Final proposal

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2 Abstract

The Saurashtra region, also known as Kathiawar, is a peninsular region of Gujarat,

India, located on the Arabian Sea coast. It covers about a third of Gujarat state,
notably 11 districts, including Rajkot District. The region has a rich and diverse
cultural heritage, influenced by various factors such as social structure,
political philosophy, language, religious and ethical systems, education, and
economic philosophy. The region is also known for its folk traditions, which are
the expressions of the shared beliefs, customs, and practices of the people,
preserved through arts and crafts, music, dance, food, drama, storytelling, and
other forms of oral communication.

The aim of this study is to conduct a sociological analysis of the culture and folk
traditions of the social life of the Saurashtra region. The objectives of the study
are: (1) to study the origin and development of the castes and religions in the
Saurashtra region; (2) to know the cultural elements like language, values, norms,
symbols, education, rites, rituals, customs, and habits of castes and religions in
the Saurashtra region; (3) to know the folk traditions like music, arts and crafts,
food, drink and dresses, literature, material culture, festivals, and celebration
of the Saurashtra region; and (4) to understand the cultural influences and
cultural changes in the social life of the Saurashtra region.

The study will adopt a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and

qualitative research methods. Historical data sources will also be used in the
study. The primary data collection method will be a survey, using a stratified
random sampling technique. The study will cover four districts of the Saurashtra
region, two located on coastal areas (Porbandar and Gir-Somnath) and two having
forest areas (Junagadh and Amreli). From each district, 1000 respondents will be
selected, 500 from a backward village and 500 from a modern village, resulting in a
total sample size of 4000 respondents. The study will use various tools and
techniques for data analysis, such as descriptive statistics, inferential
statistics, content analysis, thematic analysis, and comparative analysis.

The study will contribute to the existing literature on the culture and folk
traditions of the Saurashtra region, as well as to the broader field of sociology.
The study will also provide insights into the social life of the people of the
region, their identity, diversity, unity, continuity, and change. The study will
also have implications for policy making, social development, cultural
preservation, and intercultural dialogue.

3 Region(s) covered by the study and basis of identification of the region for
research

The study will cover the Saurashtra region, which is a peninsular region of
Gujarat, India, located on the Arabian Sea coast. The region covers about a third
of Gujarat state, notably 11 districts, including Rajkot District. The region is
bounded by the Gulf of Kutch on the northwest, the Gulf of Khambhat on the east,
and the Arabian Sea on the south and southwest. The region has a total area of
about 66,000 square kilometers and a population of about 15.3 million as of 2011.
The region is also known as Kathiawar, after the Kathi Darbar, which once ruled
most of the region. However, Saurashtra is not entirely synonymous with Kathiawar,
since a small portion of the historical Saurashtra region extends beyond the
Kathiawar peninsula. The region is also sometimes referred to as Sorath, which
forms the southern portion of the peninsula. ¹

The region was selected for the study because of its rich and diverse cultural
heritage, which reflects the historical, geographical, and socio-economic factors
that have shaped the region over the centuries. The region has been influenced by
various dynasties, empires, kingdoms, and states that have ruled or controlled the
region, such as the Mauryans, the Satavahanas, the Kshatrapas, the Guptas, the
Maitrakas, the Chalukyas, the Solankis, the Chavdas, the Vaghelas, the Delhi
Sultanate, the Mughals, the Marathas, the British, and the Bombay Presidency. The
region has also been influenced by various religious and spiritual movements, such
as Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity.
The region has also been influenced by various linguistic and ethnic groups, such
as the Gujaratis, the Saurashtrians, the Kutchis, the Sindhis, the Parsis, the
Lohanas, the Kathis, the Ahirs, the Rabaris, the Kolis, the Bhanushalis, the
Patidars, the Rajputs, the Brahmins, the Jains, the Muslims, the Christians, and
the Sikhs. The region has also been influenced by various economic and
environmental factors, such as agriculture, trade, industry, urbanization,
migration, coastal resources, forest resources, and natural disasters. ²³

The region is also known for its folk traditions, which are the expressions of the
shared beliefs, customs, and practices of the people, preserved through arts and
crafts, music, dance, food, drama, storytelling, and other forms of oral
communication. The region has a rich and varied folk heritage, which reflects the
diversity and creativity of the people, as well as their adaptation and resilience
to the changing times. Some of the prominent folk traditions of the region are:
Garba, Raas, Dandiya, Bhavai, Dayro, Lok Varta, Sorathi Baharvatiya, Hudo, Tippani,
Padhar, Dangi, Sidi, Ghodakhund, Gagari, Gopi Talav, Saurashtra Kala Kendra,
Saurashtra Literature Festival, Saurashtra Sangeet Sammelan, Saurashtra Lok Kala
Parishad, and Saurashtra Rachana.

4 Scope of the Proposed Study

The scope of the proposed study is to conduct a sociological analysis of the

culture and folk traditions of the social life of the Saurashtra region. The study
will explore the following aspects of the culture and folk traditions of the
region:

- The origin and development of the castes and religions in the Saurashtra region,
tracing their historical, geographical, and socio-political roots, and examining
their current status, diversity, and dynamics.
- The cultural elements like language, values, norms, symbols, education, rites,
rituals, customs, and habits of castes and religions in the Saurashtra region,
identifying their commonalities and differences, and analyzing their meanings,
functions, and impacts on the social life of the people.
- The folk traditions like music, arts and crafts, food, drink and dresses,
literature, material culture, festivals, and celebration of the Saurashtra region,
describing their forms, features, and variations, and evaluating their
significance, relevance, and challenges in the contemporary context.
- The cultural influences and cultural changes in the social life of the Saurashtra
region, assessing the factors and forces that have shaped the culture and folk
traditions of the region over time, and exploring the trends and issues that are
affecting the culture and folk traditions of the region in the present and future.

The study will cover four districts of the Saurashtra region, two located on
coastal areas (Porbandar and Gir-Somnath) and two having forest areas (Junagadh and
Amreli). These districts were chosen to represent the geographical and ecological
diversity of the region, as well as to capture the variations in the culture and
folk traditions of the region. The study will use a stratified random sampling
technique to select 1000 respondents from each district, 500 from a backward
village and 500 from a modern village, resulting in a total sample size of 4000
respondents. The study will use a survey method for data collection, using a
structured questionnaire to elicit the views and opinions of the respondents on
various aspects of the culture and folk traditions of the region. The study will
also use historical data sources, such as books, journals, articles, reports,
documents, archives, and records, to supplement and corroborate the primary data.
The study will use various tools and techniques for data analysis, such as
descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, content analysis, thematic
analysis, and comparative analysis, to generate valid and reliable findings and
conclusions.

The study will have a duration of two years, starting from April 2024 and ending in
March 2026. The study will have the following phases and timelines:

- Phase 1: Literature Review and Research Design (April 2024 - June 2024)
- Phase 2: Data Collection and Data Entry (July 2024 - December 2024)
- Phase 3: Data Analysis and Report Writing (January 2025 - June 2025)
- Phase 4: Dissemination and Publication (July 2025 - March 2026)

The study will have a budget of Rs. 20 lakhs, which will cover the following
expenses:

- Personnel: Rs. 8 lakhs (Research Team, Field Staff, Data Entry Operators,
Consultants, etc.)
- Travel: Rs. 4 lakhs (Transportation, Accommodation, Food, etc.)
- Materials: Rs. 3 lakhs (Question.

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5 Major Research Works Reviewed:

The study of culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region is a rich and
diverse field that has attracted the attention of many scholars from different
disciplines and perspectives. In this section, we will review some of the major
research works that have been done on this topic, both at the international and
national level.

International:

- **Saurashtra: A Language, Region, Culture and Community** by Peter Edwin Hook

(2006) ¹: This book is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of the
Saurashtra language, region, culture and community. It covers various aspects such
as the history, geography, demography, linguistics, literature, religion, art,
music, and social organization of the Saurashtrians. It also examines the processes
of migration, adaptation, and identity formation of the Saurashtrians in different
parts of India and abroad.
- **The Making of the Mahatma: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893-1914** by Surendra
Bhana and Goolam Vahed (2005) ²: This book explores the role of South Africa in
shaping Gandhi's political and moral vision. It focuses on the interactions between
Gandhi and the diverse communities of South Africa, including the Saurashtrians,
who were among the earliest Indian settlers in the country. It shows how Gandhi's
experiences and experiments in South Africa influenced his ideas and strategies of
non-violence, civil disobedience, and satyagraha.
- **The Folk-Songs of Southern India** by Charles E. Gover (1871) ³: This book is
one of the earliest and most extensive collections of folk-songs from southern
India, including those from the Saurashtra region. It contains translations and
annotations of hundreds of songs on various themes such as love, marriage,
festivals, legends, and myths. It also provides insights into the social and
cultural life of the people who sang these songs.

National:

- **Saurashtra: Society, Economy and Culture** by Makrand Mehta (1982) ⁴: This book
is a historical and sociological analysis of the Saurashtra region from the
medieval to the modern period. It traces the evolution of the social structure,
economy, and culture of the region, with special emphasis on the role of trade,
commerce, and urbanization. It also discusses the impact of colonialism,
nationalism, and partition on the Saurashtra society.
- **Folk Culture of Saurashtra** by V. R. Trivedi (1976) ⁵: This book is a detailed
and systematic study of the folk culture of the Saurashtra region. It covers
various aspects such as the folk literature, folk art, folk music, folk dance, folk
drama, folk games, and folk festivals of the region. It also examines the folk
beliefs, customs, and practices of the Saurashtra people.
- **The Saurashtrian Community in Madurai: A Sociological Study** by K. Rajan
(1974) ⁶: This book is a sociological study of the Saurashtrian community in
Madurai, one of the major centres of their settlement in Tamil Nadu. It explores
the patterns of migration, adaptation, and integration of the Saurashtrians in
Madurai. It also analyses the social structure, economic activities, religious
practices, and cultural identity of the Saurashtrians in Madurai.

6 Archaeological /archiving methods to be applied in research:

Archaeological and archiving methods are useful for collecting and analysing
historical data sources that can shed light on the culture and folk traditions of
the Saurashtra region. In this section, we will describe some of the archaeological
and archiving methods that we will apply in our research.

- **Archaeological surveys and excavations**: We will conduct archaeological

surveys and excavations in selected sites of the Saurashtra region, such as Dwarka,
Somnath, Junagadh, and Girnar, that have historical and cultural significance. We
will use various techniques such as mapping, sampling, dating, and recording to
document the archaeological evidence of the past human activities and settlements
in the region. We will also analyse the artefacts, inscriptions, sculptures, and
monuments that we will recover from these sites, and compare them with the existing
literature and oral traditions.
- **Archival research**: We will visit various archives and libraries that hold
primary and secondary sources related to the Saurashtra region, such as
manuscripts, books, journals, newspapers, reports, letters, photographs, and audio-
visual materials. We will use various methods such as cataloguing, indexing,
scanning, and transcribing to access and organize the archival materials. We will
also critically evaluate the authenticity, reliability, and validity of the
archival sources, and contextualize them within the broader historical and
sociological framework.
- **Oral history**: We will conduct oral history interviews with the elderly and
knowledgeable members of the Saurashtra community, both in the region and in the
diaspora. We will use various methods such as snowball sampling, semi-structured
interviewing, and audio-recording to collect and document the oral testimonies of
the informants. We will also analyse the oral narratives for their content,
structure, and meaning, and compare them with the written and material sources..

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7 Inquiry into cultural, historical and sociological aporias in existing identity
of the region:

The Saurashtra region has a complex and dynamic identity that is shaped by various
cultural, historical and sociological factors. However, there are also some gaps,
contradictions and ambiguities in the existing identity of the region, which we
will explore in this section. We will use the concept of aporia, which means a
state of perplexity or impasse, to examine some of the key issues and challenges
that the Saurashtra region faces in terms of its identity formation and expression.

Some of the aporias that we will investigate are:

- **The Saurashtra language**: The Saurashtra language is one of the distinctive

features of the Saurashtra culture and community. It is a hybrid language that has
elements of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, and other languages. It is
also written in various scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, and Gujarati.
However, the Saurashtra language is also facing a decline in its usage and
preservation, especially among the younger generations and the diaspora. The
Saurashtra language is not recognized as an official language by the Indian
government, nor is it taught in schools or universities. The Saurashtra language is
also subject to various influences and pressures from the dominant languages of the
regions where the Saurashtrians live, such as Gujarati, Tamil, and Hindi.
Therefore, we will explore the challenges and opportunities for the survival and
revival of the Saurashtra language, and its implications for the Saurashtra
identity.
- **The Saurashtra religion**: The Saurashtra religion is another important aspect
of the Saurashtra culture and community. The Saurashtrians follow various forms of
Hinduism, such as Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. They also have
their own sects, such as the Vallabhacharya, the Swaminarayan, and the Madhva. They
also worship various local and regional deities, such as Somnath, Dwarkadhish,
Kalka, and Khodiyar. However, the Saurashtra religion is also subject to various
conflicts and controversies, both within and outside the community. The
Saurashtrians have faced discrimination and persecution from other religious
groups, such as the Muslims, the Christians, and the Jains. The Saurashtrians have
also experienced divisions and disputes among themselves, based on caste, sect, and
region. Therefore, we will examine the diversity and unity of the Saurashtra
religion, and its role in the Saurashtra identity.
- **The Saurashtra migration**: The Saurashtra migration is another significant
factor that influences the Saurashtra culture and community. The Saurashtrians have
a long history of migration, both within and outside India. They have migrated to
various parts of India, such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and Delhi. They have also migrated to various parts of the world, such
as South Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Singapore, Malaysia, and the United States.
However, the Saurashtra migration is also accompanied by various challenges and
opportunities, both for the migrants and the natives. The Saurashtrians have to
adapt to the new socio-cultural and economic environments, while maintaining their
own traditions and values. The Saurashtrians also have to interact with the other
communities and cultures, while asserting their own identity and interests.
Therefore, we will analyse the patterns and impacts of the Saurashtra migration,
and its implications for the Saurashtra identity.

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8. The region to be studied

The region to be studied in this research project is the Saurashtra region, also
known as Kathiawar, which is a peninsular region of Gujarat, India, located on the
Arabian Sea coast. It covers about a third of Gujarat state, notably 11 districts
of Gujarat, including Rajkot District¹. The region also historically encompassed
the Diu district of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory¹.

The Saurashtra region has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, which reflects its
historical, geographical, and social diversity. The region has been influenced by
various dynasties, religions, and communities that have ruled or settled in the
region over the centuries, such as the Mauryans, the Kshatrapas, the Guptas, the
Maitrakas, the Chalukyas, the Solankis, the Rajputs, the Mughals, the Marathas, the
British, the Jains, the Buddhists, the Muslims, the Parsis, the Saurashtrians, the
Kathis, the Ahirs, the Rabaris, the Koli Patels, the Mer, the Bhanushalis, the
Lohanas, the Maldharis, the Siddis, and others²³⁴.

The region is known for its distinctive linguistic, religious, and artistic
expressions, which have been preserved and transmitted through various forms of
oral and written communication, such as languages, dialects, scripts, literature,
folklore, music, dance, drama, art, craft, food, dress, festivals, rituals,
customs, and practices. Some of the prominent languages spoken in the region are
Gujarati, Kutchi, Kathiawadi, Saurashtri, Sindhi, Hindi, Urdu, and English²⁵. Some
of the notable literary works produced in the region are the Bhagavata Purana, the
Narsinh Mehta's poems, the Akha Bhagat's chhappas, the Narmad's Narmagadya, the
Govardhanram Tripathi's Saraswatichandra, the Pannalal Patel's Malela Jiv, the
Zaverchand Meghani's Saurashtra ni Rasdhar, and the Kavi Kant's Kalapi²⁶. Some of
the popular folk traditions of the region are the Garba, the Raas, the Bhavai, the
Dayro, the Sorath Lokgeet, the Langa Vadya, the Padhar ni Vani, the Dangi Nritya,
the Tippani Nritya, the Hudo, the Ghodo, the Dhamal, the Sidi Dhamal, and the
Dandiya Raas²⁷ . Some of the renowned art and craft forms of the region are the
Patola, the Bandhani, the Kutch embroidery, the Rogan painting, the Mata ni
Pachedi, the Kalamkari, the Beadwork, the Wood carving, the Silverwork, the
Pottery, the Leatherwork, the Lacquerwork, the Agate, and the Shell work² .

The region also has a significant role in the history and politics of India, as it
has witnessed several events and movements that have shaped the nation's destiny,
such as the Somnath temple invasions, the Dwarka excavation, the Porbandar
birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi, the Dandi Salt March, the Bardoli Satyagraha, the
Navnirman Andolan, the Morbi flood, the Kutch earthquake, the Gir forest
conservation, the Narmada dam project, the Sardar Sarovar dam project, the Statue
of Unity, the Bullet train project, and the Vibrant Gujarat summit² .

The region, therefore, offers a rich and fertile ground for sociological analysis,
as it presents a complex and dynamic interplay of culture and folk traditions in
the social life of its people, who have adapted to the changing times and
circumstances, while retaining their identity and distinctiveness.

9. Objectives of the Proposed Study

The main objective of the proposed study is to explore and examine the culture and
folk traditions of the social life of the Saurashtra region, and to understand how
they have evolved, influenced, and been influenced by the historical, geographical,
and social factors. The specific objectives of the study are:

- To trace the origin and development of the castes and religions in the Saurashtra
region, and to analyze their impact on the social structure, political philosophy,
language, religious and ethical systems, education, and economic philosophy of the
region.
- To identify and describe the cultural elements, such as language, values, norms,
symbols, education, rites, rituals, customs, and habits, of the different castes
and religions in the Saurashtra region, and to compare and contrast them with each
other and with other regions of India.
- To document and analyze the folk traditions, such as music, arts and crafts, food
and drink, dress, literature, material culture, festivals, and celebrations, of the
Saurashtra region, and to explore their origin, meaning, significance, function,
and transmission in the social life of the region.
- To investigate and assess the cultural influences and cultural changes in the
social life of the Saurashtra region, and to examine the factors and forces that
have contributed to the continuity and change of the culture and folk traditions of
the region, such as migration, urbanization, globalization, modernization, media,
technology, education, politics, economy, environment, and social movements.

10. Role of the study in deciphering continuities in history of art, craft, culture
and folk practices of the region

The proposed study will play an important role in deciphering the continuities in
the history of art, craft, culture and folk practices of the Saurashtra region, as
it will provide a comprehensive and systematic account of the various aspects of
the culture and folk traditions of the region, and their interrelationships with
the history and society of the region. The study will also highlight the resilience
and dynamism of the culture and folk traditions of the region, and their ability to
survive and thrive in the face of challenges and changes. The study will also
reveal the diversity and richness of the culture and folk traditions of the region,
and their contribution to the cultural heritage and social fabric of India. The
study will also suggest ways and means to preserve and promote the culture and folk
traditions of the region, and to foster and enhance the cultural awareness and
appreciation among the people of the region and beyond. The study will also
generate new knowledge and insights into the culture and folk traditions of the
region, and will open up new avenues and opportunities for further research and
collaboration in the field of social sciences..

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11 Structural Framework of study

The proposed study will adopt a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and
qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. The study will be divided into
four phases, as shown in the following figure:


- Phase 1: Literature Review. In this phase, the researcher will conduct a

comprehensive and systematic review of the existing literature on the culture and
folk traditions of the Saurashtra region, covering the major cultural determinants
and the folk traditions of the region. The literature review will help to identify
the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the key concepts and variables, the
previous studies and findings, and the research gaps and challenges in the field of
study.
- Phase 2: Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis. In this phase, the researcher
will collect quantitative data from a sample of 4000 respondents from four
districts of the Saurashtra region, using a structured questionnaire. The
questionnaire will measure the respondents' demographic characteristics, their
cultural elements, their folk traditions, and their perceptions of cultural
influences and changes in their social life. The researcher will use stratified
random sampling to ensure the representation of different districts, villages,
castes, and religions in the sample. The researcher will use descriptive and
inferential statistics to analyze the quantitative data, using SPSS software.
- Phase 3: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis. In this phase, the researcher
will collect qualitative data from a subset of 200 respondents from the
quantitative sample, using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions.
The qualitative data will provide in-depth insights into the respondents'
experiences, opinions, attitudes, values, beliefs, and meanings regarding their
culture and folk traditions, and the cultural influences and changes in their
social life. The researcher will use purposive sampling to select the participants
for the qualitative data collection, based on their diversity and richness of
information. The researcher will use thematic analysis to analyze the qualitative
data, using NVivo software.
- Phase 4: Data Integration and Interpretation. In this phase, the researcher will
integrate and interpret the quantitative and qualitative data, using a convergent
parallel design. The researcher will compare and contrast the findings from both
data sources, and identify the points of convergence and divergence,
complementarity and contradiction, and confirmation and disconfirmation. The
researcher will also discuss the implications, limitations, and recommendations of
the study, and suggest directions for future research.

12 Identification of Research Gaps

The literature review revealed that there are several research gaps in the study of
culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region. Some of the major research
gaps are:

- There is a lack of empirical studies that examine the culture and folk traditions
of the Saurashtra region from a sociological perspective, using both quantitative
and qualitative methods. Most of the existing studies are either historical,
linguistic, or anthropological in nature, and rely on secondary sources or limited
primary data. There is a need for more comprehensive and systematic studies that
use mixed-methods approaches and large-scale primary data to capture the complexity
and diversity of the culture and folk traditions of the region.
- There is a lack of studies that compare and contrast the culture and folk
traditions of different districts, villages, castes, and religions in the
Saurashtra region. Most of the existing studies focus on specific aspects or groups
of the culture and folk traditions, and do not explore the similarities and
differences, the commonalities and variations, and the influences and interactions
among them. There is a need for more comparative and integrative studies that
examine the culture and folk traditions of the region as a whole, and as a part of
the larger Indian culture.
- There is a lack of studies that analyze the cultural influences and changes in
the social life of the Saurashtra region, especially in the context of
globalization, modernization, urbanization, migration, and media. Most of the
existing studies assume that the culture and folk traditions of the region are
static, homogeneous, and isolated, and do not account for the dynamic,
heterogeneous, and interconnected nature of the culture and folk traditions. There
is a need for more dynamic and contextual studies that investigate how the culture
and folk traditions of the region are influenced by and influence the social,
economic, political, and environmental changes in the region and beyond.

13 Major Research Questions / Hypotheses

Based on the research objectives and the research gaps, the following are the major
research questions and hypotheses of the proposed study:

- Research Question 1: What are the origin and development of the castes and
religions in the Saurashtra region?
- Research Question 2: What are the cultural elements of the castes and religions
in the Saurashtra region, such as language, values, norms, symbols, education,
rites, rituals, customs, and habits?
- Research Question 3: What are the folk traditions of the Saurashtra region, such
as music, arts and crafts, food and drink, dresses, literature, material culture,
festivals, and celebrations?
- Research Question 4: What are the cultural influences and changes in the social
life of the Saurashtra region, especially in the context of globalization,
modernization, urbanization, migration, and media?
- Hypothesis 1: There are significant differences in the culture and folk
traditions of the Saurashtra region across different districts, villages, castes,
and religions.
- Hypothesis 2: There are significant associations between the culture and folk
traditions of the Saurashtra region and the demographic characteristics of the
respondents, such as age, gender, education, occupation, income, and marital
status.
- Hypothesis 3: There are significant correlations between the culture and folk
traditions of the Saurashtra region and the perceptions of cultural influences and
changes in the social life of the respondents, such as identity, belonging,
satisfaction, adaptation, and innovation..

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14. Proposed methodology for the research work & research design

The proposed research work aims to study the culture and folk traditions of the
social life of Saurashtra region, a part of Gujarat state in India, and to analyze
how they are influenced by and influence the social structure, political
philosophy, language, religion, education, and economic philosophy of the region.
The research work will adopt a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and
qualitative methods of data collection and analysis, to address the research
objectives.

The research design for the proposed study is a cross-sectional survey design,
which involves collecting data from a sample of the population at a single point in
time. This design is suitable for describing the characteristics, attitudes,
opinions, and behaviors of the population, as well as exploring the relationships
and differences among various groups and variables. A cross-sectional survey design
is also relatively economical, efficient, and feasible to conduct in a large and
diverse region like Saurashtra.

The research work will also use historical data sources, such as archival records,
documents, newspapers, books, and other secondary sources, to supplement the
primary data collected through the survey. Historical data sources can provide
valuable insights into the origin and development of the castes and religions in
the region, as well as the historical and contextual factors that have shaped the
culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra people. Historical data sources can
also help to validate, compare, and contrast the findings from the survey data.

The data collection method for the proposed study is a structured questionnaire,
which will be administered to the respondents through face-to-face interviews. The
questionnaire will consist of closed-ended and open-ended questions, covering the
following topics:

- Demographic information, such as age, gender, caste, religion, education,

occupation, income, etc.
- Cultural elements, such as language, values, norms, symbols, education, rites,
rituals, customs, and habits of the respondents and their communities.
- Folk traditions, such as music, arts and crafts, food and drink, dresses,
literature, material culture, festivals, and celebrations of the respondents and
their communities.
- Cultural influences and changes, such as the sources, extent, and effects of
cultural influences from other regions, states, or countries, and the perceived
changes in the culture and folk traditions of the respondents and their communities
over time.

The questionnaire will be designed in such a way that it is clear, concise,

relevant, reliable, and valid for measuring the research variables. The
questionnaire will also be pre-tested and pilot-tested on a small sample of
respondents to check for any errors, ambiguities, or biases, and to improve the
quality and usability of the instrument.

The sampling method for the proposed study is a stratified random sampling method,
which involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups or strata based
on some criteria, and then selecting a random sample from each stratum. This method
ensures that the sample is representative of the population and that the sample
size is sufficient for each subgroup of interest. The sampling method also allows
for comparison and analysis of the differences and similarities among the
subgroups.

The population for the proposed study is the people living in the Saurashtra region
of Gujarat, which comprises 11 districts: Amreli, Bhavnagar, Botad, Devbhoomi
Dwarka, Gir Somnath, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Morbi, Porbandar, Rajkot, and
Surendranagar. The population is estimated to be around 21 million, according to
the 2011 census.

The sampling criteria for the proposed study are the districts and the villages
within the districts. The study will select two districts from each of the
following categories: coastal districts (Porbandar and Gir Somnath) and forest
districts (Junagadh and Amreli). These districts are chosen because they represent
the geographical diversity and the ecological significance of the region. Within
each district, the study will select one backward village and one modern village,
based on some indicators of development, such as literacy, infrastructure, income,
etc. These villages are chosen because they represent the social and economic
diversity and the cultural dynamics of the region.

The sample size for the proposed study is 4000 respondents, with 1000 respondents
from each district, and 500 respondents from each village. The sample size is
determined based on the following formula:

n = Z^2^ * p * (1-p) / e^2^

where n is the sample size, Z is the confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence), p
is the estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest
(0.5 for maximum variability), and e is the margin of error (0.05 for 5% error).

The sample size of 4000 respondents is large enough to ensure the accuracy and
precision of the estimates, as well as the statistical power and significance of
the tests. The sample size is also feasible and manageable to conduct the survey
within the time and budget constraints of the research project.

15. Major social and cultural theories to be applied in the proposed study

The proposed study will apply the following major social and cultural theories to
understand and explain the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region and
their relationship with the social structure and other factors:

- Structural functionalism: This theory views society as a complex system of

interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order. Each part of
society, such as culture, religion, education, economy, etc., has a function or a
role to play in fulfilling the needs of the society and its members. Culture, in
this perspective, is seen as a system of shared values, norms, symbols, and
practices that guide and regulate the behavior of individuals and groups. Culture
also provides a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose to the members of
society. Folk traditions, in this perspective, are seen as expressions and
manifestations of the culture that serve various functions, such as socialization,
integration, communication, education, entertainment, etc. The proposed study will
use this theory to identify and analyze the functions of the culture and folk
traditions of the Saurashtra region and their contribution to the social cohesion
and harmony of the region.
- Conflict theory: This theory views society as a arena of inequality and conflict,
where different groups and classes struggle for power, resources, and status. Each
group and class has its own interests, values, beliefs, and ideologies, which often
clash with those of others. Culture, in this perspective, is seen as a tool of
domination and resistance, as well as a reflection and reinforcement of the
existing social structure and inequalities. Culture also serves as a source of
conflict and change, as different groups and classes challenge and resist the
dominant culture and seek to create alternative or counter-cultures. Folk
traditions, in this perspective, are seen as sites and modes of cultural
contestation and negotiation, where different groups and classes express and assert
their identities, interests, and aspirations, as well as challenge and resist the
dominant or oppressive culture. The proposed study will use this theory to identify
and analyze the conflicts and changes in the culture and folk traditions of the
Saurashtra region and their relation to the social structure and inequalities of
the region.
- Symbolic interactionism: This theory views society as a product of social
interaction, where individuals and groups construct and interpret the meanings of
their actions and situations through the use of symbols, such as language,
gestures, signs, etc. Culture, in this perspective, is seen as a system of symbols
and meanings that individuals and groups create, share, and modify through their
interaction. Culture also influences and shapes the perception, interpretation, and
behavior of individuals and groups. Folk traditions, in this perspective, are seen
as symbolic forms and practices that individuals and groups use to communicate,
interact, and create meanings. Folk traditions also reflect and influence the
identities, attitudes, emotions, and values of individuals and groups. The proposed
study will use this theory to identify and analyze the symbols and meanings of the
culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region and their impact on the social
interaction and behavior of the individuals and groups of the region.

16. Sample size for the research study

The sample size for the research study is 4000 respondents, as explained in the
previous section. This sample size is based on the following assumptions and
calculations:

- The population size is 21 million, according to the 2011 census.

- The confidence level is 95%, which means that the results of the survey are
expected to be within the margin of error 95% of the time.
- The margin of error is 5%, which means that the results of the survey may differ
from the true population values by up to 5%.
- The estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest is
0.5, which is the most conservative estimate that allows for maximum variability in
the population.
- The sample size formula is n = Z^2^ * p * (1-p) / e^2^, where n is the sample
size, Z is the confidence level (1.96 for 95%), p is the estimated proportion
(0.5), and e is the margin of error (0.05).
- The sample size calculation is n = 1.96^2^ * 0.5 * (1-0.5) / 0.05^2^ = 384.16,
which is rounded up to 385.
- The sample size adjustment for finite population is n = n / (1 + (n-1) / N),
where n is the sample size, and N is the population size.
- The sample size adjustment is n = 385 / (1 + (385-1) / 21,000,000) = 384.98,
which is rounded up to 385.
- The sample size for each district is 385 * 2.6 = 1001,

where n is the sample size for each district, and 2.6 is the design effect to
account for the stratification and clustering of the sample. The sample size for
each village is 1001 / 2 = 500.5, which is rounded up to 501. Therefore, the total
sample size for the study is 1001 * 4 = 4004, which is rounded down to 4000.

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17. Questionnaires & Data collection

To collect primary data for the study, the researchers will design and administer
questionnaires to the selected respondents from the four districts of Saurashtra
region. The questionnaires will consist of both closed-ended and open-ended
questions that aim to measure the respondents' demographic characteristics,
cultural elements, folk traditions, and perceptions of cultural influences and
changes in their social life. The questionnaires will be prepared in Gujarati, the
local language of the region, and pre-tested on a small sample of respondents to
check for clarity, validity, and reliability. The researchers will also obtain
informed consent from the respondents before administering the questionnaires.

The researchers will use stratified random sampling to select the respondents from
each district. The strata will be based on the location (coastal or forest), the
level of development (backward or modern), and the caste and religion of the
respondents. The researchers will ensure that the sample is representative of the
population and has adequate diversity and variation. The sample size will be 4000
respondents, with 1000 respondents from each district, and 500 respondents from
each stratum within the district. The researchers will visit the selected villages
and households and personally distribute and collect the questionnaires. The data
collection process will take about three months to complete.

18. Data Analysis

To analyze the data collected from the questionnaires, the researchers will use
both quantitative and qualitative methods. For the quantitative data, the
researchers will use descriptive and inferential statistics to summarize, compare,
and test the data. The researchers will use software such as SPSS or Excel to
perform the statistical analysis. The researchers will calculate the frequencies,
percentages, means, and standard deviations of the variables and present them in
tables and graphs. The researchers will also use chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and
correlation to examine the relationships and differences among the variables and
test the hypotheses. The researchers will use a significance level of 0.05 to
determine the statistical significance of the results.

For the qualitative data, the researchers will use content analysis and thematic
analysis to interpret and explain the data. The researchers will use software such
as NVivo or Atlas.ti to assist the qualitative analysis. The researchers will read
and code the responses to the open-ended questions and identify the themes and
patterns that emerge from the data. The researchers will also use quotes and
examples from the respondents to illustrate and support the themes and findings.
The researchers will compare and contrast the qualitative and quantitative data and
discuss the similarities and differences.

19. Significance and Contribution

The study is significant and contributes to the existing knowledge and literature
on the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region and their impact on the
social life of the people. The study will provide a comprehensive and in-depth
understanding of the origin, development, diversity, and dynamics of the cultural
elements and folk traditions of the region and how they vary across different
districts, locations, levels of development, castes, and religions. The study will
also explore the perceptions and attitudes of the people towards the cultural
influences and changes that they experience in their social life and how they cope
and adapt to them. The study will highlight the strengths and challenges of the
culture and folk traditions of the region and their implications for the social
cohesion, identity, and development of the people.

The study will also have practical and policy implications for the preservation,
promotion, and innovation of the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra
region. The study will provide valuable insights and recommendations for the
government, NGOs, media, educators, and other stakeholders who are involved in the
cultural affairs and social welfare of the region. The study will suggest ways to
enhance the awareness, appreciation, and participation of the people in the culture
and folk traditions of the region and to foster intercultural dialogue and harmony
among different groups. The study will also identify the opportunities and
challenges for the integration and transformation of the culture and folk
traditions of the region in the context of globalization, modernization, and
urbanization. The study will contribute to the advancement and enrichment of the
culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region and their role in the social
life of the people..

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20 Innovation/path-breaking aspects of the Proposed Research (1000 words)

The proposed research aims to study the culture and folk traditions of the social
life of the Saurashtra region, a historical and geographical entity in western
India that has a rich and diverse cultural heritage. The study will explore the
origin and development of the castes and religions in the region, the cultural
elements and practices of different communities, the folk traditions and
expressions of art, literature, and material culture, and the cultural influences
and changes that have occurred over time. The study will adopt a sociological
perspective to analyze the interplay of culture, society, and history in shaping
the identity and lifestyle of the people of Saurashtra.

The study is innovative and path-breaking in several ways:

- It will be one of the first comprehensive and systematic studies of the culture
and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region, covering both the coastal and forest
areas, and both the backward and modern villages. Previous studies have either
focused on specific aspects or sub-regions of Saurashtra, or have been descriptive
and anecdotal in nature. The study will provide a holistic and comparative view of
the cultural diversity and complexity of the region, and will fill a significant
gap in the existing literature.
- It will use a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative
research methods, to collect and analyze data from multiple sources and
perspectives. The study will employ historical data sources, such as archival
records, inscriptions, manuscripts, and oral histories, to trace the historical
origins and developments of the castes and religions in the region. The study will
also use survey methods, such as questionnaires and interviews, to gather data from
a large and representative sample of respondents, covering different castes,
religions, genders, ages, occupations, and educational levels. The study will also
use ethnographic methods, such as participant observation, field notes, and case
studies, to document and understand the cultural elements and practices, and the
folk traditions and expressions, of the people of Saurashtra. The study will use
appropriate statistical and thematic techniques to analyze the quantitative and
qualitative data, and to test the hypotheses and research questions.
- It will contribute to the theoretical and empirical advancement of the sociology
of culture and folk traditions, by applying and testing various concepts and
frameworks, such as cultural capital, cultural identity, cultural change, cultural
hybridity, cultural resilience, folk culture, folk art, folk literature, and folk
material culture, in the context of the Saurashtra region. The study will also draw
insights from other disciplines, such as history, anthropology, linguistics, and
religious studies, to enrich the sociological analysis. The study will generate new
knowledge and understanding of the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra
region, and will also offer comparative and cross-cultural perspectives with other
regions and cultures of India and the world.
- It will have significant social and policy implications, by highlighting the
cultural diversity and richness of the Saurashtra region, and by identifying the
challenges and opportunities for preserving and promoting the culture and folk
traditions of the region. The study will also suggest ways to enhance the cultural
awareness and appreciation of the people of Saurashtra, and to foster inter-
cultural dialogue and harmony among different communities. The study will also
provide recommendations for the development and implementation of policies and
programs that support the cultural development and empowerment of the people of
Saurashtra, and that integrate the culture and folk traditions of the region into
the educational, economic, and social spheres.

21 Expected contribution of the research programme for the Indian knowledge System
(approx. 500 words)

The research programme is expected to contribute to the Indian knowledge system in

the following ways:

- It will add to the existing body of knowledge on the culture and folk traditions
of the Saurashtra region, and will provide a comprehensive and systematic account
of the historical and contemporary aspects of the social life of the region. The
research programme will also produce original and innovative findings and insights
on the culture and folk traditions of the region, and will challenge and refine the
existing theories and concepts in the sociology of culture and folk traditions.
- It will enhance the visibility and recognition of the culture and folk traditions
of the Saurashtra region, both within and outside India, and will showcase the
cultural diversity and richness of the region. The research programme will also
highlight the cultural heritage and legacy of the region, and will demonstrate the
relevance and significance of the culture and folk traditions of the region for the
contemporary society and the future generations.
- It will foster the preservation and promotion of the culture and folk traditions
of the Saurashtra region, and will support the cultural development and empowerment
of the people of the region. The research programme will also facilitate the
dissemination and utilization of the culture and folk traditions of the region, and
will encourage the participation and involvement of the people of the region in the
creation and transmission of the culture and folk traditions of the region.
- It will strengthen the interdisciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration and
exchange of knowledge among researchers, scholars, practitioners, and policy
makers, who are interested in the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra
region, and who are working in the fields of sociology, history, anthropology,
linguistics, religious studies, and other related disciplines. The research
programme will also create opportunities for networking and partnership among
various stakeholders, such as academic institutions, cultural organizations,
government agencies, media outlets, and civil society groups, who are involved in
the study and promotion of the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra
region.

22 Expected Output such as books, policy papers, documents, datasets, archival

material etc., with proposed timeline (600 words)

The expected output of the research programme are as follows:

- A research report, summarizing the main findings and conclusions of the study,
and providing recommendations for policy and practice. The report will be submitted
to the ICSSR and the Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University, and will be made
available to the public through the websites of the respective institutions. The
report will be completed by the end of the third year of the research programme.
- A research book, presenting the detailed analysis and discussion of the data and
the results of the study, and offering a comprehensive and systematic account of
the culture and folk traditions of the social life of the Saurashtra region. The
book will be published by a reputed academic publisher, and will be aimed at the
academic and professional audience, as well as the general readers. The book will
be completed by the end of the fourth year of the research programme.
- A series of research papers, focusing on specific aspects or sub-themes of the
study, and addressing the theoretical and empirical issues and debates in the
sociology of culture and folk traditions. The papers will be submitted to peer-
reviewed journals, preferably indexed in Scopus or UGC-CARE, and will be targeted
at the national and international scholarly community. The papers will be written
and published throughout the duration of the research programme, with at least one
paper per year.
- A series of policy papers, highlighting the social and policy implications of the
study, and suggesting policy options and strategies for preserving and promoting
the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region. The papers will be
submitted to policy-oriented journals, magazines, or newsletters, and will be
intended for the policy makers, practitioners, and civil society actors. The papers
will be written and published throughout the duration of the research programme,
with at least one paper per year.
- A collection of documents, datasets, and archival material, containing the
primary and secondary data and sources used in the study, such as questionnaires,
interviews, field notes, case studies, archival records, inscriptions, manuscripts,
oral histories, etc. The collection will be organized and catalogued, and will be
deposited in the library or the repository of the Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta
University, and will be accessible to the researchers and students of the
university, as well as to the external users. The collection will be compiled and
updated throughout the duration of the research programme.

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23. Relevance of the proposed study for policy making

The proposed study aims to explore the culture and folk traditions of the social
life of the Saurashtra region, a historical and geographical area in western India.
The study will examine the origin and development of the castes and religions, the
cultural elements and practices, and the folk traditions and expressions of the
people living in this region. The study will also analyze the cultural influences
and changes that have occurred over time due to various factors such as migration,
urbanization, globalization, and modernization.

The study is relevant for policy making for several reasons. First, the study will
contribute to the preservation and promotion of the rich and diverse cultural
heritage of the Saurashtra region, which is an important source of identity, pride,
and social cohesion for the local communities. The study will document and analyze
the various forms of cultural expression and creativity that reflect the history,
values, beliefs, and aspirations of the people. The study will also highlight the
challenges and threats that the culture and folk traditions face in the
contemporary context, such as loss of authenticity, commodification,
marginalization, and erosion. The study will provide policy makers with valuable
insights and recommendations on how to protect, support, and enhance the cultural
resources and assets of the region, in accordance with the national and
international frameworks and standards, such as the UNESCO Convention for the
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage¹.

Second, the study will enhance the understanding and appreciation of the cultural
diversity and pluralism of the Saurashtra region, which is home to various castes,
religions, languages, and ethnic groups. The study will explore the similarities
and differences, the interactions and exchanges, and the conflicts and
collaborations among the different social groups and their cultural expressions.
The study will also examine the role of culture and folk traditions in fostering
social inclusion, integration, and harmony, as well as in addressing social issues
and problems, such as poverty, inequality, discrimination, and violence. The study
will provide policy makers with useful information and guidance on how to promote
intercultural dialogue, respect, and cooperation, and how to prevent and resolve
cultural conflicts and tensions, in line with the principles and objectives of the
UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious
and Linguistic Minorities².

Third, the study will support the development and innovation of the cultural sector
and the creative industries of the Saurashtra region, which have significant
potential for economic growth, employment generation, and social development. The
study will identify and assess the cultural products and services, the cultural
actors and stakeholders, and the cultural markets and opportunities that exist in
the region. The study will also evaluate the strengths and weaknesses, the
opportunities and threats, and the gaps and needs of the cultural sector and the
creative industries, in terms of infrastructure, capacity, quality,
competitiveness, and sustainability. The study will provide policy makers with
practical suggestions and strategies on how to foster the development and
innovation of the cultural sector and the creative industries, in accordance with
the vision and framework of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)³, especially SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic
Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and SDG 11 (Sustainable
Cities and Communities).

24. Relevance of the proposed study for society and achievement of sustainability
goals

The proposed study is also relevant for society and achievement of sustainability
goals, as it will address the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of
sustainable development, and their interlinkages, through the lens of culture and
folk traditions. The study will demonstrate how the culture and folk traditions of
the Saurashtra region can contribute to the well-being and quality of life of the
people, the prosperity and resilience of the communities, and the conservation and
stewardship of the natural resources and environment.

The study will show how the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region
can enhance the well-being and quality of life of the people, by providing them
with a sense of identity, belonging, and meaning, by enriching their knowledge,
skills, and values, by stimulating their creativity, expression, and participation,
and by improving their health, education, and social protection. The study will
also show how the culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region can foster
the prosperity and resilience of the communities, by creating economic
opportunities, income, and livelihoods, by strengthening social capital, networks,
and solidarity, by promoting social justice, equity, and inclusion, and by
enhancing social cohesion, peace, and security. The study will further show how the
culture and folk traditions of the Saurashtra region can support the conservation
and stewardship of the natural resources and environment, by reflecting the
ecological knowledge, wisdom, and practices of the people, by respecting the
balance, harmony, and diversity of nature, by encouraging the sustainable use,
management, and restoration of the natural resources, and by raising awareness,
advocacy, and action on the environmental challenges and solutions.

The study will align with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)³, which recognize the role of culture and
creativity as enablers and drivers of sustainable development. The study will
contribute to the achievement of several SDGs, such as SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2
(Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5
(Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption
and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 15 (Life on Land), and SDG 16 (Peace,
Justice and Strong Institutions). The study will also adhere to the principles and
values of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity⁴, which affirms
the human right to cultural diversity, the cultural dimension of development, the
cultural diversity of nature, and the cultural diversity of dialogue.

25. Feasibility of the proposed Study

The proposed study is feasible, as it has a clear and coherent research design, a
realistic and manageable research plan, and a reliable and valid research
methodology. The study has a well-defined research problem, research objectives,
research questions, and research hypotheses, which are based on a thorough
literature review and a sound theoretical framework. The study has a feasible and
appropriate research scope, research field, and research sample, which are selected
and justified according to the research objectives and questions. The study has a
suitable and rigorous research method, research technique, and research tool, which
are chosen and explained according to the research design and plan. The study has a
feasible and ethical research procedure, research process, and research outcome,
which are described and ensured according to the research methodology and
standards.

The study is feasible, as it has adequate and available resources, such as human
resources, financial resources, technical resources, and information resources,
which are necessary and sufficient for the successful completion of the study. The
study has a qualified and experienced research team, consisting of the principal
investigator, the co-investigator, and the research assistants, who have the
relevant academic background, research skills, and field knowledge. The study has a
sufficient and secured research budget, which covers the research expenses, such as
salaries, travel, equipment, materials, and dissemination. The study has a
sufficient and accessible technical equipment, such as computers, software,
internet, and communication devices, which facilitate the data collection, data
analysis, data storage, and data presentation. The study has a sufficient and
reliable information sources, such as books, journals, reports, and databases,
which provide the data, literature, and references for the study.
The study is feasible, as it has a reasonable and flexible research timeline, which
specifies the research activities, tasks, and milestones, and allocates the
research time, duration, and schedule. The study has a realistic and attainable
research goal, which is consistent with the research problem, objectives, and
questions, and reflects the expected research contribution, impact, and value. The
study has a flexible and adaptable research strategy, which allows for the
adjustment and modification of the research design, plan, and methodology, in case
of any unforeseen challenges, difficulties, or changes. The study has a feasible
and effective research monitoring, evaluation, and reporting system, which tracks
the research progress, performance, and quality, and provides the research
feedback, improvement, and dissemination.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 4/2/2024

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