5A01 Exercise E

1 Basic Properties of Circles
1 Basic Properties of Circles ∴ BC = BD

∴ △BCD is an isosceles
sides opp. equal s
triangle.
Review Exercise 1 (p. 1.7)
10. (a) In △ABE,
AB 2  AE 2  (6 2  8 2 ) cm 2  100 cm 2
1. x  90  130  65  360 (s at a pt.)
x  75 BE 2  10 2 cm 2  100 cm 2
∵ AB 2  AE 2  BE 2
∴ △ABE is a right-angled triangle, where
2. a  70 (vert. opp. ∠s) CAD  90 . (converse of Pyth.
90  70  b  180 (adj. s on st. theorem)
b  20 (b) In △ACD,
line) AC 2  AD 2  CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
(6  3)  (8  x)  15
2 2 2
120  a  180 81  64  16 x  x 2  225

3. (int. ∠s, AB // CD)
a  60
x 2  16 x  80  0
b  120 (alt. ∠s, AB // CD) ( x  4)( x  20)  0
x  4 or x  20 (rejected)
4. DBP  60 (corr. ∠s, PQ //
RS)
y  60 11. Consider △PQD and △SRD.
(vert. opp. ∠s) PD = SD (given)
∠DPQ = ∠DSR = 90° (property of rectangle)
5. 125  PQR  180 (adj. ∠s on st. PQ = SR (property of rectangle)
PQR  55 ∴ △PQD  △SRD (SAS)
line)
12. Consider △ACE and △DCB.
x  55  140 (ext. ∠ of △) AC ( 4  6) cm 10 5
x  85
  
DC 4 cm 4 2
EC (11  4) cm 15 5
6. In △XYZ,   
a  90  40  180 (∠ sum of △) BC 6 cm 6 2
a  50 AC EC
∵  and
In △PXY, DC BC
b  50  34 (ext. ∠ of △) ACE  DCB (common angle)
 84 ∴ △ACE ~ △DCB (ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠)
13. (a) In △ABC,

7. ∵ AB = AD and BC  CD
∴ AC⊥BD (prop. of isos. △)
AC 2  BC 2  AB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ y  90
BD = (1 + 1) cm BC  AB 2
 AC 2
= 2 cm
∵ AB  BD  DA  2 cm  25  15 2 cm
2
∴ x  60 (prop. of equil. △)  20 cm

(b) Consider △BDC and △BCA.
8. ∵ DB = AB BDC  BCA = 90° (given)
∴ ADB  20 (base ∠s, isos. △)
CBD  ABC (common
DBC  ADB  DAB (ext. ∠ of △) angle)
 20  20 In △BDC,
 40 DCB  180  90  CBD ( sum
∵ DB = DC (given)  90  ABC
∴ x  40 (base ∠s, isos. △) of △)
In △BCA,
9. BCD  65 alt. s, AB // CD CAB  180  90  ABC ( sum
ABC  CBD  BDC  180
int. ∠s,  90  ABC
65  50  BDC  180 of △)
BDC  65
AB // CD ∴ DCB  CAB
∴ △BDC ~ △BCA (AAA)
∵ BCD  BDC  65
1
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions
BD BC 3. APB  AQB
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
BC BA
4. The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
BD 20 cm

20 cm 25 cm Activity 1.3 (p. 1.52)
BD  16 cm 1. (b) A  C  180 , B  D  180
2. P  R  180 , Q  S  180
3. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is

180°.
14. (a) Consider △ABD and △AED.
∵ DE is an angle bisector
of ∠ADC.
∴ ADE  CDE
∵ AD = DC and
ADE  CDE
∴ DE ⊥ AC prop. of isos. △
∴ AED  90  ABD
BD = DE given
AD = AD common side
∴ △ABD  △AED RHS
(b) ∵ △ABD  △AED
∴ ADB  ADE (corr. ∠s, 
△s)
CDE  ADE
ADB  ADE  CDE  180
(adj. s
3ADE  180
ADE  60
on st. line)
Activity
Activity 1.1 (p. 1.12)
1. (a)
(b) (i) Yes

(ii) Yes
2. Yes
3. ON  ON common side
OA = OB radii
∠ONA = ∠ONB = 90° given
∴ △ONA  △ONB RHS
∴ AN = NB corr. sides,  △s

1. (a) ∠AOB (i.e. c) is the angle at the centre subtended by
arc AB.
(b) ∠APB and ∠AQB are the angles at the
circumference in the same segment. They are both
subtended by arc AB.
c
2. (a) APB  (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2
c
(b) AQB  (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2
2

1. (a) Yes (b) Yes
2.
3. Yes
Classwork
Classwork (p. 1.10)
(a) Element Term
region ORST   minor arc


region OQPT
QRST


 major arc
 minor sector
  major sector
PTSR
(b) Element Term
AEB   chord
region AEBD   diameter
CEOD   minor segment
region AEBC   major segment
Classwork (p. 1.11)

(a) (i) The purple circle and the orange circle are equal
circles.
(ii) The green circle and the orange circle are concentric
circles.
(b) (i) The green circle is the circumcircle of △ABC.
(ii) The green circle is the inscribed circle of △PQR.
Classwork (p. 1.28)

x  2APB
(a)  2  30 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
ce
 60
AOC
x
2
(b) 46 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
 ce
2
 23
AOB
x
2
(c) 100 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
 ce
2
 50
reflex BOA
x
2
(d) 220 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at

2
 110 
⊙ )
ce
3
Classwork (p. 1.30)

1. (a) x  90 (∠ in semi-
BOC BC

circle)
(b)
circle)
APB  90 (∠ in semi-
(c)
AOB

AB
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
In △ABP,
x 2
BAP  180  APB  ABP
(∠ 
x  180  90  40 80 5
 50
x  32
sum of △)
(c) BCA  90 (∠ in semi-


DC DOC
circle)
In △ACB,
BCA  BAC  ABC  180

AB

AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
90  x  2 x  180 (∠
y 48
3x  90

x  30 5 80
sum of △)
y3
2. ∵ PSR  40  45
 85  90
∴ PR is not a diameter.
∵ SPQ  45  45
 90
∴ QS is a diameter. (converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
Classwork (p. 1.42)

(a) x  4 (equal ∠s, equal arcs)
(b) x5 (equal arcs, equal chords)
(c) x  65 (equal chords, equal ∠s)
(d) x  135 (equal arcs, equal ∠s)
(e) x6 (equal chords, equal arcs)
(f) x4 (equal ∠s, equal chords)

Classwork (p. 1.45)
DC DOC
(a)

AB

AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
x 50

6 30
x  10
BOC BC

(b)
AOB

AB
x 4

90 6
x  60
4
BCA BA
 line)
(d)
ABC

AC
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
BCG  DAB
y  80
ADC  ABC  180

(ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
x 12 ce
(c) ( 46  y )  (32  35)  180 (opp. ∠s,
 y  67
50 10 cyclic quad.)
x  60

AB ACB
In △DBC,
DCE  DBC  BDC
x  35  67
(ext. ∠ of △)
(e)
CD
 
CBD
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
 102
Classwork (p. 1.64)

BAD  60  30
x 36 ce
(a)
  90
4 48 ∵ BAD  BCK
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.   int. opp. )
x3
DC
 DEC
(f)

CB

CEB
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
x 30 ce

10 40
x  7.5
AEB AB

BEC

BC
 (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
ce
y 6

40 10
y  24
Classwork (p. 1.54)
BAD  BCD  180
(a) x  60  180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic
x  120
quad.)
ABC  ADC  180

(opp. ∠s, cyclic
y  80  180
y  100
quad.)
(b) ABC  FDC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

x  75
DAB  180  EAB (adj. ∠s on st.
 180  100
 80
5
ABC  FBC  180

(b) (adj. s on st. line)
ABC  100  180
ABC  80
∵ ABC  ADE
∴ A, B, C and D are not concyclic.
(c) In △ABD,
ABD  40  120  180 ( sum of △)

ABD  20
ABC  ADC  ( 20  50)  ( 40  70)

 180
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)
(d) In △ABE,
BAE  70  90
(ext. ∠ of △)
BAE  20
∵ BAC  BDC
 20
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the
same segment)
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 1.1 (p. 1.14)
Join OQ.
OQ  26 cm (radius)
In △ONQ,
∵ ON 2  NQ 2  OQ 2 (Pyth. theorem)
NQ  OQ 2  ON 2
∴
 26 2  10 2 cm
 24 cm
∵ ON  PQ (given)
∴ PN = NQ (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
PQ  PN  NQ
 2  24 cm
 48 cm

(a) ∵ PM = QM (given)
∴ OM⊥PQ (line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord)
i.e. ∠OMQ = 90°
∵ OR = OQ (radii)
∴ ∠ORQ =∠OQR (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 30°
In △MQR,
MRQ  RQM  RMQ  180
(∠
30  (30  OQP)  90  180
OQP  30
sum of △)
(b) ∵ ∠OQP =∠QPS = 30°

∴ OQ // PS (alt. ∠s equal)
6
Quick Practice 1.3 (p. 1.16) Quick Practice 1.5 (p. 1.20)
∵ PN = NR and PR  QS (given) (a) ∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and
∴ QS is the perpendicular bisector of the chord PR. ON⊥RS given
∴ QS passes through the centre. (⊥bisector of chord ∴ OM = ON equal chords,
passes through centre) equidistant from centre
i.e. QS is a diameter of the circle. Consider △OMK and △ONK.
Let O and r cm be the centre and the radius of the circle ∠OMK =∠ONK = 90° given
respectively. OK = OK common side
OM = ON proved
∴ △OMK  △ONK RHS
(b) ∵ △OMK  △ONK proved in (a)
∴ MK = NK corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM⊥PQ
∴ PM = MQ line from centre  chord
Join OP. bisects chord
∴ OP  r cm and ON = (r  1) cm ∵ ON⊥RS
In △OPN, ∴ RN = NS line from centre  chord
OP 2  ON 2  PN 2 bisects chord
∵ PQ = RS given
r 2  (r  1) 2  52 (Pyth. theorem) ∴ 2MQ = 2RN
r 2  r 2  2r  1  25 i.e. MQ = RN
2r  26 QK  MQ  MK
r  13  RN  NK
∴ The radius of the circle is 13 cm.  RK
NS  QS  QN
 (13  2  1) cm
AOC
 25 cm y
2 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
Quick Practice 1.4 (p. 1.19) 118  ce

∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and ON⊥RS (given) 2
∴ OM = ON (equal chords, equidistant from centre)  59
1
OM  MN Reflex ∠AOC = 360° − 118° (∠s at a pt.)
2 = 242°
1 reflex AOC
  6 cm x
2 2 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
 3 cm 242

∵ OM⊥PQ 2
1  121
MQ  PQ
2 ⊙ )
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects chord) ce
1
  8 cm
2 Quick Practice 1.7 (p. 1.31)
 4 cm ACB  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
∵ CA  CD (given)
∴ CAB  CDA (base ∠s, isos. △)
 x
In △ABC,
CBA  CAB  ACB  180
Join OQ. ( sum of △)
28  x  90  180
In △MOQ,
OQ 2  OM 2  MQ 2 x  62
(Pyth. theorem) BCD  CBD  CDA
OQ  OM 2  MQ 2 (ext.  of △)
y  28  62
 3 2  4 2 cm y  34
 5 cm
∴ The radius of the circle is 5 cm.
7

BOD  2BAD (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
 2  56
 112 
⊙ )
ce
CBO  BOD  180 (int. ∠s, CB // DO)

CBO  112   180
CBO  68
ACB  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △ACB,
CAB  ACB  CBA  180
( sum
CAB  90  68  180
CAB  22
of △)

Let ∠CBD = x.
∠COD = 2∠CBD ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2x
In △BCP,
x + 60° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
In △ODP,
2x + 30° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
∴ 2x + 30° = x + 60°
x = 30°
ABC  60  x
 60  30
 90
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of  in semi-circle)

BCD  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △BDC,
BDC  BCD  DBC  180 (∠ sum
32  90  DBC  180
DBC  58
of △)
ABD  ABC  DBC

 120  58
 62
ACD  ABD (∠s in the same segment)
 62

Let CAD  x.
DEB  DAB (s in the same segment)
x
AEB  90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACE,
ECA  CAE  AEC  180
24  ( x  50)  (90  x)  180 ( sum of △)
2 x  164  180
2 x  16
x  8
∴ CAD  8
8

(a) ∠BDA = 90°
BAC BDC
 (∠ in semi-circle)
Join OB and OD.

BDA

AXB
 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
∵ AB = BC = CD = DE (given) ce
BAC 5
∴ AOB  BOC  COD  DOE 
x

2 90 9
(equal chords, equal ∠s)
AOB  BOC  COE  AOE  360 BAC  50
x x
  x  80  360 (∠s
2 2
2x  280
x  140
at a pt.)

(a) Consider △ABC and △BAD.
ACB  BDA  90 ∠ in semi-
circle
∵

BC  AD
given
∴ BC = AD equal arcs, equal chords

AB = BA common side
∴ △ABC  △BAD RHS
(b) ∵ △ABC  △BAD proved in (a)
∴ CAB  DBA corr. ∠s,  △s
In △ABC,
CBA  90  CAB ∠ sum of △
CBD  CBA  DBA
 (90  CAB )  CAB
 90
∴ CD is a diameter of the circle. converse of ∠ in
semi-circle

∵ BC = CD (given)
∴ BOC  COD (equal chords, equal
∠s)
AOD AD

 66.5
BOC

BC
AOD 10

66.5 7
AOD  95
AOB  360  BOC  COD  AOD
 360  66.5  66.5  95
 132
(∠s at a pt.)
9
(b) In △BAD, Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.55)

BAD  BDA  DBA  180 (∠ sum FAD  ∠BCD = x (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △FAD,
BAD  90  60  180
ADF  DFA  FAD  180 ( sum of △)
BAD  30
of △) ADF  43  x  180
ADF  137  x
DAC  BAC  BAD EDC  ADF (vert. opp. s)
 50  30  137  x
 20 In △DCE,
 
BD : DC  BAD : DAC
CED  EDC  BCD
35  (137  x )  x (ext.  of △)
(arcs prop. to
2 x  172
 30 : 20 x  86
 3: 2
∠s at ⊙ )
ce

ACB AB
ABD

AD

(a) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ )
ACB 2 ce

66 3
ACB  44
(b) ∵
∴

CD  AB
CD  AB
(given)
(equal chords, equal arcs)
CBD CD

∴ ACB

AB
ce
CBD  ACB
 44
In △KBC,
AKB  CBK  KCB
(ext.  of △)
 44  44
 88

BAC  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
BCA  CAD (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
BAD  BCD  180
(90  CAD )  (BCA  70)  180 (opp.
2CAD  90  70  180
CAD  10
∠s, cyclic quad.)
10
Quick Practice 1.19 (p. 1.56) Further Practice

Further Practice (p. 1.21)
Join OB. 1.
BAE  BDC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
Construct OM and ON such that OM  AB and ON  CD.
 62 ∵ AB // CD
∵ BO  AO (radii) ∴ MON is a straight line.
∴ ABO  BAO (base. ∠s, isos. △) ∵ OM⊥AB
 62 1
∴ AM  AB (line from centre  chord bisects
In △AOB, 2
BOE  ABO  BAO (ext. ∠ of △) chord)
 62  62 1
  6 cm
 124 2
BCD  BOE  180
(opp. s, cyclic quad.)  3 cm
BCD  124  180 OA = 5 cm (radius)
BCD  56 In △OMA,
OA 2  AM 2  OM 2
Quick Practice 1.20 (p. 1.65) OM  OA 2  AM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BAF  FEB  110   100
(a) ∵  5 2  3 2 cm
 210
 4 cm
 180 ∵ ON⊥CD
∴ A, B, E and F are not concyclic.
1
CDF  90  20 ∴ ND  CD (line from centre  chord bisects
(b) ∵ 2
 110  chord)
and ∠BEF = 100° 1
∴ CDF  BEF   8 cm
∴ F, E, C and D are not concyclic. 2
(c) ∵ ADB  20 and ACB  20
 4 cm
OD = 5 cm (radii)
∴ ADB  ACB
In △OND,
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the
same segment) OD 2  ND 2  ON 2
ON  OD 2  ND 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∵ FAB  BCD  180 int. ∠s, AF // CD  52  4 2 cm
and BEF BCD ext. ∠, cyclic quad.  3 cm
∴ FAB  BEF  180 ∴ The distance between AB and CD
∴ A, B, E and F are concyclic. opp. s supp.  OM  ON
Quick Practice 1.22 (p. 1.67)  ( 4  3) cm
(a) ∵ AB = BC given  7 cm
∴ BAC = BCA base s, isos. △
EFA = BAC alt. ∠s, AC // EF 2. (a) ∵ AM = BM given
BDA = BCA s in the same segment ∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to
∴ EFA = BDA mid-pt. of chord 
i.e. EFA = EDA chord
∴ A, E, F and D are converse of s in the ∵ AB  CD, OM  AB given
concyclic. same segment and ON  CD
(b) DAB  BEF (s in the same segment) ∴ OM  ON equal chords,
equidistant from centre
= 85°
MPN  APC  90 vert. opp. s
DCB  DAB  180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
∴ MON  90  sum of polygon
∵ All four interior angles
DCB  180  85
are equal to 90 and
 95 two adjacent sides are
ACD  DCB  ACB equal.
∴  95  60 ∴ ONPM is a square.
 35
11
(b) ∵
∴
ONPM is a square.
PN  ON  4 cm
(proved in (a))  
RST  RS  ST
∵ ON  CD (given)
∴ CN  ND (line from centre   (4  2) cm
chord bisects chord)
CP  PN  PD  PN  6 cm
∴ CP  4 cm  (11  4) cm
CP  3 cm

1. BOD  BCD (opp. s of // gram)
 40 Join PT.
BOD
BAD 
2
( at centre twice  at
40

2
 20
⊙ )
ce
ADO  BAD (alt. s, OD // AC)

∴ p  20
2. ACD  ABD (s in the same segment)

 55
ADC  90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
∠CAD + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CAD + 90° + 55° = 180°
∠CAD = 35°
∵ AC is the angle bisector of ∠BAD.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠CAD
= 35°
∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment)
 35

QOS QRS
POS

PQRS

1. (arcs prop. to ∠s at
x (3  4) cm

180 (2  3  4) cm
x  140
centre)
∵
 
PS  QT
PQRS  QRST
(diameters)
∴
 
PQ QRS  QRS  ST
 PQ  ST
12
PTS  90
RQT RST
 (∠ in semi-circle)
∵

AB  AD
given
PTS
 
PQRS (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
∴

AB = AD equal arcs, equal chords
CB  CD
ce
∵ given
y 6 cm
 ∴ CB = CD equal arcs, equal chords
90 (2  3  4) cm AC  AC common side
∴ △ABC  △ADC SSS
y  60 ∴ ABC  ADC corr. ∠s,  △s

ABC  ADC  180 opp. ∠s,
2. ∵ BD = DE (given) 2ADC  180
ADC  90
BD  DE
∴ (equal chords, equal arcs) cyclic quad.
EAB

BDE
∴ AC is a diameter of
the circle.
converse of ∠ in
semi-circle
AED

major AD
 (arcs prop. to ∠s
EAB 2  2

110  9  2
EAB  40
at ⊙ )
ce
In △ACE,
ACE  180  AEC  EAC
( sum
 180  110   40
 30
of △)
1.
Join AD.
∵ DO  AO (radii)
∴ ADO  DAO (base. ∠s, isos. △)
In △AOD,
DAO  ADO  AOD  180 (∠ sum
2DAO  136  180
DAO  22
of △)
BAD  BAO  DAO

 70  22
 48
BAD  C  180
(opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
C  180  48
 132
2. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADC.
13
BAC BC
 x
1
7
(b)
ADC

ABC
∴ 2
 3.5
BAC
ce
5

90 13  5
BAC  25
∵ △ABC  △ADC (proved in (a))
∴ DAC  BAC (corr. s,  △s)
 25
BCE  BAD
(ext. ∠, cyclic
 25  25
 50
quad.)
Exercise
Exercise 1A (p. 1.21)

Level 1
1. In △OEN,
OE 2  ON 2  EN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
EN  OE 2  ON 2
 10 2  6 2 cm
 8 cm
∵ ON⊥EF (given)
∴ NF = EN (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
= 8 cm
∴ EF  2  8 cm  16 cm
i.e. x = 16
HQ  PQ  PH
2.
 (18  9) cm
 9 cm
∵ PH = HQ = 9 cm
∴ OH⊥PQ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴ x  90
3. ∵ CN = ND
∴ ON⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∴ OND  90
In △OND,
OND  ODN  DON  180
( sum
90  35  x  180
x  55
of △)
4. ∵ OP  OQ, OP  AB and OQ  CD (given)

∴ CD  AB (chords equidistant from
 7 cm centre are equal)
∵ CQ = QD (given)
14
5. ∵ CQ = QD (given) In △ONB,
∴ OQ⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
NB  OB 2  ON 2 (Pyth. theorem)
of chord  chord)
CD  CQ  QD  13  5 cm 2 2
 2  6 cm  12 cm
 12 cm ∵ AN = NB (given)
∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD ∴ AB  2  12 cm
∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant  24 cm
x  3 from centre)
9. (a) ∵ AB is the perpendicular bisector of the chord CD.
6. ∵ OP  AB and OQ  CD (given) ∴ AB passes through the centre.
∴ PB  AP and CQ = QD (line from centre  chord (⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
bisects chord) i.e. AB is a diameter of the circle.
AB  2  5 cm (b) ∵ AB is a diameter. (proved in (a))
∴ ∴ The radius of the circle
 10 cm
1
and CD  2  5 cm  AB
2
 10 cm
1
∵ AB  CD, OP AB and OQ  CD   12 cm
∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant 2
x = 2.5 from centre)  6 cm
7. ∵ ON  AB (given) 10. ∵ AM = MB (given)

∴ ∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
1 ∴ ∠AMO = 90°
BN  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord) ∵ AN = NC (given)
2
∴ ON⊥AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
1 chord  chord)
  16 cm
2 ∴ ∠ANO = 90°
 8 cm AMO  MAN
ANO  MON  360 ( sum of polygon)

90  45  90  MON  360
MON  135
Join OB. 11. ∵ CM = MD (given)

In △NOB, ∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
OB 2  BN 2  ON 2 of chord  chord)
(Pyth. theorem) ∴ ∠OMC = 90°
OB  BN 2  ON 2 ∵ OB = OC (radii)
 8 2  6 2 cm ∴ OBC  OCB (base ∠s, isos. △)
 10 cm  32  BCD
∴ The radius of the circle is 10 cm. BCD  OBC  OMC
BCD  (32  BCD )  90 (ext. ∠
2BCD  58
BCD  29
of △)
8.
12. ∵ ON⊥CD (given)
Join OB. ∴
OB  OC (radii) 1
 (5  8) cm CN  CD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
 13 cm
1
∵ AN = NB (given)   16 cm
∴ ON  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of 2
chord  chord)  8 cm
15
OC  OA
1
 AB (radii)
2
1
  20 cm
Join OC. 2
 10 cm
In △CON,
OC 2  ON 2  CN 2
ON  OC 2  CN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 10 2  8 2 cm
 6 cm
13. ∵ OQ⊥CD (given)

∴ CQ = QD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
= 10 cm
∴ CD = 2  10 cm = 20 cm
∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD
∴ OQ = OP (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
1
= PQ
2
1
  10 cm
2
 5 cm
Join OD.
In △OQD,
OD 2  OQ 2  QD 2
OD  OQ 2  QD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 5 2  10 2 cm
 125 cm (or 5 5 cm)
∴ The radius of the circle is
125 cm (or 5 5 cm).
14. ∵ AM = MB (given)
∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴ ∠AMO = 90°
In △AOM,
AO 2  AM 2  OM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
OM  AO 2  AM 2
 7.5 2  6 2 cm
 4.5 cm
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB and ON⊥CD
∴ CD = AB (chords equidistant from centre
= (6 + 6) cm are equal)
 12 cm
16
15. ∵ AM = MB (given) 17. Construct a circle with centre O lying on BH as shown,

∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of such that the circle cuts AB at two points P and Q, and
chord  chord) cuts BC at two points R and S.
1
MB   6 cm
2
 3 cm
In △OMB,
OB 2  OM 2
 MB 2
OM  OB 2  MB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
Draw OM and ON such that OM  AB and ON  BC.
 5 2  3 2 cm Consider △OBM and △OBN.
 4 cm ABH = CBH given
OMB = ONB = 90 by construction
ON  MN  OM
OB = OB common side
 (7  4) cm ∴ △OBM  △OBN AAS
 3 cm ∴ OM = ON corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB
and ON⊥BC
∴ PQ = RS chords equidistant from centre
are equal
Level 2
Join OD.
OD  5 cm (radii)
In △OND,
ND  OD 2  ON 2 (Pyth. theorem) 18.
 5  3 cm
2 2
Join OD.
 4 cm
∵ ON⊥CD (given)
1
OD = AB (radii)
∴ CN = ND (line from centre  chord bisects 2
= 4 cm chord) 1
CD  2  4 cm =  10 cm
∴ 2
 8 cm
= 5 cm
∵ CM = MD (given)
16. (a) Consider △AOB and △DOC. ∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
AO = DO radii chord  chord)
BO = CO radii ∴ ∠OMD = 90°
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB In △OMD,
and ON⊥CD given
OD 2  OM 2  MD 2
∴ AB = DC chords equidistant
from centre are equal OM  OD 2  MD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ △AOB  △DOC SSS
(b) ∵ OB = OA (radii)  5 2  4 2 cm
∴ ∠OAB =∠OBA (base ∠s, isos. △)  3 cm
= 62° AO = OD = 5 cm (radii)
In △OBA, In △AMD,
OBA  OAB  BOA  180 (∠ AD 2  AM 2  MD 2
sum of △)
AD  AM 2
 MD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
62  62  BOA  180
 (5  3) 2  4 2 cm
BOA  56
∵ △AOB  △DOC (proved in (a))  80 cm (or 4 5 cm)
∴ ∠COD = ∠BOA (corr. sides,  △s)
= 56
17
21. ∵ BM = MC (given)
∴ OM⊥BC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
19.
Draw a line OMN such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

Join OA and OC.
OA = OC = 17 cm (radii)
∵ OM  CD (by construction)
∴
1
CM  CD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  30 cm
2
 15 cm
In △OCM,
OM  OC 2  CM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 17 2  152 cm
 8 cm
∵ ON  AB (by construction)
∴
1
AN  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  16 cm
2
 8 cm
In △OAN,
ON  OA2  AN 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 17 2  82 cm
 15 cm
 ON  OM
∴ Distance between AB and CD  (15  8) cm
 7 cm
20. Let r cm be the radius of the circle.

∵ AB⊥OC (given)
∴
1
MB  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  30 cm
2
 15 cm
OM  OC  CM
 (r  9) cm
In △OMB,
OB 2  OM 2  MB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
r 2
 ( r  9)  15
2 2
r  r 2  18r  81  225
2
18r  306
r  17
∴ The radius of the circle is 17 cm.
18
In △OMB, and two adjacent sides are equal.

∴ ONEM is a square.
OM  OB 2  BM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
 10  6
2 2
cm
 8 cm
In △OMD,
MD  OD 2  OM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
 17  8 2 2
cm
 15 cm
CD  MD  MC
 (15  6) cm
 9 cm
22.
Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB.

∵ OM  AB (by construction)
∴
AM  MB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)

1
  24 cm
2
 12 cm
In △OMA,
OM  OA 2  AM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 15  12 cm2 2
 9 cm
MC  MB  BC
 (12  28) cm
 40 cm
In △OMC,
OC  OM 2  MC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 9  40 cm
2 2
 41 cm
OD = OA = 15 cm (radii)
CD  OC  OD
∴  ( 41  15) cm
 26 cm
23. (a) ∵ CN = ND given

∴ ON⊥CD line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∴ ∠ONE = 90°
∵ AM = MB given
∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∴ ∠OME = 90°
∴ MON  90  sum of polygon
∵ AB  CD, OM  AB given
ON  CD
and
∴ OM  ON equal chords, equidistant
from centre
∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90
19
(b) In △OMA,
AM  AO 2  OM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
 10 2  6 2 cm
 8 cm
ME = OM = 6 cm (property of square)
MB = AM
= 8 cm
BE  MB  ME
 (8  6) cm
 2 cm
24.
Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB, and N be a

point on CD such that ON  CD.
∵ OM  AB (by construction)
∴
1
MB  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  18 cm
2
 9 cm
Join OB.
OB = 13 cm (radius)
In △OMB,
OM  OB 2  MB 2
(Pyth. theorem)
 13 2  9 2 cm
 88 cm
∵ ON  CD (by construction)
∴
1
NC  CD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  24 cm
2
 12 cm
∠NOM = 90° ( sum of polygon)
∵
ONK  NKM  OMK  NOM  90
∴ ONKM is a rectangle.
∴ NK = OM (property of rectangle)
KC  NC  NK
∴  (12  88 ) cm
 2.62 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)
20
AE  AD 2  ED 2
 20 2  12 2 cm
 16 cm
25.
Draw a line MON such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

Join OA and OC.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
∵ OM  CD (by construction)
∴
1
CM  CD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  10 cm
2
 5 cm
∵ ON  AB (by construction)
∴
1
AN  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
1
  24 cm
2
 12 cm
In △OCM,
OC 2  OM 2  CM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
r 2  OM 2  5 2
r 2  OM 2  25   (1)
In △OAN,
OA 2  ON 2  AN 2
(Pyth. theorem)
r 2  ON 2  12 2
r 2  ON 2  144   (2)
∵ The distance between AB and CD is 17 cm.
∴ MN = 17 cm
Let ON = a cm, then OM = (17  a) cm.
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
OM 2  25  ON 2  144
OM 2  ON 2  119
(17  a) 2  a 2  119
289  34a  a 2  a 2  119
170  34a
a5
∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is 5 cm.
26. (a) (i) ∵ AB⊥CD (given)

∴ ED = CE (line from centre  chord
1
  24 cm bisects chord)
2
 12 cm
In △AED,
AD 2  AE 2  ED 2 (Pyth. theorem)
21
(b) ∵ AB = AC and BP = PC
∴ AP  BC (prop. of isos. △)
∵ OM  AB (given)
∴ MB = AM (line from centre  chord
= 6 cm bisects chord)
(ii)
AB  2  6 cm
Join OD.  12 cm
OD = OA = r cm (radii)
AC  AB (proved in (a))
OE = AE  OA  12 cm
= (16  r) cm BC  2  6 cm (given)
In △OED,
 12 cm
OD 2  OE 2  ED 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∵ AC = BC, ON  AC and OP  BC
r 2  (16  r ) 2  12 2
∴ OP = ON = 2 3 cm (equal chords,
r 2  256  32r  r 2  144
equidistant from centre)
32r  400
Alternative Solution
r  12.5
∴ OA = 12.5 cm
(b) AB = 2  12.5 cm
= 25 cm
EB  AB  AE
 ( 25  16) cm Join OB.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle and OP = a cm.
 9 cm In △APB,
AB 2  AP 2  BP 2
AP  AB 2  BP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 12 2  6 2 cm
 108 cm
AO  AP  OP
Join BD. r  108  a   (1)
In △EBD, In △OPB,
BD  EB 2  ED 2 Pyth. theorem OB 2  OP 2  BP 2
(Pyth. theorem)
 9 2  12 2 cm r 2  a 2  62
 15 cm r 2  a 2  36   (2)
BD  AD  (15  20 ) cm
2 2 2 2 2 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
 625 cm 2 ( 108  a ) 2  a 2  36
AB  25 cm 2
2 2 108  2 108a  a 2  a 2  36
 625 cm 2 72  2 108a
∵ BD 2  AD 2  AB 2 36  6 3a
∴ △ABD is a right-angled converse of Pyth. 6
triangle, where AD⊥BD. theorem a
3
27. (a) Consider △ABP and △ACP.  12 (or 2 3 )
AP = AP common side
∴ OP = 12 cm (or 2 3 cm)
BP = CP given
AP  BC line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord
∴ APB = APC = 90
∴ △ABP  △ACP SAS
∴ AB = AC corr. sides,  △s
i.e. △ABC is an isosceles
triangle.
22
(line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord)
PQ  PR  RQ ∵ OB⊥CD (by construction)

28. (a) 1
 (1  5) cm ∴ BD  CD
 6 cm 2
1 1
OP  PQ   12 m
2 2
1 6m
  6 cm Let r m be the radius of the circle.
2 OA = OD = r m (radii)
 3 cm In △OBD,
OR  OP  PR OD 2  OB 2  BD 2
 (3  1) cm r 2  (9  r ) 2  6 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 2 cm r 2  81  18r  r 2  36
In △ORM, 18r  117
RM  OR 2  OM 2 (Pyth. theorem) r  6.5
 2 2  12 cm ∴ The radius of the circle is 6.5 m.
 3 cm
∵ OM  RS (given)
∴ MS = RM (line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord)
 3 cm
∴ RS = 2RM (b)
 2 3 cm
Draw horizontal line EF such that EF intersects AB at
G and AB⊥EF. Then, EF is the ceiling of the tunnel,
i.e. EF = 7.8 m.
Join OF.
∵ EF⊥OG
1
∴ GF = EF (line from centre  chord
(b) 2 bisects chord)
1
Join OD. =  7.8 m
OD = OP = 3 cm (radii) 2
In △OND, = 3.9 m
OF = AO = 6.5 m (radii)
ND  OD  ON
2 2
(Pyth. theorem) In △GOF,
 32  12 cm GO  OF 2  GF 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 8 cm
 6.5 2  3.9 2
m
∵ ON  CD (given)
∴ CN = ND (line from centre ⊥ chord  5.2 m
bisects chord) New height of the tunnel
 8 cm
 GB
CD  2 ND
∴  AB  AG
 2 8 cm (or 4 2 cm)
 [9  (6.5  5.2)] m
 7.7 m
29. (a) Denote the centre of the circle by O.
1
30. (a) ∵ MN  MC (given)
2
∴ MN  NC
∵ MN = NC and BD  MC
Draw a line AB such that it passes through O and ∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of the chord
AB⊥CD. Then, AB is the height of the tunnel, CM.
i.e. AB = 9 m and CD = 12 m. ∴ BD passes through the centre of the circle.
Join OD. (⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
i.e. BD is a diameter of the circle.
23
1 semi-circle.
NC  MC
2
(b) (i)
1
  16 cm
2
 8 cm
In △BCN,
NB  BC 2  NC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 10 2  8 2 cm
 6 cm
Join OC.
OC  OB (radii)
 r cm
In △OCN,
OC 2  ON 2  NC 2
r 2  ( r  6) 2  8 2
r 2  r 2  12r  36  64
(Pyth. theorem)
12r  100
100
r
12
 8.33 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
∴ The radius of the circle is 8.33 cm.
BD  2OB
100
(ii)  2 cm
12
50
 cm
3
AD = BC = 10 cm (property of rectangle)
∠DAB = 90° (property of rectangle)

In △DAB,
AB  BD 2  AD 2
2
 50  (Pyth.
    10 2 cm
 3 
 13.33 cm (cor. to 2 d.p.)
theorem)
31. (a) ∵ CP = PD given

∴ KP ⊥ CD line joining centre to
∵ CP = PD and
CD  HK
∴ HK is the perpendicular
bisector of the chord CD.
∴ HK passes through the ⊥bisector of chord
centre of the semi-circle. passes through centre
∴ H is the centre of the
24
(b) Let PK = a cm, then PH = (20  a) cm. ABD  BAC  ACB

In △KCP, 4x  x  90 (ext. ∠ of △)
KC 2  PK 2  CP 2 3x  90
(Pyth.
12 2  a 2  CP 2 x  30
CP 2  144  a 2   (1)
theorem)
In △HCP,
CH 2
 CP 2  PH 2
(Pyth.
20 2  CP 2  ( 20  a ) 2
CP 2  400  ( 20  a ) 2   (2)
theorem)

144  a 2  400  ( 20  a ) 2
144  a 2  400  ( 400  40a  a 2 )
40a  144
a  3.6
∴ PK  3.6 cm
Exercise 1B (p. 1.36)

Level 1
1. ACB  138  180 (adj. s on st. line)
ACB  42
x  2ACB
 2  42 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
ce
 84
Reflex AOC  2ABC

2. (∠ at centre twice
 2  130
 260
∠ at ⊙ )
ce
x  360  reflex AOC

(∠s at a pt.)
 360  260
 100
AOB  2ACB
3. (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
 2  44
 88
⊙ )
ce
∵ OB  OA (radii)
∴ OBA  OAB (base ∠s, isos. △)
 x
In △AOB,
AOB  OBA  OAB  180
88  x  x  180 (∠ sum
2x  92
x  46
of △)
4. ACB  90 (∠ in semi-circle)

In △ABC,
25
5. ∵ DA  DC (given)
∴ DAC  DCA (base∠s. isos. △)
 35
CBA  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
In △CAB,
CAB  CBA  BCA  180
(∠ sum
(35  x )  90  35  180
x  20
of △)
6. ABD  BDC (alt. ∠s, BA // CD)

 40
ABC  90
(∠ in semi-circle)
40  x  90
x  50
7. BDC  BAC (∠s in the same

 44
segment)
ECD  EDC  AED

(ext. ∠ of △)
x  44  90
x  46
8. CAE  CBE (s in the same segment)

 25
ACB  CAD  ADC
(ext.  of △)
x  25  42
 67
9. BDC  BAC (∠s in the same

 40
segment)
ACD  BAC (alt. ∠s, BA // CD)
 40
In △ECD,
BEC  EDC  ECD
(ext.∠ of △)
x  40  40
 80
AOB
ACB 
2
10. ( at centre twice
130

2
 65
 at ☉ )
ce
∵ OC = OA (radii)
OCA  OAC
∴ (base s, isos. △)
 20
∵ OB = OC (radii)
OBC  OCB
 ACB  OCA (base s, isos. )
∴ △
 65  20
 45
26
AOC  BAO of △)
11. (alt. ∠s, AB // CO)
 44
AOC 15. DAB  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
ABC 
2 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ∵ AB  AD (given)
44 ∴ ABD  ADB (base ∠s, isos. △)
 In △ABD,
2
ABD  ADB  DAB  180
 22 (∠ sum
⊙ ) 2ADB  90  180
ADB  45
ce
BCO  ABC (alt. ∠s, AB // CO) of △)

 22
In △ABE,
AEC  BAE  ABE
(ext. ∠ of △)
 44  22
 66
12. CDB  CAB (∠s in the same

 32
segment)
ADC  ADB  CDB
 56  32
 88  90
∴ AC is not a diameter of the circle.
AOC  2ABC
13. (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
 2  25
 50
⊙ )
ce
∵ CD  CO (given)
∴ CDO  COD (base ∠s, isos. △)
 50
In △CDB,
CDB  CBD  BCD  180 (∠ sum
50  25  BCD  180
BCD  105
of △)

ACD  BCD  ACB
 105  90
 15
14. In △BDE,
DBE  BED  BDA
(ext. ∠ of △)
DBE  32  62
DBE  30
DAC  DBC (∠s in the same
 30
segment)
CDA  90 (∠ in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
DAC  CDA  ACD  180
(∠ sum
30  90  ACD  180
ACD  60
27
∴ ABD  ADB DAC  DCA  ADC  180 ( sum

 45 x  x  (90  x )  180
ACD  ABD (∠s in the same segment) x  30
 45 of △)
ACB  ADB (∠s in the same segment)
∴ DAC  30
 45
∴ ABD, ADB, ACD and ACB
are 45°.
Level 2
16. BDC  BAC (∠s in the same segment)
 52
∵ OC  OD (radii)
OCD  ODC (base ∠s, isos. △)
∴
 52
DCB  90 (∠ in semi-circle)

In △DBC,
OBC  DCB  BDC  180
(∠ sum
OBC  90  52  180
OBC  38
of △)
CAB  AOD  180

17. (int. ∠s, AC //
CAB  130  180
CAB  50
OD)

In △ABC,
ACB  ABC  CAB  180 (∠ sum
90  ABC  50  180
ABC  40
of △)
AOD
ABD 
2 (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
130

2
 65
⊙ )
ce
CBD  ABD  ABC

 65  40
 25
18. Let DAC  x .

∵ DC = DA (given)
∴ DCA = x (base s, isos. △)
∵ BD = BC (given)
∴ BDC  DCA (base s, isos.
△)
x
ADB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
28
19. In △ABE, ABD  ACD (∠s in the same

EAB  ABE  AED
(ext. ∠of △)  x
EAB  47  77 segment)
EAB  30 CBD  ABC  ABD
DAC  DAB  EAB
 90  x
 73  30
 43
Join BC.
CBD  DAC (∠s in the same
 43
segment)
ABC  ABD  CBD
 47  43
 90
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
20. (a) Let BAM  x .

∵ AM = BM given
∴ ABM  x base ∠s, isos.
△
In △MBA,
BMC  ABM  BAM ext. ∠
 2x
of △
∵ BM = CM given
∴ MBC  MCB base ∠s,
isos. △
In △CBM,
BMC  MBC  MCB  180
∠
2 x  2MBC  180
MBC  90  x
sum of △
ABC  ABM  MBC

 x  (90  x )
 90
(b) ∵ ABC  90 proved in (a)
∴ AC is a diameter. converse of ∠ in
semi-circle
∵ M is the mid-point of AC.
∴ M is the centre of the circle.
21. (a)
Join AB.
ABC  90 (∠ in semi-circle)
29
(b) In △CBE, AK DK

CBE  BCE  BEA (ext. ∠ of △) BK CK
(90  x )  BCE  75 ∴ 6 cm DK (corr. sides, ~△s)

BCE  x  15 3 cm 2 cm
BCD  ( x  15)  x DK  4 cm
 2 x  15
∵ BD  BC (given) 25. (a) ∵ OABC is a parallelogram. given
and OA = OC radii
∴ BDC  BCD (base ∠s, isos. △) ∴ OABC is a rhombus.
 2x  15
In △CBD,
BCD  BDC  CBD  180
2( 2 x  15)  (90  x )  180 (
3 x  60  180
x  40
sum of △)
22. Let ABC  x .

BCD  x (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
ADC  x (∠s in the same segment)
In △ACD,
CAD  ACD  ADC  180 (∠ sum
44  (90  x)  x  180
x  23
of △)
∴ ∠ABC = 23
AOE
ABE 
2
23. ( at centre twice 
124

2
 62
at ☉ )
ce
In △BCE,
BCE  BEC  ABE (ext.  of △)
BEC  62  36
 26
BAD  BED (s in the same
 26
segment)
In △ABK,
AKE  BAK  ABK
 26  62 (ext. ∠ of △)
 88
24. (a) Consider △AKD and △BKC.

AKD = BKC vert. opp. s
DAK = CBK s in the same segment
ADK = BCK s in the same segment
∴ △AKD ~ △BKC AAA
(b) ∵ △AKD ~ △BKC (proved in (a))
30
(b) Reflex AOC  360  x (s at a pt.) CDE  ADE  ADC

reflex AOC circle  90  (90  x )
ABC  ( at centre twice  at
2  x
☉ce) ∠CAE = ∠CDE s in the same
=x segment
360  x
 ∴ BAD  CAE
2 28. (a) ∵ EA = EB given
x ∴ EAB = EBA base s, isos. △
 180 
2 BAD = BED s in the same segment
ABC = x (opp. s of // gram) BCE  EBA  BED ext.  of
△
x  EAB  BAD
180  x
2  EAD
∴ 3 ∴ BCE = EAD
x  180
2 (b) ABE = ADE (s in the same segment)
∴
x  120
CBE  180  ABE (adj. s on st. line)
 180  ADE
26. (a) ∵ DO  BE
∴ BK = EK line from centre  chord  CDA (adj. s on st. line)
bisects chord  AED  DAE (ext.  of △ )
Consider △BKD and △EKD.
BK = EK proved  AED
BKD = EKD = 90° given ∴ It is impossible that △BCE ~ △EAD.
DK = DK common side
∴ △BKD  △EKD SAS Exercise 1C (p. 1.49)
Level 1
∴ KBD  KED corr. s,  △s
1. Reflex AOB  360  80 (∠s at a pt.)
BAD  BED ∠s in the same
segment
∴ BAD  EBD 
AB
 280
AOB
(b) Let BAD = x.
In △ACD,
ADE  CAD  ACD (ext.  of △) major AB
 
reflex AOB
(arcs prop. to ∠s
 x  42
BED  BAD  x x 80
(s in the same

segment)
In △DKE, 14 280
KED  KDE  BKD x4
x  ( x  42)  90 (ext.  of △)
at centre)
2x  48
x  24
∴ BAD  24 2. ∵ AB  BC  CD (given)
∴ AOB  BOC  COD (equal chords,
27. With the notation in the figure, equal ∠s)
AOC
DOC 
2
∴ 146
x
2
 73
Join CD.
Let BAD  x .
∠BCD = ∠BAD
=x
In △DCQ,
segment
s in the same
∵
∴

AB  BC  CD
AB  BC  CD  2 cm
(given)
(equal chords, equal
QDC  QCD  CQD  180 arcs)

∠ sum of
QDC  x  90  180
QDC  90  x
△
ADE  90  in semi-
31
 
BCD  BC  CD

AE ADE
∴
y cm  (2  2) cm
y4

CD

CAD
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ )
ce
y 24
COD CD
 
9 8
3.
BOC

BC
 (arcs prop. to s at
y  27
5. In △ABC,
COD 4 BAC  180  ABC  ACB
  180  50  75
( sum
84 6  55
COD  56 of △)
centre)

BC BAC
BAD 
BOD
2
84  56

AC

ABC
x (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
2 x 55 ce
 70 
☉ ) 10 50
x  11
ce
BAC BC
 
CAD

CD
 6. ∵
∴
CB  AE
(given)
CB  AE  3 cm (equal arcs, equal chords)

4. (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
x 18
8 9

ce ∴ y 3
BDE BAE

x  16 CDB

CB
ce
x 2

30 1
x  60
BOC BC

AOB

AB

7.
BOC 2 (arcs prop. to s at centre)

AOB 4
1
BOC  AOB
2
32
AOB  BOC  COD  180

AOB AB

1
AOB  AOB  51
2
3
AOB
 180
 129
(adj.
BOC

BC

9. (a) (arcs prop. to s at
2
AOB 4
AOB  86 
s on st. line) 48 3
AOB  64
8. In △BCD,
BDC  180  DBC  DCB centre)
( sum
 180  62  64 AOB
 54 ACB 
2
of △) (b) 64 ( at centre twice

In △BDE, 2
EDB  DEB  DBC  32
(ext.  of △)
EDB  35  62  at ☉ )
 EDB  27 ce
AB : BC  ADB : BDC
 27 : 54
(arcs prop.
10.
AB

BCA  90
BCA
(∠ in semi-circle)
 1: 2
AC
 
ABC
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
to s at ☉ ) ce
ce x 90

9 36
x  22.5
In △ABC,
ABC  BCA  BAC  180 ( sum
36  90  BAC  180
BAC  54
of △)
BC
 BAC
AC
 
ABC
ce
y 54

9 36
y  13.5
11. (a) ∵
∴

BOD  AOC (vert. opp. ∠s)
BD  AC
(equal ∠s, equal arcs)
= 8 cm
33

ABC AC

ABD

AD
 ∴
BD BPD
  1 (arcs prop. to s at
EF EPF
(b) (arcs prop. to s at
ABC 8
☉ )

ABD 4
ABC  2ABD
☉ce)
∴

BD  EF
ce APD  5  10  15
∵ ∠CBD = 90° (∠ in semi-circle) ∵  30
∴
ABD  ABC  90
ABD  2ABD  90
3ABD  90   FPG
AD APD
12. ∵
ABD  30
APC  5  10
 15
∴

FG

FPG
1 (arcs prop. to s at
  CPD
AC APC
☉ce)

AD  FG

∴
∴
CD

CPD
1 (arcs prop. to s at
∴
   
AC  CD BD  EF AD  FG
, ,
☉ce)
∴

AC  CD
Level 2
(any two of the above answers)
BPD  10  15

∵  25
 EPF
13.
Join BC.
BCA  BDA (s in the same segment)
 70
In △ABC,
ABC  BAC  BCA  180 ( sum of △)
ABC  180  40  70
ADC
 ABC
 70

BC

BAC
ce
x 70

10 40
x  17.5
14. ∵ AB  AD (given)
34
∴ ABD  ADB (base s, isos. △)

DAC DC

In △ABD,
 50
ABD  BDA  DAB  180

50  50  DAB  180
(∠ sum CDA

CBA
ce
DAB  80 DAC 12

of △) 

DCB DAB
50 8
DAC  75

AD

ABD
In △CAD,
CAD  ADC  DCA  180
75  50  DCA  180
(∠ sum
ce
x  6 80 DCA  55

 of △)
50
10
x  10 DA
 DCA
 CBA
 
CDA
CAB CB
CDA
 
CBA
y 55

8 50
ce
15. (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )

x 4 cm ce
y  8.8

50 (4  4) cm
PRS  PQS
x  25 16.
 30
(s in the same segment)
PRQ  QRS  PRS

 75  30
∵

 45
PQ  QR
∴ PQ = QR (equal arcs, equal chords)
∠RPQ = ∠PRQ (base s, isos. △)
= 45°
In △PQR,
PQR  RPQ  PRQ  180
(
(30  RQS )  45  45  180
RQS  60
sum of △)
∴

17. ∵ AB = AD = CD
AB  AD  CD
(given)
(equal chords, equal
arcs)

ACB AB and ACD AD

ACD

AD

CBD

CD

(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
∴ ∠ACB = ∠ACD = ∠CBD
35
In △BCD, In △BCD,
BCD  CBD  BDC  180 CBD  BCD  BDC  180 ( sum
(∠ sum of
3CBD  30  180 30  BCD  20  180
CBD  50 BCD  130

△) of △)
 BAD BCD
BDC BC
ADC

ABC
 ABC

ADC
18. (a)
BDC
60

2 cm
(4  2) cm
(arcs prop. to s at

BAD 130
ce

BDC  20 6 cm 60
☉ )
ce
 
BAD  13 cm
CBD CD
ADC
  ABD AD

ABC
CBD 3 cm
ce
ADC

ABC

 (b) (arcs prop. to s at
60 6 cm ABD (13  4) cm

CBD  30 60 6 cm
ABD  90
☉ )
ce
∴ AD is a diameter of the circle.

BAC BC
19. ∵
CAD
 1
CD
 arcs prop. to s at ☉ce
∴ BAC = CAD
∵ OC = OA radii
∴ OCA  OAC base s, isos. △
 DAC
∴ OC // AD alt. s equal
20. (a)
∵

Join OB and OC.
AB  BC  CD
(given)
∴ AOB = BOC = COD (equal arcs, equal s)
36
AOB  BOC  COD  120 ∴ ADC  DAB

3BOC  120 ∴ AE  DE sides opp. equal ∠s
BOC  40
BOC
BDC 
2 ( at centre twice
40

2
 20
22. (a)
 at ☉ )
ce Join AE and ED.
(b) Reflex ∠AOD

 360  AOD
 360  120
(∠s at a
∠AED = 90°

AE ABE
( in semi-circle)
pt.)
 240

ABCD

AED
ACD 
reflex AOD
240
2
( at centre

AE 50
  
2 (2  3  1) cm 90 (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
twice  at ☉ )
ce
 120
 5
AE   6 cm
ce
In △CDE,
CED  CDE  ECD  180
9
(
CED  20  120  180 10
CED  40  cm
3
sum of △)
21. (a) ∵ AB = CD
  BAD BCD

∴
ACB  CBD
equal chords, equal arcs  

AC  CB  CB  BD
(b)
AED
BAD 4

ABCD (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
 AC  BD
90 6
BAD  60
With the notation in the figure,
BGO  GBA  BAG (ext.  of △)
 50  60
BEC
 110 
BC

(b)
 
Join AD.
∵

AC  BD
proved in (a)
AED
BEC 3
ABCD (arcs prop. to s
ADC AC
 90

6
BEC  45
∴
DAB
 1
BD
 arcs prop. to s at at ☉ )
ce
☉ce
37
BEC  OFE  BGO 23. (a) With the notations in the figure,
(ext.  of △)
45  OFE  110 
OFE  65
In △BDF,
DFE  BDF  DBF (ext.  of △)
 20  30
 50
In △ACG,
AGE  CAG  ACG (ext.  of △)
 40  50
 90
x  180  FGE  GFE
∴  180  90  50 ( sum of △)
(b)
  40
AB : BC : CD : DE : EA
 ADB : BEC : CAD : DBE : ECA
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ ce )
 20 : 40 : 40 : 30 : 50
 2: 4: 4:3:5
(c)
AB
 2

Circumference of the circle 2  4  4  3  5
 18 
Circumference of the circle      cm
 2
 9 cm
9
 cm
∴ Radius of the circle 2
 4.5 cm
Exercise 1D (p. 1.56)

Level 1
A  C  180
1. 55  x  180 (opp. ∠s, cyclic
x  125
quad.)
B  D  180
(opp. ∠s, cyclic
y  90  180
y  90
quad.)
C  A  180
2. (opp. ∠s, cyclic
C  76  180
C  104
quad.)
38
∵ CD  CB (given) 3. ABF  ADC

CDB  CBD x  80
∴ (base ∠s, isos. △)
x BCD  EAB (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △BCD,  95
C  CDB  CBD  180
(∠ sum of △) BCD  DCG  180
104  2 x  180 (adj. s on st. line)
95  y  180
x  38
y  85
4. DBC  ADB (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)

 x
ABC  ADE
70  x  125
x  55
EBC  CDE  180

5. (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
EBC  180  110 
 70
ECB  BAE  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
ECB  180  120
 60
In △BCE,
BEC  EBC  ECB  180
( sum
BEC  70  60  180
BEC  50
of △)
6. (a) In △ACD,
ADE  CAD  ACD
 36  60 (ext.  of △)
 96
(b) DFE  BCD (ext. , cyclic quad.)

 60
In △DEF,
DFE  FDE  DEF  180
(
60  96  DEF  180
DEF  24
sum of △)
BOA
BPA 
2
7. (a) 40 ( at centre twice  at ⊙ )
 ce
2
 20
BAP  BCP  180
(b) (opp. s,
BAP  50  180
BAP  130
cyclic quad.)
In △ABP,
ABP  BAP  BPA  180
( sum
ABP  130  20  180
ABP  30
39
of △) In △BCE,
CEB  ECB  EBC  180 ( sum
40  2EBC  180
8. CEB  DAE (corr. s, AD // EC)
EBC  70
 40 of △)
∵ EC = EB (given)
∴ ECB  EBC (base s, isos. △) ADC  EBC  180
(opp. s,
ADC  70  180
ADC  110 
cyclic quad.)
BED  BCD  180

9. (a) (opp. ∠s, cyclic
BED  100  180
BED  80
quad.)
BAF  BED (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

 80
ABE  AFG (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
 74
CDE  ABE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
 74
(b) ∵ ∠CDE = ∠AFG
= 74°
∴ AF // CD corr. ∠s equal
∵ ∠BAF + ∠BCD
= 80° + 100°
= 180°
∴ AF // CD int. ∠s supp.
10. In △CAD,
DAC  ADC  ACD  180
(
DAC  115  30  180
DAC  35
sum of △)
∴

BC  CD
BC  CD
(given)
(equal chords, equal arcs)
BAC BC

 1
DAC CD  (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
BAC  DAC
 35
ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
ABC  180  115 
 65
In △ABC,
ACB  ABC  BAC  180
(
ACB  65  35  180
ACB  80
40
sum of △) In △ACD,
ACD  ADB  DAC  180
( 2 x  2 x)  60  x  180 (∠ sum
Level 2
11. Let CAE  x . 5x  120
∵ AC is an angle bisector of ∠EAB. x  24
∴ BAC  CAE  x of △)
ECD  EAB (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
In △ABD,
 2x ABD  BDA  DAB  180
∵ EC is an angle bisector of ∠ACD.
ABD  60  2 x  180 (∠ sum
∴ ECA  ECD
ABD  60  2( 24)  180
 2x
ABD  72
of △)
12. In △ACD,
ACD  ADC  CAD  180
(∠ sum of
ACD  ADC  40  180
ACD  140  ADC
△)
ABC  ADC  180 (opp. s, cyclic

ABC  180  ADC
quad.)
AED  ACD  180 (opp. s,

cyclic quad.)
AED  180  ACD
 180  (140  ADC )
 40  ADC
∴
ABC  AED  (180  ADC )  ( 40  ADC )
 220
13.
Join AD.
ABC + CDA = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad.
ADE = 90  in semi-circle
ABC + CDE
 ABC  (CDA  ADE )
 180  90
 270
FCD  DEF  180

14. (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
FCD  180  130
 50
x  FCD (ext. , cyclic
 50
quad.)
ABD = ∠CFD = y (ext. , cyclic quad.)

∵ AD  AB (given)
41
∴ ADB  ABD (base s, isos. △) COA  360  reflex COA

 y (s at a pt.)
 360  220
In △ABD,  140
BAD  ABD  ADB  180 APB  COA  180
( sum
x  2y  180 APB  180  140 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
2y  180  50  40
y  65
of △)
16. (a) Consider △KAD and △KCB.
KAD = KCB ext. , cyclic quad.
COA  2ABC KDA = KBC ext. , cyclic quad.
15. Reflex ( at centre twice  at AKD = CKB common angle
 2  110 
∴ △KAD ~ △KCB AAA
 220
KA KD
⊙ ) 
ce KC KB
2 cm 3 cm
(b)  (corr. sides,
3 cm  DC (2  4) cm
4 cm  3 cm  DC
DC  1 cm
~△s)
17.
Join DC.
reflex COE
EDC 
2 ( at centre twice 
280

2
 140
at ⊙ )
ce
ADC  EDC  EDA

 140  20
 120
ABC  ADC  180
(opp. ∠s, cyclic
ABC  120  180
ABC  60
quad.)
18.
Join AD.
BAD  DCB  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BAD  180  80
 100
42
OAD  BAD  BAO

 100  35
 65
∵ OD = OA (radii)
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △) 19.
= 65°
ABC  ADC  180 Join AB.
(opp. s, cyclic FAB  DCB (ext. , cyclic quad.)
ABC  (65  50)  180
ABC  65  75
FEB  FAB (s in the same segment)
quad.)
 75
AEB  FEA  FEB
 135  75
 60
DFB  AEB
∴ (s in the same segment)
 60
20. Let COD = x.

ABC = COD = x ext. , cyclic quad.
∵ OC = OB radii
∴ OCB  OBC base s, isos. △
x
OAD = OCB = x ext. , cyclic quad.
O CD  BAO  ext.
 x
, cyclic quad.
∵ OD = OC radii

∴ O DC  O CD
 x
base s, isos. △
O DC  O C D  C O D  180
3x  180
x  60
 sum of △
∵ ODC = OCD = COD = 60

∴ △CDO is an equilateral triangle.
APC  PBC  PCB

21. (a)  ( x  x)  y (ext.  of △)
 2x  y
ARB  RCB  RBC
 ( y  y)  x (ext.  of △)
 x  2y
APQ  ARQ  180

(b) ( 2 x  y )  ( x  2 y )  180 opp. s,
3 x  3 y  180
x  y  60
cyclic quad.
In △ABC,
BAC  ABC  ACB  180
BAC  2 x  2 y  180
 sum of
BAC  2( x  y )  180
BAC  120  180
BAC  60
△
43
Exercise 1E (p. 1.67)

Level 1
1. ∠ABC = ∠EAD (corr. ∠s, AD // BC)
= 100°
∵ ∠ABC + ∠ADC
= 100° + 80°
= 180°
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)
BCD  ADC  180 (int. ∠s, AD // BC)
BCD  180  80
 100
∵ EAD  BCD
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.   int. opp. )
2. In △DCE,
DCE  CDE  CED  180 (
DCE  60  50  180
DCE  70
sum of △)
∵ BAD  DCE
In △ABE,
ABE  BAE  AEB  180 ( sum
ABE  60  50  180
ABE  70
of △)
∵ ABC  CDE
3. In △BCD,
CBD  BDC  DCB  180
(
CBD  35  105  180
CBD  40
sum of △)
∵ CAD = CBD
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic.
(converse of s in the same segment)
ADC  ABC
4. (a) ∵
 90  90
 180
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
(b) ABD  ACD (s in the same segment)

 35
x  90  35
∴
 55
5. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD

 (38  42)  (35  65)
 180
(b) CDB  CAB (s in the same segment)
x  38
6. (a) ∵ ADB  50 and ACB  50
44
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in 11. ∵ AB = BE given

the same segment ∴ BAE = BEA base s, isos. △
x  ADC  180 BAE = BCD opp. s of // gram
∴ BEA = BCD
(b) x  180  (50  70) (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∴ B, C, D and E are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
 60
12. ∵ AB = AC given
7. (a) ∵ BAC = 90° and BDC = 90 ∴ ABC = ACB base s, isos. △
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in ∵ AM = MB and AN = NC given
the same segment ∴ MN // BC mid-pt. theorem
ADB  180  EDA  BDC AMN = ABC corr. s, MN // BC
(b) (adj. ∴ AMN = ACB
 180  55  90
∴ B, C, N and M are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
 35 13. ∵ AC = BC given
s on st. line) ∴ CAB = CBA base s, isos. △
ACB = ADB (s in the ∵ OD = OA radii
same segment) ∴ ODA = OAD base s, isos. △
x  35 ∴ CBA = ODA
∴ OBCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
8. (a) In △BCD,
BCD  180  BDC  DBC 14. ∵ AED = DBC
 sum ∴ ABDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
 180  55  39
 86 FEC  180  90 adj. s on st. line
of △  90
∵ FEC = FBC
∵ BCD = EAD
∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in the
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.   int. opp.  same segment
(b) ∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment)
x  55 Level 2
15. (a) APB = 90  in semi-circle
9. (a) With the notation in the figure, APM  APB  180 adj. s
APM  90  180
APM  90
on st. line
∵ APM = AOM
∴ A, O, P and M are concyclic. converse of s in
In △ABG, the same segment
ABG  180  BGA  GAB OAP  OMB
 (b) (s in the same segment)
 180  85  45  28
 50 ∵ OA = OP (radii)
sum of △ OPA  OAP
∴ (base s, isos. △)
 28
ABC  ABG  GBC
 50  35 16. (a) Consider △BOM and △COM.
BM = CM given
 85 OM ⊥ BC line joining centre to
∵ ABC = ADF mid-pt. of chord  chord
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp.  ∴ ∠BMO = ∠CMO = 90°
CAD  CBD OM = OM common side
(b) (s in the same ∴ △BOM  △COM SAS
 35
∴ ∠BOM = ∠COM corr. s,  △s
segment)
(b) Let ∠BOM = ∠COM = a, by (a)
DCE  DAB then ∠BOC = 2a.
(ext. , cyclic quad.)
BOC ∠ at centre twice
x  45  35 BAC  ∠ at ⊙ce
 80
2
2a

10. ABC = ADC opp. s of // gram 2
PQB = PDC ext. , cyclic quad. a
DPQ = PQB alt. s, AD // BC ∵ ∠BAC = ∠BOM
∴ DPQ = ABQ ∴ O, D, A and B are concyclic. ext.   int. opp. 
∴ A, B, Q and P are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
45
In △PQB,
PQB  180  PBQ  BPQ
(
 180    (90   )
 90
17. (a)
sum of △)
Join PB and let ARP = .
APQ = ARP =  (given)
ABP = ARP =  (s in the same segment)
APB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
BPQ  APB  APQ
(b)
 90  
Join RB.
TQB = 90 proved in (a)
TRB = 90  in semi-circle
TQB + TRB = 90 + 90
= 180
∴ R, T, Q and B are concyclic. opp. s supp.
18. Consider △ACB and △DBC.

AC = DB given
ACB = DBC given
BC = CB common side
∴ △ACB  △DBC SAS
∴ BAC = CDB corr. s,  △s
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment
19. AQS = BRS ext. , cyclic quad.

BRS = CPS ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ AQS = CPS
∴ AQSP is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
20.
Join AE, BF, CG and DH.

EAC  CGE  180 opp. s, cyclic quad.
CGE  180  EAC
In AEFB,
EAB  BFE  180 opp. s, cyclic quad.
BFE  180  EAC
∴ CGE = BFE
BFE = BDH ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ CDH = CGE
∴ C, G, H and D are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
21. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD = 90 + 90

= 180
∵ BAD = 90 given
∴ BD is a diameter of the circle. converse of  in
semi-circle
∵ N is the mid-point of BD.
∴ N is the centre of the circle.
∵ AP = PC given
∴ NP  AC line joining centre
to mid-pt. of chord
 chord
46
passes through centre
(b)
Join MP and NP.

Let ABD = x.
ACD  ABD s in the same
x
segment
ACB  BCD  ACD

 90  x
∵ AM = MB and AP = PC given
∴ MP // BC mid-pt. theorem
∴ APM  ACB corr. s,
 90  x
MP // BC
∵ NP  AC proved in (a)
∴ APN = 90
NPM
 APN  APM
∴
 90  (90  x )
x
 ABD
22. (a)
Join OC and let CAB = x.

∠COB = 2∠CAB  at centre twice 
= 2x at ☉ce
∵ AD = BD given
∴ DBA  DAB base s, isos. △
 x
CDB  DAB  DBA
∴ ext.  of △
 xx
 2x
∵ ∠COB = ∠CDB
∴ B, C, D and O are concyclic. converse of s in the
same segment
(b) With the notation in the figure,
∵ BM = CM given
∴ OM  BC line joining centre to
∴ OM is the
perpendicular bisector
of BC.
∴ OM passes through
the centre of the
circumcircle of BCDO. ⊥bisector of chord
47
Check Yourself (p. 1.75) ∴ ∠BAD = ∠ADC

1. (a)  (b)  ∴ II is true.
(c)  (d) 
2. ∵ OM ⊥ AB(given)
BM  AM
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects
 2 cm
chord)
In △OMB,
OB 2  OM 2
 BM 2
OB  OM 2  BM 2
(Pyth. theorem)
x 12  ( 2 ) 2
 3
AB  2 AM
 2 2 cm
∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
= 1 cm
∴ y 1
3. ∵ BC = AB
∴
 
BC  AB (equal chords, equal arcs)
x  22
BOC  2BAC
y  2  57
 114 
☉ )
ce
4. ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

ABC  180  68
 112 
∠BCP = ∠ABC (alt. ∠s, AB // DP)
x  112 
5. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

ADC  180  110 
 70
In △ACD,
ACD  ADC  CAD  180 ( sum
ACD  70  50  180
ACD  60
of △)
∠AED + ∠ACD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

x  60  180
x  120
6. For I,
∠AOC = 2∠ABC ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
∴ I is true.
For II,
∠BCD = ∠BAD (s in the same segment)
∵ OC = OD (radii)
∴ ∠OCD = ∠ODC (base s, isos. △)
48
For III, x
∵ ∠AOB = ∠COD (vert. opp. s) y
2 ( at centre twice  at ⊙ )
∴ AB = CD (equal s, equal chords)
∴ III is true. 40 ce

∴ I, II and III are true. 2
 20
7. For I,
∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(converse of s in the same segment)
For II,
In △BCD,
∠BCD + ∠BDC + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BCD + 63° + 31° = 180°
∠BCD = 86°
∵ ∠BCD = ∠EAD
(ext.  = int. opp. )
For III,
∵ ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 108° + 82°
= 190°
 180
∴ ABCD is not a cyclic quadrilateral.
∴ Only I and II are true.
Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.76)

Level 1
1. ∵ AM = MB
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∵ AN = NC
∴ ON  AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∴ y  90
∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
x 3
AOB
BCA 
2
2. 54 ( at centre twice
x
2
 27
 at ⊙ )
ce
ODC  OBC  BCA (ext.  of △)

 42  27
 69
y  AOB  ODC
(ext.  of △)
y  69  54
 15
AOB AB

COD

CD

3. (arcs prop. to s at centre)
x 8

90 18
x  40
49
4. ∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment) FE  2  8 cm

∴
x  30  16 cm
∵ AM = MB
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∠AMD = 90°
y  x  90
(ext.  of △)
y  90  30
 60
5. ∠ABC = ∠ADE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

x  86
In △ABC,
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BAC + 86° + 32° = 180°

BC BAC
∠BAC = 62°

AB

BCA
ce
y 62

4 32
y  7.75
6. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

x  110   180
x  70
∠ACD = 90° ( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
∠DAC + ∠ACD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △)
y  90  70  180
y  20
7.
Join OF.
OF  OB
1
 BC (radii)
2
1
  20 cm
2
 10 cm
OG  AB (property of rectangle)
 6 cm
In △OGF,
FG  OF 2  OG 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 10 2  6 2 cm
 8 cm
∵ OG  FE (given)
∴ GE = FG (line from centre  chord bisects
= 8 cm chord)
50
ABC  ADC  180 ∠EDA + ∠DAE = ∠AEB (ext.  of △)

8. (opp. s, cyclic quad.) (80  x )  (60  x )  100
ABC  180  115 
ACB AB

 65
140  2 x
2x
x
 100
 40
 20

BAC BC  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
ce
3

2
3
∴ ACB  BAC
2
In △ABC,
ABC  ACB  BAC  180
3
65  BAC  BAC  180 (
2
5
BAC  115 
2
BAC  46
sum of △)
9.
Join BE.
∠AEB = 90° ( in semi-circle)
BED  AED  AEB
 103  90
 13
BOD  2BED ( at centre twice
 2  13
 26
 at ☉ )
ce
In △OCD,
∠ODE = ∠DOC + ∠DCO (ext.  of △)
= 26° + 24°
 50
10. In △AED,
∠EDF = ∠AED + ∠EAD (ext.  of △)
=e+a
∠FCD = ∠BAD (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
=a
In △FCD,
∠CFD + ∠CDF + ∠FCD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CFD + (e + a) + a = 180°
CFD  180  2a  e
11. DAE  60  x

∠CDB = ∠CAB = x (s in the same segment)
EDA  80  x
In △AED,
51
DOC MN  MD 2  DN 2
DBC  (Pyth. theorem)
2  12.5 2  7.5 2 cm
12. ( at centre twice  at
90  10 cm

2
 45
⊙ )
ce
ACB  90 ( in semi-circle)

In △BCE,
BCE  EBC  CEB  180 ( sum of △)

90  45  CEB  180
CEB  45
13. (a) ∠ABC + ∠OAB = 180° (int. ∠s, OA // CB)

∠ABC + 65° = 180°
∠ABC = 115°
∠BCD + ∠ABC = 180° (int. ∠s, AB // DC)
∠BCD + 115° = 180°
BCD  65
(b)
Join AD.
∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠OAD + 65°) + 65° = 180°
∠OAD = 50°
∵ OD = OA (radii)
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △)
= 50°
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠ODC + 50°) + 115° = 180°
ODC  15
14. (a) AB2 + BC2 = (242 + 72) cm2

= 625 cm2
AC = 25 cm2
2 2
= 625 cm2
∵ AB2 + BC2 = AC2
∴ ∠ABC = 90° converse of Pyth. theorem
∴ AC is a diameter converse of  in
of the circle. semi-circle
(b) ∵ M is the mid-point of AC.
∴ M is the centre of the circle ABCD.
MD  MC
∴ 25 (radii)
 cm
2
 12.5 cm
DN  NC
∵ 15 (given)
 cm
2
 7.5 cm
∴ MN  DC (line joining centre to mid-
pt. of chord  chord)
In △MDN,
52
AOB  BOD  180 1

15. (adj. s on st. line) Area of △ ABE   BE  AE
AOB  180  140 2
 40 1
  ( 48  12 )  6 cm 2
AOB 2
ACB 
2 ( at centre twice  at  10.39 cm 2 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
40

2
 20
☉ )
ce
CAD  ACB (alt. s, DA // CB)

 20
In △AKO,
AKO  KAO  AOK  180
(
AKO  20  40  180
AKO  120
sum of △)
16. (a) ∵ CF = FD (given)

∴ OF  CD (line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord)
1
FD  CD
2
1
  12 cm
2
 6 cm
In △OFD,
OF  OD 2  FD 2
(Pyth.
 ( 48 ) 2  6 2 cm
 12 cm (or 2 3 cm)
theorem)
(b)
Join AB.
∵ OF = OE, OE  AC (proved in (a))
and OF  CD (proved in (a))
∴ AC = CD (chords equidistant
= 12 cm from centre are equal)
∵ OE  AC (given)
1
∴ AE  AC (line from centre ⊥
2 chord bisects chord)
1
  12 cm
2
 6 cm
OB  OD (radii)
 48 cm
BE  OB  OE
 ( 48  12 ) cm
53
21.
17.
Let P be the maximum point of the arch, and M be a point
Join BD and DC. on AB such that OP ⊥ AB.
Consider △ABD and △ACD. Join OA and OP.
ABD = 90  in semi-circle
ACD = 90  in semi-circle
∴ ABD = ACD
AD = AD common side
AB = AC given
∴ △ABD  △ACD RHS
∴ BAD = CAD corr. s,  △s
∴ AD bisects BAC.
18. (a) In △ABC,

ABC  180  BCA  BAC

 180  28  36
 116
sum of △
∵ ABC  ADE
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
(b) In △ACD,
CAD  ACD  ADE
(ext.  of △)
CAD  116   54
 62
CBD  CAD (s in the same
 62
segment)
EBD DE

19.
DAC
 1
CD
 arcs prop. to
s at ⊙ce
∴ EBD  DAC
i.e. ∠PBQ = ∠PAQ
∴ P, A, B and Q are concyclic. converse of s in the
same segment
20. Draw a line segment PQ in rectangle ABCD, then draw

another line segment RS which is perpendicular to PQ as
shown in the following figure.
(or any other reasonable answers)
Level 2
54
∵ OM  AB (by construction)  52

1
∴ AM  AB (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects
2
chord)
1
  37 m
2
 18.5 m
OA = OP = 27 m (radii)
In △OAM,
OM  OA 2  AM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 27 2  18.5 2 m
 386.75 m
∴ Height of the arch
 OP  OM
 ( 27  386.75 ) m
 7.33 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
22.
Join OA and OC.

Draw a line OM such that OM  AD.
∵ OM  AD (by construction)
∴ BM = MC (line from centre  chord bisects
chord)
Let OM = a cm and BM = MC = b cm.
In △OAM,
OM 2  AM 2  OA 2 (Pyth. theorem)
a 2  (b  3) 2  7 2   (1)
In △OMC,
OM 2  MC 2  OC 2
(Pyth. theorem)
a 2  b 2  52
a 2  25  b 2  (2)
( 25  b 2 )  (b  3) 2  7 2
25  b 2  b 2  6b  9  49
6b  15
b  2.5
∴ BC = BM + MC
= (2.5 + 2.5) cm
 5 cm
23. (a) ∠ADC = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
∠DCA + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DCA + 90° + 54° = 180°
∠DCA = 36°
∠BAC + ∠APC = ∠DCA (ext.  of △)
∠BAC + 20° = 36°
BAC  16
(b) ∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment)

= 16°
In △CDK,
∠AKD = ∠CDK + ∠DCK (ext.  of △)
= 16° + 36°
55
24. ∵ OD = DE (given)
∴ ∠DOE = ∠DEO (base s, isos. △)
Let ∠DOE = ∠DEO = a.
DOA
DCA  ( at centre twice
2
a

2
 at ☉ )
ce
ACB = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ECB,
BEC  ECB  EBC  180
a 
a    90   51  180 ( sum
2 
3a
 39
2
a  26
of △)
∴ BEC  26
25.
Join OD.
∠OAD = ∠AOB (alt. ∠s, AD // BO)
= 24°
∵ OD = OA (radii)
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △)
= 24°
In △ODA,
∠DOA + ∠OAD + ∠ODA = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DOA + 24° + 24° = 180°
∠DOA = 132°
BOD
BCD 
2 ( at centre twice  at
132  24

2
 78
☉ )
ce
26. (a) ∠CFE = ∠ABC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

= 102°
∠CDE + ∠CFE = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠CDE + 102° = 180°
CDE  78
(b) ∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)

 2  78
= 156°
In ABOE,
∠BAF + ∠ABC + ∠COE + ∠OEF =
( 4  2)  180
( sum of polygon)
∠BAF + 102° + 156° + 38° = 360°
BAF  64
56
BDC BC

CAE

CDE

29. (a) (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
27.
x 4 ce

Join MN.
ABM = MNC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
48 3  1
AEM = MND (ext. , cyclic quad.) x  48
∵ MNC + MND = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴ ABM  AEM  180
In ABME,
BAE  ABM  AEM  BME  ( 4  2)  180

( sum of polygon) (b)
65  180  BME  360
BME  115  Join AB and AD.
∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment)
= 48°
In ABCE,
∠BCE + ∠BAE = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCE + (48° + 48°) = 180°
∠BCE = 84°
28.
Join BE.
BEC BC


CAD CD  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
BEC 3

28 2

BEC  42
DBE DE

CAD CD  (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
DBE 4

28 2
DBE  56
In △BEK,
BKE  KEB  KBE  180
BKE  42  56  180 ( sum
BKE  82
of △)
57
CAD CD
 BNP  180  NBP  NPB
CAE

CDE
 180  MDP  DPM
 DMP
 NMC
ce  sum of △
CAD 3
  sum of △
48 4 vert. opp. s
CAD  36 ∴ QM  QN sides opp. equal
∠BAD = ∠BAC + ∠CAD s

= 48° + 36°
= 84°
BAE BCE
32. (a) ∵ CD  CE
∴ ∠CDE = ∠CED
∠CDE = ∠ABC
given
base s, isos. △
ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
BCD

BAD
∴ ∠ABE = ∠AEB
∴ AB  AE
i.e. △ABE is an isosceles
triangle.
sides opp. equal s

BAE 84
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
ce
BCD

84
∴
 
BAE : BCD  1 : 1
30. (a) Consider △PAD and △PCB.
APD = CPB common angle
PAD = PCB ext. , cyclic quad.
PDA = PBC ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ △PAD ~ △PCB AAA
(b) Consider △AKB and △DKC.
AKB = DKC vert. opp. s
BAK = CDK s in the same segment
ABK = DCK s in the same segment
∴ △AKB ~ △DKC AAA
(c) ∵ △PAD ~ △PCB (proved in (a))
PA PD

PC PB
6 cm 8 cm
∴  (corr. sides, ~
8 cm  DC (6  10) cm
12 cm  8 cm  DC
DC  4 cm
△s)
∵ △AKB ~ △DKC (proved in (b))

AB BK

DC CK
∴ 10 cm BK (corr. sides, ~ △s)

4 cm 3 cm
BK  7.5 cm
31. NBP  MDP ext. , cyclic

quad.
58
(b) Let ABD = x.
DBC DC
 In △OAC,
OAC  OCA  AOC  180
2OAC  45  180
(
∵
 1
ABD AD  (arcs prop. to s sum of △)
OAC  67.5
at ⊙ce)
∴ DBC  ABD
x
(b)
ABE  ABD  DBC
∵ AE = AB
∴
 2x
AEB  ABE
 2x
(proved in (a))
(base s, ∵

Join OB and AD.
AB  BC
isos. △) ∴ AOB = BOC (equal arcs, equal s)
∵ CD = CE (given)
∴ CDE  CED (base s,
 2x
isos. △)
BDC  90 ( in
semi-circle)
In △BDE,
DBE  BDE  BED  180
x  (90  2 x )  2 x  180 (
5x  90
x  18
sum of △)
In △ABD,
BAD  ABD  BDE
(ext.  of △)
BAD  18  90  2(18)
BAD  108
33. (a)
Join OC.
AOC ABC

AOD

ABCD

AOC 11 (arcs prop. to s at

90 2 11
1
AOC   90
2
 45
centre)
∵ OA = OC (radii)
∴ OAC  OCA (base s, isos. △)
59
AOC ∴ CFD  28

AOB 
∴

45
2
 22.5
2
36. (a) ∵ 


AD  DC given
AOB ∴  AD  DC equal arcs, equal chords

ADB  ∵  AD  DE given
2 ( at centre twice
22.5 ∴  DE  DC
 ∴ DEC  DCE base s, isos. △
2
(b) ∵ AD = ED given
 11 .25
∴ DAE  DEA base s, isos.
 at ⊙ )
ce
CAD CD
 △
DEC  DCE proved in (a)
BCD  DAE  180 opp.
ADB

AB
 (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
(BCE  DCE )  DAE  180
s, cyclic quad.
BCE  180  DAE  DCE

CAD 2
ce
 180  DEA  DEC

 adj.
11.25 1  CEB
CAD  22.5 s on st. line

In △ADE, ∴ BC = BE sides opp. equal s
AED  EAD  ADE  180
(
AED  22.5  11 .25  180
AED  146.25
sum of △)
37. (a)
34. BDC = ABD alt. s, BA // CF Join BE.

In BCDE,
DEF = ABD ext. , cyclic quad.
∠DEB + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
KAE = DEF corr. s, CA // DE ∠DEB + 80° = 180°
∴ KDC = KAF ∠DEB = 100°
∴ A, K, D and F are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
AOB
AEB 
35. (a) ABC  ADC  90  in semi- 2 ( at centre twice
circle 70
EBF  180  ABC adj. s on st.

2
 90  35
line  at ☉ )
ce
EDF  180  ADC adj. s
∠AED = ∠AEB + ∠DEB
 90 = 35° + 100°
on st. line  135
∵ EBF  EDF
∴ BEFD is a cyclic converse of s
quadrilateral. in the same segment
(b) BDC  BAC  35 (s in the same
segment) (b)
DBF  DEF  27 (s in the same With the notation in the figure,
segment) ∠EMO = ∠AEB + ∠OAE (ext.  of △)
In △BDF, = 35° + a
DBF  BDF  BFD  180 ∠DEB + ∠EBC = 180° (int. ∠s, ED // BC)
27  (35  90)  BFD  180 100° + ∠EBC = 180°
∠EBC = 80°
BFD  28 OBM  EBC  OBC
( sum of △)
 80  b
EMO  AOB  OBM (ext.  of △)
60
35  a  70  (80  b) In △CDE,

ECD  CDE  CED  180
35  a  150  b (
∴ a  b  115  ECD  37  37  180
ECD  106
ADC  ABC sum of △)
38. (a) opp. s of //
 50 BCD  ABC  180
gram
(ECB  ECD )  50  180 (int. s,
In △ACE, ECB  106  50  180
EAC  ECA  AEC  180  ECB  24
37  13  AEC  180
BA // CD)
AEC  130
sum of △
39. (a) ∠BAC = ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 60° prop. of equil. △
ADC  AEC  50  130 ∠CDE = ∠ABC = 60° ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
∵ ∠CED = ∠BAC = 60° ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
 180 ∵ ∠CDE = ∠CED = ∠DCE
∴ A, E, C and D are concyclic. opp. s supp. ∴ △CDE is an equilateral
triangle.
(b)
Join DE.
CDE  EAC (s in the same (b)
 37
Join CM such that CM ⊥ AB, and CM intersects
segment) DE at G.
∵ CE = CD (given) Draw a line from O to AC such that OF  AC.
In △ACM,
∴ CED  CDE (base s, isos. △)
CM
 37 sin MAC 
AC
CM
sin 60 
AC
3 CM (∵ AC = AB = 10 cm)

2 10 cm
CM  5 3 cm
In △ACM,
∠MCA + ∠CAM + ∠AMC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠MCA + 60° + 90° = 180°
∠MCA = 30°
∵ OF  AC (by construction)
1 (line from centre ⊥ chord
∴ AF  AD bisects chord)
2
 4 cm
 AC  AF
FC
 (10  4) cm
 6 cm
In △COF,
FC
cos OCF 
OC
6 cm
cos 30 
OC
3 6 cm

2 OC
12
OC  cm
3
 4 3 cm
61
 CM  OC
OM  (5 3  4 3 ) cm
 3 cm
∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is 3 cm.
40. (a) ∠BAC = 90°  in semi-circle
∠ACD = 90°  in semi-circle
∵ ∠BAC + ∠ACD = 90° + 90°
= 180°
∴ AB // CD int. ∠s supp.
(b) (i) Let ∠ABC = a.
∠BCD = ∠ABC = a (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
∠EDC = ∠BCD = a (alt. ∠s, BC // DE)
∠ADC = ∠ABC = a (s in the same segment)
∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2a
DOE DE

COE

CE
 (arcs prop. to s at
DOE 2

2a 1
DOE  4a
centre)
In △COD,
∠CDO + ∠DCO + ∠COD = 180° ( sum of △)
a + a + (2a + 4a) = 180°
a = 22.5°
∴ ABC  22.5
(ii) ∠ACF = 90°  in semi-circle
∠DOF = 4a
 4  22.5
= 90°
∵ ∠ACF = ∠DOF
∴ ACFO is a cyclic ext.   int. opp. 
quadrilateral.
(c) ∵ ∠ACF = 90°
∴ AF is a diameter of the circle converse of 
passing through A, C, F and O. in semi-circle
41. (a) Let ∠DCE = a.

∠DAB = ∠DCE = a ext. ∠, cyclic
quad.
∠DOB = 2∠DAB  at centre twice
= 2a  at ☉ce
∠BED + ∠DOB = 180° opp. s, cyclic
∠BED + 2a = 180° quad.
∠BED = 180  2 a
In △CDE,
∠CDE + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180°  sum of △
∠CDE + (180°  2a) + a = 180°
∠CDE = a
∵ ∠CDE = ∠DCE
∴ △CDE is an isosceles sides opp. equal s
triangle.
62
(b) (i) ∠ODC = ∠EDC (angle bisector) 1

AB
=a AL
∠OBE + ∠EDO = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)  2
CN 1
∠OBE + (a + a) = 180° CD
∠OBE = 180  2 a 2
∠ABO = ∠OBE (angle bisector) AB from (a)(i)
= 180°  2a 
CD
∵ ∠ABC = ∠EDC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
∴ ∠ABO + ∠OBE = ∠EDC AM

(180°  2a) + (180°  2a) = a CM
5a = 360° LAM = NCM s in the same segment
a = 72°
∴ △ALM ~ △CNM ratio of 2 sides, inc. 
EAB  a
∴
 72
(b)
(ii) Join OM, OR and OW.

∵ PM = MQ given
Join OA. ∴ OM  PQ line joining centre to
∠ODA + ∠ODE = 180° (adj. s on st. line) mid-pt. of chord  chord
∠ODA + 2a = 180° RLO  RMO
∠ODA = 180°  2(72°) ∵
= 36°  90  90
∵ OA = OD (radii)  180
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △) ∴ RLOM is a cyclic
= 36° quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
∠OAB = ∠EAB  ∠OAD ROM = RLM s in the same segment
= 72°  36° WNO  WMO
= 36° ∵
∵ ∠OAB = ∠OAD  90  90
∴ OA is the angle bisector of ∠EAB.  180
∴ MONW is a cyclic
42. (a) (i) Consider △ABM and quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
△CDM. WOM = WNM s in the same segment
ABM = CDM s in the same segment ∵ △ALM ~ △CNM proved in (a)(ii)
BAM = DCM s in the same segment ∴ ALM = CNM corr. s, ~ △s
AMB = CMD vert. opp. s ∴ ROM = WOM
∴ △ABM ~ △CDM AAA
(c) Consider △ROM and
AB AM
∴  corr. sides, ~ △s △WOM.
CD CM ROM  WOM proved in (b)
AB CD OM  OM common side
i.e. 
AM CM OMR  OMW  90 proved in (b)
(ii) ∵ OL  AB given ∴ △ROM  △WOM ASA
∴ AL = LB line from centre  ∴ RM = WM corr. sides,  △s
1 chord bisects chord ∴ M is also the mid-point
 AB of RW.
2
∵ ON  CD given
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 1.83)
∴ CN = ND line from centre 
1 chord bisects chord 1. Answer: B
 CD ∵ OC  AB (given)
2 ∴ CB = AC = 2 cm (line from centre  chord
Join LM and NM. bisects chord)
In △OAC,
OC  OA 2  AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 4  2 cm
2 2
 12 cm
Consider △ALM and

△CNM.
63
1
2
 AB  OC  
ADC  AD DC
Area of △AOB 
1
2
 ( 2  2)  12 cm 2
 2 12 cm 2 ∵
1 1
 CB CB
2 2
2. Answer: B
For I,
∵ CQ = QD
 4 3 cm 2
(given)
  CB
∴ PQ  CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of ∴ AC  CB (equal arcs, equal chords)
chord  chord) ∴ AC : CB = 1 : 1
∴ I is true. ∴ II must be true.
For II,
∵ AB = CD, OP  AB and OQ  CD
∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
1
∴ OQ  PQ
2
∴ II is true.
For III,
∵ OP  AB (given)
1
AP  AB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
2
∴
1
  12 cm
2
 6 cm
In △AOP,
OP  OA2  AP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
 10 2  6 2 cm
 8 cm
∴ III is not true.
∴ The answer is B.
3. Answer: B
In △ABE,
∠EAB + ∠ABE = ∠AED (ext.  of △)
∠EAB + 32° = 80°
∠EAB = 48°
∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment)
= 48°
In △CDB,
∠DCB + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DCB + 48° + 55° = 180°
DCB  77

4. Answer : D
For I,
DC : CB  DC : CB
in general.
∴ I may not be true.

For II,
64
For III,
ADB  ACB  90 ( in 7. Answer: B
semi-circle) ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∵ AC = CB (proved in II) ∠ADC = 180  x
∴ CBA = CAB (base s, isos. △) ∠ACD + ∠AED = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
In △ABC, ∠ACD = 180  y
CBA  CAB  ACB  180 ( In △ACD,
2CAB  90  180 ∠ACD + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)
CAB  45 (180°  y) + (180°  x) + 45° = 180°
x  y  225
sum of △)
∴ ADB : CAB  90 : 45  2 : 1

∴ III must be true.
∴ The answer is D.
5. Answer: B
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180°(opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠ADC + 120° = 180°

∠ADC = 60°
Major AC ABC
Minor AC
ADC

DA 4 cm 120 (arcs prop. to s at

5 cm 60

DA 4 cm  10 cm

DA  6 cm
☉ )
ce
6. Answer: B
∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCD + 100° = 180°
∠BCD = 80°
In △BCD,
∠CBD + ∠BCD + ∠BDC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CBD + 80° + 70° = 180°

∠CBD = 30°
∵ AD = CD
AD  CD
∴ (equal chords, equal arcs)
ABD AD

CBD

CD
ce
ABD
1
30
ABD  30
65
8. Answer: A 11. Answer: B

DCB  BAD  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
DCB  180  y
∵ OD = OC (radii)
∴  ODC   OCD (base s, isos. △)
 180  y
DOC  ABO (corr. s, BA //
Join BD.
ADB  90 ( in semi-circle) x
OD)
COD
CBD  In △OCD,
2 ( at centre twice  at ∠DOC + ∠ODC + ∠OCD = 180° ( sum of △)
48 x  (180  y )  (180  y )  180

2 x  2 y  180
 24 ∴ B must be true.
⊙ )
ce
x  ADB  CBD 12. Answer: D

(ext.  of △) For I,
 90  24
ADE + DEB = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
 114  ∵ ABE = DEB (given)
∴ ADE + ABE = 180
9. Answer: D ∴ ABED is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
∴ I is true.
For II,
DEB = EFC (corr. s, BE // CF)
∵ ABE = DEB (given)
∴ ABE = EFC
∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. (ext.  = int. opp. )
∴ II is true.
Join AQ. For III,
∠AQB = 90° ( in semi-circle) ABE + BAD = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
∠AQP = ∠AQB  ∠PQB
∵ DFC = ABE (ext. , cyclic quad.)
= 90°  44° ∴ DFC + BAD = 180
= 46°
∴ ACFD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
∠QAB = ∠QPB (s in the same segment)
∴ III is true.
= 72° ∴ The answer is D.
∴ y = ∠QAB + ∠AQP (ext.  of △)
= 72° + 46° 13. Answer: A
 118  ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC.
∴ There is a circle with centre O passing through A, B
10. Answer: C and C.
ACB  ADB (s in the same segment) AOB
ACB 
x 2
BDC  BAC (s in the same segment) ∴ ( at centre twice  at
110 

 2
In △CDP,  55
☉ )
CPD  PDC  DCP  180 ( sum of △ce )
y  ( x   )  ( z  x )  180 ∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB
  180  2 x  y  z (converse of s in the same segment)
∴ C must be true. ∠DAB = ∠DCB (s in the same segment)
= 38°
∵ OA = OB (radii)
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OBA (base s, isos. △)
In △AOB,
∠OAB + ∠OBA + ∠AOB = 180° ( sum of △)
2∠OAB + 110° = 180°
∠OAB = 35°
 DAB  OAB
∴ ∠OAD  38  35
 3
66
HKMO (p. 1.85)

1. ∠AOB = 2∠ACB ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2 
∠OBC = ∠AOB (alt. ∠s, AO // BC)
= 2 
In △DBC,
∠BCD + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
   111   2   180
3   69
  23
2.
Join OE.
∵ OE = AE
∴ ∠EOA = ∠EAO (base s, isos. △)
= 20°
∠OED = ∠EOA + ∠EAO (ext.  of △)
= 20° + 20°
= 40°
∵ OD = OE (radii)
∴ ∠ODE = ∠OED (base s, isos. △)
= 40°
In △AOD,
∠DOC = ∠DAO + ∠ODA (ext.  of △)
x° = 20° + 40°
x  60
3. Let ∠CAD = b.
In △CAD,
∠ACD + ∠CAD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠ACD + b + 90° = 180°
∠ACD = 90  b
∠BAC = 90° ( in semi-circle)
∠BAD  BAC  CAD
 90  b
 ADC  BAD
∠ABD  90  (90  b) (ext. 
b
of △)
Consider △ABD and △CAD.

∠BDA = ∠ADC = 90°
∠BAD = ∠ACD = 90  b
∠ABD = ∠CAD = b
∴ △ABD ~ △CAD (AAA)
AD CD

BD AD
a 4
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
1 a
a2  4
a  2 or  2( rejected)
67
∴ EB = EP
∴ ∠EBP = ∠EPB base s, isos. △
4.
Join BE. (b)

∠BEC = 90° ( in semi-circle)
∠BEA + ∠BEC = 180° (adj. s on st. line) Join EF and DF.
∠BEA + 90° = 180° ∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.
∠BEA = 90° ∴ AF = FC and CD = DB
BE  AE  AB 2
2 2 ∵ AF = FC and AE = EB
∴ FE // CB mid-pt. theorem
BE  AB 2  AE 2 (Pyth. theorem) ∵ CF = FA and CD = DB
∴ FD // AB mid-pt. theorem
 82  42 ∴ FDBE is a parallelogram.
 48 ∠EFD = ∠EBP opp. s of // gram
Let ∠BEF = b. ∠EBP = ∠EPB proved in (a)(ii)
In △EBF, ∴ ∠EFD = ∠EPB
∠EBF + ∠BEF + ∠BFE = 180° ( sum of △) ∴ D, P, E and F are concyclic. ext.   int. opp. 
∠EBF + b + 90° = 180° 2. (a) Consider △ADE and △CBE.
∠EBF = 90  b ∠ADE = ∠CBE s in the same segment
DE = BE given
∠CEF  BEC  BEF ∠DEA = ∠BEC vert. opp. s
 90  b
∴ △ADE  △CBE ASA
 BFE  CEF
∠ECF  90  (90  b) (ext.  of △)
b
Consider △EBF and △CEF.
∠BFE = ∠EFC = 90° (b)
∠EBF = ∠CEF = 90  b
Let F be a point on AC such that EF ⊥ AC.
∠BEF = ∠ECF = b
∴ △EBF ~ △CEF (AAA) ∵ AE = CE (corr. sides, △s)
Let BF = 3x units and FC = x units. and EF ⊥ AC
∴ AF = FC (prop. of isos. △)
EF BF ∵ EF is the perpendicular bisector of AC.

CF EF (corr. sides, ~△s) ∴ The straight line passing through E and F passes
EF  3 x 2
2 through the centre of the circle.
(⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
EF  3 x ∴ The centroid of △AEC lies on the straight line
EC CF passing through the point E and the centre of the
 circle.
BE EF
EC x 3. (a) Consider △ABP and △QBC.
 (corr. sides, ~△s)
48 3x ∠BAP = ∠BQC s in the same segment
∠ABP = ∠QBC common angle
48 ∠APB = 90°  in semi-circle
EC 
3 ∠APQ = 180°  ∠APB adj. s on st. line
4 = 90°
∠ACQ = ∠APQ s in the same segment
= 90°
Exam Focus ∠QCB = 180°  ∠ACQ adj. s on st. line
= 90°
Exam-type Questions (p. 1.87) ∴ ∠APB = ∠QCB
1. (a) (i) ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC. ∴ △ABP ~ △QBC AAA
∴ ∠APB = 90°
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle passing
through A, P and B.
∵ E is the mid-point of AB.
∴ E is the centre of the circle.
∴ E is the circumcentre of △APB.
(ii) ∵ E is the circumcentre proved in (a)(i)

of △APB.
68
BP BA ∠EFB = ∠EIB s in the same

 segment
BC BQ ∴ ∠EFB = ∠FBI
BP 2 BC ∴ EF // BI alt. ∠s equal
 corr. sides, ~△s
BC BQ
2 BC 2  BP  BQ
1
BC 2   BP  BQ
2
(b) From (a),
1
BC 2   BP  BQ
2
1
 BP  BQ
BC 2 2

BC BC
1 BP
BC    BQ
2 BC
1 2
   BQ
2 3
1
 BQ
3
∴ BQ = 3BC
Let BC = a, then
2
BP  a and BQ = 3a.
3
With the notation in the figure,

1
 BP  CE
Area of △ BPC 2

Area of △ PQC 1
 PQ  CE
2
BP

PQ
2
a
 3
2
3a  a
3
2

7
∴ Area of △BPC : area of △PQC  2 : 7
4. (a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.

∴ ∠ACD = ∠DCB
∠FIE = ∠DCB alt. ∠s, EI // BC
∠ABD = ∠ACD s in the same
segment
∴ ∠FIE = ∠FBE
∴ B, I, F and E are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment
(b) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
∴ ∠FBI = ∠IBC
∠EIB = ∠IBC alt. ∠s, EI // BC
69
5. Answer: A
Join EC.
In △ABC,
∠BAC + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BAC + 47° + 70° = 180°
BCE BE
∠BAC = 63°
BAC

BEC
ce
BCE 2

63 2 1
BCE  42
ACE  ADE  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(ACB  BCE )  ADE  180
(47  42)  ADE  180
ADE  91
6. Answer: B
Join AD.
AOD
ABD 
2 ( at centre twice  at
100

2
 50
☉ )
ce
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠ABC.

∴ ∠CBD = ∠ABD
= 50°
∵ OA = OD (radii)
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △)
In △AOD,
∠ODA + ∠OAD + ∠AOD = 180° ( sum of △)
2∠ODA + 100° = 180°
∠ODA = 40°
∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(50° + 50°) + (14° + 40° + ∠BDO) = 180°
BDO  26
70
7. Answer: A
∵ AD = BD (given)
∴ OD  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
OA = OC (radii)
= (8 + 9) cm
= 17 cm
In △AOD,
AD 2  OA 2  OD 2
(Pyth. theorem)
AD  17 2  8 2 cm
 15 cm
OD
cos AOD 
OA
8

17
AOD  61.9275 
Area of the shaded region ADC
= Area of sector AOC  area of △AOD
 AOD 1 
  (17 2 )    15  8 cm 2
 360 2 
 96 cm 2 (cor. to the nearest cm 2 )
8. Answer: A
For I,
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠OBC.
∴ ∠CBE = ∠OBD
∵ OD = OB (radii)
∴ ∠ODB = ∠OBD (base s, isos. △)
∴ ∠ODE = ∠CBE
∠OED = ∠CEB (vert. opp. s)
In △DOE,
∠DOE  180  OED  ODE ( sum of

 180  CEB  CBE
△)
 BCE ( sum of △)
∴ △OED ~ △CEB (AAA)
∴ I is true.
For II,
∵ There is not sufficient data to show
△OBD ~ △CBD.
∴ II may not be true.
For III,
∵ There is not sufficient data to show
△BOE ~ △DCE.
∴ III may not be true.
∴ The answer is A.
71

5A01 Exercise E

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5A01 Exercise E

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1 Basic Properties of Circles

1 Basic Properties of Circles ∴ BC = BD

120  a  180 81  64  16 x  x 2  225

13. (a) In △ABC,

∴ x  60 (prop. of equil. △)  20 cm

3. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is

(b) (i) Yes

Activity 1.2 (p. 1.33)

Activity 1.4 (p. 1.61)

Classwork (p. 1.11)

Classwork (p. 1.28)

Classwork (p. 1.30)

(c) BCA  90 (∠ in semi-

Classwork (p. 1.42)

ADC  ABC  180

Classwork (p. 1.64)

ABC  ADC  180

(b) ABC  FDC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

ABC  FBC  180

ABD  40  120  180 ( sum of △)

ABC  ADC  ( 20  50)  ( 40  70)

Quick Practice 1.2 (p. 1.15)

(b) ∵ ∠OQP =∠QPS = 30°

Quick Practice 1.8 (p. 1.31)

CBO  BOD  180 (int. ∠s, CB // DO)

Quick Practice 1.9 (p. 1.32)

Quick Practice 1.10 (p. 1.34)

ABD  ABC  DBC

Quick Practice 1.11 (p. 1.35)

Quick Practice 1.12 (p. 1.43)

Join OB and OD.

Quick Practice 1.13 (p. 1.44)

∴ BC = AD equal arcs, equal chords

Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.46)

(b) In △BAD, Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.55)

(equal chords, equal arcs)

Quick Practice 1.17 (p. 1.54)

Quick Practice 1.19 (p. 1.56) Further Practice

Further Practice (p. 1.35)

ADO  BAD (alt. s, OD // AC)

2. ACD  ABD (s in the same segment)

Further Practice (p. 1.56)

BAD  BAO  DAO

2. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADC.

Exercise 1A (p. 1.21)

4. ∵ OP  OQ, OP  AB and OQ  CD (given)

7. ∵ ON  AB (given) 10. ∵ AM = MB (given)

ANO  MON  360 ( sum of polygon)

Join OB. 11. ∵ CM = MD (given)

13. ∵ OQ⊥CD (given)

15. ∵ AM = MB (given) 17. Construct a circle with centre O lying on BH as shown,

Draw a line OMN such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

20. Let r cm be the radius of the circle.

In △OMB, and two adjacent sides are equal.

Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB.

AM  MB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)

23. (a) ∵ CN = ND given

Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB, and N be a

Draw a line MON such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

26. (a) (i) ∵ AB⊥CD (given)

1 Basic Properties of Circles

PQ  PR  RQ ∵ OB⊥CD (by construction)

∠DAB = 90° (property of rectangle)