° E

Asian Continent
∙ the continent of Asia
∙ landmass
∙ 34.0479° N, 100.6197° E

Malay Peninsula
∙ southernmost point of the asian continental mainland
∙ landmass
∙ contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand and the
southernmost tip of Myanmar
∙ west of the Philippines
∙ 8.7158° N, 99.5451° E

Indonesian Archipelago
∙ Country of Indonesia
∙ landmass
∙ south of the Philippines
∙ 0.7893° S, 113.9213° E
Australian Continent
∙ Continent (but can be country) of Australia
∙ landmass
∙ south of the Philippines
∙ 25.2744° S, 133.7751° E

Philippine Sea
∙ east of the Philippines
∙ body of water
∙ 19.4914° N, 132.5510° E

West Philippine Sea

∙ also called South China Sea
∙ north of the Philippines
∙ body of water
∙ 14.3000° N, 120.0000° E

Indian Ocean
∙ body of water
∙ southwest of the Philippines
∙ 33.1376° S, 81.8262° E

Pacific Ocean
∙ west of the Philippines
∙ body of water
∙ 8.7832° S, 124.5085° W
SECTION 2: Ways of Using Earth’s Natural
Resources

Natural Resources
∙ resources independent of human actions
∙ found in the environment
∙ developed without intervention of humans
∙ TYPES:
‣ RENEWABLE RESOURCES — infinite quantity, can be used
repeatedly, eco-friendly, replenish quickly; ex. solar, hydropower energy
‣ NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES — limited stock, less
eco-friendly, little to no replenishment; ex. natural gas
∙ KINDS:
‣ WATER RESOURCES — EX. bays, rivers, lakes, falls,
watersheds; watershed is an area of land on a slope that drains its water
into a stream which is also called catchment area or drainage basin
‣ SOIL RESOURCES — covers the entire earth; weathering is the
dissolving of minerals on Earth’s surface and has two types: Physical
and Chemical weathering
‣ MINERAL RESOURCES — any concentration of mineral with a
potential value which can be profited from; can be divided into two
categories which are metallic resources and non-metallic resources
‣ ENERGY RESOURCES — can produce heat, power life, move
objects, produce electricity
∙ EXAMPLES:
‣ air
‣ sunlight
‣ soil

Conservation
∙ sustainable use of nature
SECTION 3: Interaction in the Atmosphere: The
Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

Atmosphere
∙ massive blanket of air surrounding the Earth
∙ made up of different gases; nitrogen and oxygen are the most
abundant
∙ LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE:
‣ TROPOSPHERE — where weather phenomenon on Earth occurs;
the higher, the colder
‣ STRATOSPHERE — the ozone layer; the higher, the hotter
‣ MESOSPHERE — where meteors usually burn; the higher, the
colder – PS. this is the coldest layer in the atmosphere
‣ THERMOSPHERE — where aurora borealis are; the higher, the
hotter
‣ EXOSPHERE — where air pressure is lowest and can also be
considered the outer space; satellites are often found here

GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING

Greenhouse
∙ planthouse that protects plants from excessive heat or cold

Greenhouse Effect
∙ when greenhouse gases trap heat and radiate it to Earth
∙ first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1924

Greenhouse Gases
∙ heat-trapping gases caused by air pollution
∙ EXAMPLES:
‣ carbon dioxide
‣ water vapor
‣ methane
‣ chlorofluorocarbons
Global Warming
∙ increase of temperature due to excessive trapping of heat by
greenhouse gases

SECTION 4: Interaction in the Atmosphere: The

Sea and the Land Breeze, the ITCZ and the
Philippine Monsoons

THE SEA AND LAND BREEZE

Sea Breeze
∙ higher to lower pressure
∙ occurs during daytime
∙ from sea to land
∙ the land heats up faster than water therefore the air above land is
warmer
∙ because warmer air is lighter than cold, warm air on the land flows to
the sea and the cold air flows to the land

Land Breeze
∙ during nighttime
∙ higher to lower pressure
∙ land to sea
∙ land cools down faster than sea; air above sea is warmer than land’s
∙ because warmer air is lighter than cold, the warm air on water rises
and the cold air above land flows to the sea while warm air flows to the
land
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
∙ converging trade winds that circle near the equator
∙ produces increased cloudiness, storms
∙ follows the sun; it moves to the north during northern hemisphere
summer, while to the south during northern hemisphere winter which
causes the wet and dry seasons in tropical regions

THE MONSOONS

Monsoon
∙ from Arabic word “MAUSIM”
∙ seasonal changes in winds
∙ TWO TYPES:
‣ SOUTHWEST MONSOON — known as “habagat”, gives us warm
humid trade winds that may cause heavy rains; occurs during June to
October in the Philippines
‣ NORTHEAST MONSOON — known as “amihan”, gives us cold
dry weather that may cause light rains and cold weather; occurs during
December to February in the Philippines
SECTION 5: Seasons and its Reasons

THE EARTH

Rotation
∙ Earth’s spin on its axis

Earth’s Axis
∙ an imaginary straight line around which an object spins

Earth’s Tilt
∙ the Earth is tilted by 23.5 degrees
∙ a reason why season changes

Revolution
∙ Earth’s orbit around the Sun
∙ the Earth orbits the Sun in counterclockwise
∙ it takes 1 year or 365 days for the Earth to orbit the Sun
∙ a reason why season changes

THE SOLSTICES

Summer Solstice
∙ during June 21st
∙ when the Northern Hemisphere gets the most direct sunlight

Winter Solstice
∙ during Dec. 21st
∙ when the Southern Hemisphere gets the most direct sunlight
THE EQUINOXES

Equinox
∙ in Latin, “equi” means equal; “nox” means light

Spring (Vernal) Equinox

∙ during March 21st
∙ equal light in the Northern Hemisphere

Fall (Autumnal) Equinox

∙ during Sept. 22nd
∙ equal light in the Northern Hemisphere