Canones:

R
- A symbol of real numbers. The set of all numbers that can be represented on a
number line, including all rational and irrational numbers.

Additional explanation:
It means that all of the numbers including integers, rational,
and irrational are considered real numbers.

Z
- It is the symbol of all integers. It is a set of positive and negative integers. The set
of integers is called discrete.

Z-
- It is a set of all negative integers

Z+ or Znonneg
- It is a set of all positive integers
 - They also refer to these nonnegative integers as natural numbers and denote
them as N.

Additional explanation

Zero is excluded from the element of Z+ and Z- because it is

neither positive nor negative. It is referred to as the origin as it
lies in the middle of the negative and positive numbers.

Q
- Set of all rational numbers, or quotients of integers.

Additional explanation

There is an additional symbol that I would like to share with you,

which was not mentioned in the book or included in the
PowerPoint presentation.

R - Q or R/Q
 It is the symbol of irrational numbers. It is the set of
numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction, including
non-repeating and non-terminating decimals, and numbers
such as pi and the square root of 2.
Set-Builder Notation
- Let S denote a set and let P(x) be a property that elements of S may or may not
satisfy. We may define a new set as the of all elements x in S such that P(x) is
true. We donate this set as follows:

{x ∈ S ‫ ׀‬P (x)}

Pataganao and Orapa (Patagnao will be in A and B while Orapa in c)

EXAMPLES:

Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z is the set of all integers, and Z + is the
set of all positive integers, describe each of the following sets.

a. {x ∈ R ‫׀‬−2< x <5 }

Solution:
{x ∈ R ‫׀‬−2< x <5 } is the open interval of real numbers (strictly between -2 and 5. It
means that it is equal to the set {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
 b. {x ∈ Z ‫׀‬−2< x< 5}

Solution:

{x ∈ Z ‫׀‬−2< x< 5} is the set of all integers (strictly between -2 and 5. It is equal to the set
{-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

c. {x ∈ Z +¿‫׀‬−2 <x <5¿ }

Solution:
Since all the integers in Z+ are positive, {x ∈ Z +¿‫׀‬−2 <x <5¿ } = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

Dimpal and Orapa: (Orapa will discuss A while Dimpal will discuss b and c)

Check Your Progress 2

Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z is the set of all integers, and Z - is
the set of all negative integers, describe each of the following sets.

a. {x ∈ R ‫׀‬−5< x<1}

Solution:
 {x ∈ R ‫׀‬−5< x<1 } is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) between -5 and 1. It
means that It is equal to the set {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0}.

b. {x ∈ Z ‫׀‬−5< x< 1}

Solution:

{x ∈ Z ‫׀‬−5< x< 1} is the set of all integers (strictly) between -5 and 1. It is equal to the
set {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0}.

c. {x ∈ Z−¿‫׀‬−2< x<5 ¿}

Solution

Since all the integers in Z- are negative, {x ∈ Z−¿‫׀‬−2< x<5 ¿} = {-4, -3, -2, -1}

QUIZ

Direction: Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z is the set of all integers, Z -
is the set of all negative integers, and Z + is the set of all positive integers, describe each
of the following sets.

1. {x ∈ Z +¿‫׀‬−2 <x <7 ¿}

Solution:
Z+ is the set of positive integers (strictly) between -2 and 7. It means it is equal to the set
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

2. {x ∈ Z−¿‫׀‬−10<x <7 ¿}

Solution:
Z- is the set of all negative integers (strictly) between -10 and 7. It is equal to the set {-9,
-8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1}.

3. {x ∈ Z ‫׀‬−6< x <5}

Solution:

Z is the set of all integers (strictly) between -6 and 5. It is equal to {-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1,
2, 3, 4}

4. {x ∈ 𝑅 4 −‫ < 𝑥 < ׀‬2}

Solution:

As it is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) between -4 and 2. It is equal to the set
{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1}.