WEATHER AND CLIMATE

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

• WEATHER
• Weather is the state of the
atmosphere, including
temperature, atmospheric
pressure, wind, humidity,
precipitation, and cloud cover
for a short period of time
(days to months).
 WEATHER AND CLIMATE
• CLIMATE
• Climate is the long-term pattern
of weather in a particular area.
Weather can change from hour-
to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-
month or even year-to-year. A
region's weather patterns, usually
tracked for at least 30 years, are
considered its climate.
 WEATHER AND CLIMATE
• METEOROLOGY
• Meteorology is the science
dealing with the atmosphere
and its phenomena, including
both weather and climate.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
1. TEMPERATURE
• The weather temperature is
affected by the density of
air, the relative temperature
of the air molecules as well
as the presence of cold/hot
air masses from the
Poles/Equator.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
2. AIR PRESSURE
• It is the force exerted on a
surface by the air above it as
gravity pulls it to Earth.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
3. WIND
• The wind is the large-scale air
movement in the atmosphere
from a high-pressure area to a
low-pressure area. The distance
between low and high-pressure
regions and the difference in
air pressure determine wind
speed and strength.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
4. HUMIDITY
• The amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere at any given
time is called humidity. Water
vapor is simply water in a
gaseous state (after the liquid
has evaporated).
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
5. PRECIPITATION
• Precipitation is water in all of its
various states, formed after
condensation transforms water
vapor into its solid form, which
falls to the ground when it
becomes too heavy to remain in
the air. Rain, snow, sleet and hail
are all forms of precipitation.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
6. CLOUDS
• Clouds are the most accurate predictors
of current and future weather conditions.
Therefore, it is beneficial to study them
in greater detail with scientific
equipment to accurately assess current
and future atmospheric conditions.
Clouds are water droplets or water in
various states (such as ice and snow
crystals) that form when water vapor
reaches a condensation level and can no
longer remain in a gaseous state.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
7.SUN’S RAYS
• The most high-frequency waves
emitted by the sun are gamma
rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet
radiation (UV rays). The most
harmful UV rays are almost
completely absorbed by Earth's
atmosphere. Less potent UV rays
travel through the atmosphere, and
can cause sunburn.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE CYCLES AND
PHENOMENA
1. El NIÑO / LA NIÑA PHENOMENON
• El Niño refers to the above-
average sea-surface temperatures
that periodically develop across
the east-central equatorial Pacific.
It represents the warm phase of
the ENSO cycle. La Niña refers to
the periodic cooling of sea-surface
temperatures across the east-
central equatorial Pacific.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE CYCLES AND
PHENOMENA
2. CORIOLIS EFFECT
• the result of Earth's rotation
on weather patterns and
ocean currents. The Coriolis
effect makes storms swirl
clockwise in the Southern
hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE CYCLES AND
PHENOMENA
3. CARBON CYCLE
• The carbon cycle describes
the process in which carbon
atoms continually travel from
the atmosphere to the Earth
and then back into the
atmosphere.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE CYCLES AND
PHENOMENA
4. WATER CYCLE
• The water cycle shows the
continuous movement of water
within the Earth and atmosphere.
It is a complex system that
includes many different processes.
Liquid water evaporates into
water vapor, condenses to form
clouds, and precipitates back to
earth in the form of rain and snow.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE CYCLES AND
PHENOMENA
5. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
the trapping of the sun's
warmth in a planet's lower
atmosphere, due to the greater
transparency of the atmosphere
to visible radiation from the
sun than to infrared radiation
emitted from the planet's
surface.
 TOPOGRAPHY AND SEA LEVEL
1. TOPOGRAPHY
Physical features that make
up the topography of an
area include mountains,
valleys, plains, and bodies
of water.
 TOPOGRAPHY AND SEA LEVEL
2. SEA LEVEL
Sea level is the base level
for measuring elevation and
depth on Earth. Because the
ocean is one continuous
body of water, its surface
tends to seek the same level
throughout the world.
 TOPOGRAPHY AND SEA LEVEL
3. WINDWARD
Windward is upwind from
the point of reference,
towards the direction from
which the wind is coming.
 TOPOGRAPHY AND SEA LEVEL
4. LEEWARD
Leeward refers to the
downwind or sheltered side
of a flow obstacle such as a
mountain or ridge.
 TOPOGRAPHY AND SEA LEVEL
TEMPERATURE AND
ALTITUDE
Temperature decreases at
higher altitudes because there
is less air exerting pressure
than at sea level.
 GLOBAL WARMING ANG CLIMATE
CHANGE
1. GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the long-term
heating of Earth's surface due to
human activities, primarily fossil
fuel burning, which increases heat-
trapping greenhouse gas levels in
Earth's atmosphere.
 GLOBAL WARMING ANG CLIMATE
CHANGE
2. CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change refers to long-term
shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns. Such shifts can be natural,
due to changes in the sun's activity
or large volcanic eruptions.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ANG
CLIMATE CHANGE
1. RISE OF SEA LEVEL 2. INTENSE HEAT WAVES
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ANG
CLIMATE CHANGE
3. MELTING GLACIERS AND 4. DROUGHTS
ICE SHEETS
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ANG
CLIMATE CHANGE
5. FLOODS 6. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY