BK5A - Ch01 Basic Properties of Circles

1 Basic Properties of Circles
1 Basic Properties of Circles ∵ BCD  BDC  65

∴ BC = BD sides opp. equal s
∴ △BCD is an isosceles
Review Exercise 1 (p. 1.7) triangle.
10. (a) In △ABE,

1. (s at a pt.)
∵
2. (vert. opp. ∠s) ∴ △ABE is a right-angled triangle, where
(adj. s on st. . (converse of Pyth.
theorem)
line) (b) In △ACD,
3. (int. ∠s, AB // CD)
(alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
4. (corr. ∠s, PQ //
RS)
(vert. opp. ∠s)
11. Consider △PQD and △SRD.
PD = SD (given)
5. (adj. ∠s on st. ∠DPQ = ∠DSR = 90° (property of rectangle)
PQ = SR (property of rectangle)
line) ∴ △PQD  △SRD (SAS)
(ext. ∠ of △) 12. Consider △ACE and △DCB.
6. In △XYZ,
(∠ sum of △)
In △PXY, ∵ and
(ext. ∠ of △)
(common angle)
∴ △ACE ~ △DCB (ratio of 2 sides, inc. ∠)
7. ∵ AB = AD and 13. (a) In △ABC,
∴ AC⊥BD (prop. of isos. △)
∴
BD = (1 + 1) cm
= 2 cm
∵
∴ (prop. of equil. △)
8. ∵ DB = AB (b) Consider △BDC and △BCA.

∴ (base ∠s, isos. △) = 90° (given)
(ext. ∠ of △) (common
angle)
In △BDC,
∵ DB = DC (given) ( sum
∴ (base ∠s, isos. △)
of △)
9. BCD  65 alt. s, AB // CD In △BCA,
int. ∠s, AB // ( sum
of △)
CD
∴
∴ △BDC ~ △BCA (AAA)
1
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions
∴ (corr. sides, ~△s) (b) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
3.
4. The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Activity 1.3 (p. 1.52)

1. (b) ,
2. ,
14. (a) Consider △ABD and △AED.
∵ DE is an angle bisector
of ∠ADC. 3. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is
180°.
∴
∵ AD = DC and
∴ DE ⊥ AC prop. of isos. △
∴
BD = DE given
AD = AD common side
∴ △ABD  △AED RHS
(b) ∵ △ABD  △AED
∴ (corr. ∠s, 
△s)
(adj. s on
st. line)
Activity
1. (a)
(b) (i) Yes

(ii) Yes
2. Yes
3. ON  ON common side
OA = OB radii
∠ONA = ∠ONB = 90° given
∴ △ONA  △ONB RHS
∴ AN = NB corr. sides,  △s

1. (a) ∠AOB (i.e. c) is the angle at the centre subtended by
arc AB.
(b) ∠APB and ∠AQB are the angles at the
circumference in the same segment. They are both
subtended by arc AB.
2. (a) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)
2
Activity 1.4 (p. 1.61) ⊙ )

1. (a) Yes (b) Yes
ce
2.
3. Yes
Classwork
Classwork (p. 1.10)
(a) Element Term
region ORST   minor arc
region OQPT   major arc
  minor sector
  major sector
(b) Element Term

AEB   chord
region AEBD   diameter
CEOD   minor segment
region AEBC   major segment
Classwork (p. 1.11)

(a) (i) The purple circle and the orange circle are equal
circles.
(ii) The green circle and the orange circle are concentric
circles.
(b) (i) The green circle is the circumcircle of △ABC.
(ii) The green circle is the inscribed circle of △PQR.
Classwork (p. 1.28)
(a) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )

ce
(b) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
ce
(c) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
ce
(d) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
3
Classwork (p. 1.30)

1. (a) (∠ in semi-
circle)
(b) (∠ in semi- (b) (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
circle)
In △ABP,
(∠ sum
of △)
(c) (∠ in semi-
circle)
In △ACB,
(∠ sum (c) (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
of △)
2. ∵ (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
∴ PR is not a diameter.
∵
∴ QS is a diameter. (converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
Classwork (p. 1.42)

(a) (equal ∠s, equal arcs)
(b) (equal arcs, equal chords)
(c) (equal chords, equal ∠s)
(d) (equal arcs, equal ∠s)
(e) (equal chords, equal arcs)
(f) (equal ∠s, equal chords)
Classwork (p. 1.45)
(a) (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
4
(adj. ∠s on st.
(d) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ ) line)
(ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

ce
(c) (opp. ∠s,
cyclic quad.)
In △DBC,
(e) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ ) (ext. ∠ of △)
ce
Classwork (p. 1.64)

(a)
∵
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.   int. opp. )
(f) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
ce
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
ce
Classwork (p. 1.54)
(a) (opp. ∠s, cyclic
quad.)
(opp. ∠s, cyclic
quad.)
(b) (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
5
(b) (adj. s on st. line)
∵
∴ A, B, C and D are not concyclic.
(c) In △ABD,
( sum of △)
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)

(d) In △ABE,
(ext. ∠ of △)
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the

same segment)
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 1.1 (p. 1.14)
Join OQ.
OQ  26 cm (radius)
In △ONQ,
∵ (Pyth. theorem)
∵ ON  PQ (given)
∴ PN = NQ (line from centre  chord bisects chord)

(a) ∵ PM = QM (given)
∴ OM⊥PQ (line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord)
i.e. ∠OMQ = 90°
∵ OR = OQ (radii)
∴ ∠ORQ =∠OQR (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 30°
In △MQR,
(∠
sum of △)
(b) ∵ ∠OQP =∠QPS = 30°

∴ OQ // PS (alt. ∠s equal)
6

∵ PN = NR and PR  QS (given)
∴ QS is the perpendicular bisector of the chord PR.
∴ QS passes through the centre. (⊥bisector of chord
passes through centre)
i.e. QS is a diameter of the circle.
Let O and r cm be the centre and the radius of the circle
respectively.
Join OP.
∴ OP  r cm and ON = (r  1) cm
In △OPN,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ The radius of the circle is 13 cm.

∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and ON⊥RS (given)
∴ OM = ON (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
∵ OM⊥PQ
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
Join OQ.
In △MOQ,
(Pyth. theorem)
7

(a) ∵ PQ = RS, OM⊥PQ and
ON⊥RS given
∴ OM = ON equal chords,
equidistant from centre
Consider △OMK and △ONK.
∠OMK =∠ONK = 90° given
OK = OK common side
OM = ON proved
∴ △OMK  △ONK RHS
(b) ∵ △OMK  △ONK proved in (a)
∴ MK = NK corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM⊥PQ
∴ PM = MQ line from centre  chord
bisects chord
∵ ON⊥RS
∴ RN = NS line from centre  chord
bisects chord
∵ PQ = RS given
∴ 2MQ = 2RN
i.e. MQ = RN

(∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )
ce
Reflex ∠AOC = 360° − 118° (∠s at a pt.)

= 242°
(∠ at centre twice ∠ at
⊙ )
ce

(∠ in semi-circle)
∵ (given)
In △ABC,
( sum of △)
(ext.  of △)
8
Quick Practice 1.8 (p. 1.31) Quick Practice 1.12 (p. 1.43)
(∠ at centre twice ∠ at
⊙ )
ce
(int. ∠s, CB // DO) Join OB and OD.

∵ AB = BC = CD = DE (given)
∴
(equal chords, equal ∠s)
In △ACB,
(∠s
( sum of △)

Let ∠CBD = x. at a pt.)
∠COD = 2∠CBD ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2x
In △BCP,
x + 60° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
In △ODP,
2x + 30° = ∠CPD (ext.  of △)
∴ 2x + 30° = x + 60°
(a) Consider △ABC and △BAD.
x = 30°
∠ in semi-
circle
∵ given
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of  in semi-circle)
∴ BC = AD equal arcs, equal chords
Quick Practice 1.10 (p. 1.34) AB = BA common side
(∠ in semi-circle) ∴ △ABC  △BAD RHS
In △BDC, (b) ∵ △ABC  △BAD proved in (a)
(∠ sum ∴ corr. ∠s,  △s
In △ABC,
∠ sum of △
of △)
∴ CD is a diameter of the circle. converse of ∠ in

semi-circle
(∠s in the same segment) Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.46)

∵ BC = CD (given)
∴ (equal chords, equal ∠s)
Let
(s in the same segment)
(arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
AEB  90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACE,
( sum of △)
9
(∠s (b) In △BAD,

(∠ sum of △)
at a pt.)

(a) ∠BDA = 90° (∠ in semi-circle)
(arcs prop. to
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
∠s at ⊙ )
ce
(a) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ )
ce
(b) ∵ (given)
∴ (equal chords, equal arcs)
∴ (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
In △KBC,
(ext.  of △)

(alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
(opp.
∠s, cyclic quad.)
10
Quick Practice 1.18 (p. 1.55) Quick Practice 1.19 (p. 1.56)
FAD  ∠BCD = x (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △FAD,
( sum of △)
Join OB.
(vert. opp. s)
(ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △DCE,
∵ (radii)
(ext.  of △)
∴ (base. ∠s, isos. △)
In △AOB,
(ext. ∠ of △)
(opp. s, cyclic quad.)

(a) ∵
∴ A, B, E and F are not concyclic.
(b) ∵
and ∠BEF = 100°

∴
∴ F, E, C and D are not concyclic.
(c) ∵ ADB  20 and ACB  20
∴ ADB  ACB
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the
same segment)

∵ FAB  BCD  180 int. ∠s, AF // CD
and BEF BCD ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
∴ FAB  BEF  180
∴ A, B, E and F are concyclic. opp. s supp.

(a) ∵ AB = BC given
∴ BAC = BCA base s, isos. △
EFA = BAC alt. ∠s, AC // EF
BDA = BCA s in the same segment
∴ EFA = BDA
i.e. EFA = EDA
∴ A, E, F and D are converse of s in the
concyclic. same segment
(b) (s in the same segment)
= 85°
(opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
11
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 1.21)
1.
Construct OM and ON such that OM  AB and ON  CD.

∵ AB // CD
∴ MON is a straight line.
∵ OM⊥AB
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects
chord)
OA = 5 cm (radius)
In △OMA,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ ON⊥CD
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects
chord)
OD = 5 cm (radii)
In △OND,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ The distance between AB and CD
2. (a) ∵ AM = BM given
∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord 
chord
∵ AB  CD, OM  AB given
and ON  CD
∴ OM  ON equal chords,
equidistant from centre
MPN  APC  90 vert. opp. s
∴ MON  90  sum of polygon
∵ All four interior angles
are equal to 90 and
two adjacent sides are
equal.
∴ ONPM is a square.
12
(b) ∵ ONPM is a square. (proved in (a))

∴ PN  ON  4 cm
∵ ON  CD (given)
∴ CN  ND (line from centre 
chord bisects chord)

1. (opp. s of // gram)
Join PT.
( at centre twice  at ⊙ )
ce
(alt. s, OD // AC)

∴
2. (s in the same segment)
( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
∠CAD + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CAD + 90° + 55° = 180°
∠CAD = 35°
∵ AC is the angle bisector of ∠BAD.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠CAD
= 35°
∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment)
1. (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)
∵ (diameters)
13
∵ given
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ ) ∴ AB = AD equal arcs, equal chords
ce
∵ given
∴ CB = CD equal arcs, equal chords

common side
∴ △ABC  △ADC SSS
∴ corr. ∠s,  △s
opp. ∠s,
2. ∵ BD = DE (given)
∴ (equal chords, equal arcs) cyclic quad.
∴ AC is a diameter of converse of ∠ in
the circle. semi-circle
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )
ce
In △ACE,
( sum
of △)

1.
Join AD.
∵ (radii)
∴ (base. ∠s, isos. △)
In △AOD,
(∠ sum
of △)
2. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADC.
14
(b) (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
∵ △ABC  △ADC (proved in (a))

∴ (corr. s,  △s)
(ext. ∠, cyclic
quad.)
Exercise
Exercise 1A (p. 1.21)

Level 1
1. In △OEN,
∵ ON⊥EF (given)
∴ NF = EN (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects chord)
= 8 cm
∴
i.e. x =
2.
∵ PH = HQ = 9 cm
∴ OH⊥PQ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴
3. ∵ CN = ND
∴ ON⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∴
In △OND,
( sum
of △)
4. ∵ OP  OQ, OP  AB and OQ  CD (given)

∴ CD  AB (chords equidistant from
 7 cm centre are equal)
∵ CQ = QD (given)
15
5. ∵ CQ = QD (given)
∴ OQ⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord)
∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD

∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant
x  from centre)
6. ∵ OP  AB and OQ  CD (given)
∴ PB  AP and CQ = QD (line from centre  chord
bisects chord)
∴
and
∵ AB  CD, OP AB and OQ  CD

∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant
x= from centre)
7. ∵ ON  AB (given)
∴
Join OB.
In △NOB,
(Pyth. theorem)
8.
Join OB.
(radii)
∵ AN = NB (given)
∴ ON  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
16
In △ONB,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ AN = NB (given) Join OC.

∴
9. (a) ∵ AB is the perpendicular bisector of the chord CD.

∴ AB passes through the centre.
(⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
i.e. AB is a diameter of the circle.
(b) ∵ AB is a diameter. (proved in (a))
∴ The radius of the circle
10. ∵ AM = MB (given)
∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴ ∠AMO = 90°
∵ AN = NC (given)
∴ ON⊥AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴ ∠ANO = 90°
11. ∵ CM = MD (given)
∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord)
∴ ∠OMC = 90°
∵ OB = OC (radii)
(ext. ∠
of △)
12. ∵ ON⊥CD (given)

∴
17
(radii)
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
In △OMB,
In △CON, (Pyth. theorem)
(Pyth. theorem)
13. ∵ OQ⊥CD (given)

∴ CQ = QD (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
= 10 cm
∴ CD = = 20 cm
∵ AB = CD, OP⊥AB and OQ⊥CD
∴ OQ = OP (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
Join OD.
(radii)
In △OND,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ ON⊥CD (given)
∴ CN = ND (line from centre  chord bisects
= 4 cm chord)
Join OD.
In △OQD, ∴
(Pyth. theorem)
16. (a) Consider △AOB and △DOC.

AO = DO radii
BO = CO radii
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB
∴ The radius of the circle is and ON⊥CD given
∴ AB = DC chords equidistant
from centre are equal
∴ △AOB  △DOC SSS
(b) ∵ OB = OA (radii)
∴ OM⊥AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
∴ ∠OAB =∠OBA (base ∠s, isos. △)
chord  chord) = 62°
∴ ∠AMO = 90° In △OBA,
In △AOM,
(∠ sum
of △)
∵ △AOB  △DOC (proved in (a))

∴ ∠COD = ∠BOA (corr. sides,  △s)
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB and ON⊥CD =
∴ CD = AB (chords equidistant from centre
= (6 + 6) cm are equal)
18
17. Construct a circle with centre O lying on BH as shown, 19.

such that the circle cuts AB at two points P and Q, and
cuts BC at two points R and S.
Draw a line OMN such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

Join OA and OC.
OA = OC = 17 cm (radii)
Draw OM and ON such that OM  AB and ON  BC. ∵ OM  CD (by construction)
Consider △OBM and △OBN. ∴
ABH = CBH given
OMB = ONB = 90 by construction
OB = OB common side
∴ △OBM  △OBN AAS
∴ OM = ON corr. sides,  △s
∵ OM = ON, OM⊥AB
and ON⊥BC
∴ PQ = RS chords equidistant from centre
are equal
In △OCM,
Level 2 (Pyth. theorem)
18.
∵ ON  AB (by construction)
∴
Join OD.
OD = (radii)
= 5 cm In △OAN,
∵ CM = MD (given) (Pyth. theorem)
∴ OM⊥CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
∴ ∠OMD = 90°
In △OMD,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ Distance between AB and CD
20. Let r cm be the radius of the circle.

AO = OD = 5 cm (radii) ∵ AB⊥OC (given)
In △AMD, ∴
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OMB,
19
In △OMB,
In △OMD,
(Pyth. theorem)
21. ∵ BM = MC (given)
∴ OM⊥BC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
chord  chord)
22.
Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB.

∵ OM  AB (by construction)
∴
In △OMA,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OMC,
(Pyth. theorem)
OD = OA = 15 cm (radii)
23. (a) ∵ CN = ND given

∴ ON⊥CD line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∴ ∠ONE = 90°
∵ AM = MB given
∴ OM⊥AB line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
∴ ∠OME = 90°
∴ MON  90  sum of polygon
∵ AB  CD, OM  AB given
and ON  CD
∴ OM  ON equal chords, equidistant
20
from centre (b) In △OMA,

∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90
and two adjacent sides are equal.
∴ ONEM is a square.
ME = OM = 6 cm (property of square)
MB = AM
= 8 cm
24.
Let M be a point on AB such that OM  AB, and N be a

point on CD such that ON  CD.
∵ OM  AB (by construction)
∴
Join OB.
OB = 13 cm (radius)
In △OMB,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ ON  CD (by construction)
∴
∠NOM = 90° ( sum of polygon)

∵
∴ ONKM is a rectangle.
∴ NK = OM (property of rectangle)
21
25.
Draw a line MON such that OM  CD and ON  AB.

Join OA and OC.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
∵ OM  CD (by construction)
∴
∵ ON  AB (by construction)
∴
In △OCM,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OAN,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ The distance between AB and CD is 17 cm.

∴ MN = 17 cm
Let ON = a cm, then OM = (17  a) cm.
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is 5 cm.
26. (a) (i) ∵ AB⊥CD (given)

∴ ED = CE (line from centre  chord
bisects chord)
In △AED,
22
(ii)
Join OD.
OD = OA = r cm (radii)
OE = AE  OA
= (16  r) cm
In △OED,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ OA =
(b) AB =
= 25 cm
Join BD.
In △EBD,
Pyth. theorem
∵
∴ △ABD is a right-angled converse of Pyth.
triangle, where AD⊥BD. theorem
27. (a) Consider △ABP and △ACP.

AP = AP common side
BP = CP given
AP  BC line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord
∴ APB = APC = 90
∴ △ABP  △ACP SAS
∴ AB = AC corr. sides,  △s
i.e. △ABC is an isosceles
triangle.
23
(b) ∵ AB = AC and BP = PC
∴ AP  BC (prop. of isos. △)
∵ OM  AB (given)
∴ MB = AM (line from centre  chord
= 6 cm bisects chord)
(proved in (a))
(given)
∵ AC = BC, ON  AC and OP  BC
∴ OP = ON = (equal chords,
equidistant from centre)
Alternative Solution
Join OB.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle and OP = a cm.
In △APB,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OPB,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ OP =
24
(line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord)
∵ OB⊥CD (by construction)

28. (a)
∴
Let r m be the radius of the circle.

OA = OD = r m (radii)
In △OBD,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △ORM,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ The radius of the circle is 6.5 m.

(b)
∵ OM  RS (given)
∴ MS = RM (line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord)
∴ RS = 2RM
(b) Draw horizontal line EF such that EF intersects AB at

G and AB⊥EF. Then, EF is the ceiling of the tunnel,
i.e. EF = 7.8 m.
Join OF.
∵ EF⊥OG
∴ GF = (line from centre  chord

bisects chord)
Join OD. =
OD = OP = 3 cm (radii)
In △OND, = 3.9 m
(Pyth. theorem) OF = AO = 6.5 m (radii)
In △GOF,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ ON  CD (given)
∴ CN = ND (line from centre ⊥ chord
bisects chord) New height of the tunnel
29. (a) Denote the centre of the circle by O.
30. (a) ∵ (given)
∴
∵ MN = NC and BD  MC
Draw a line AB such that it passes through O and ∴ BD is the perpendicular bisector of the chord
AB⊥CD. Then, AB is the height of the tunnel, CM.
i.e. AB = 9 m and CD = 12 m. ∴ BD passes through the centre of the circle.
Join OD. (⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
i.e. BD is a diameter of the circle.
25
centre of the semi-circle. passes through centre

∴ H is the centre of the
(b) (i) semi-circle.
In △BCN,
(Pyth. theorem)
Join OC.
(radii)
In △OCN,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ The radius of the circle is 8.33 cm.
(ii)
AD = BC = 10 cm (property of rectangle)
∠DAB = 90° (property of rectangle)

In △DAB,
(Pyth.
theorem)
31. (a) ∵ CP = PD given

∴ KP ⊥ CD line joining centre to
∵ CP = PD and
CD  HK
∴ HK is the perpendicular
bisector of the chord CD.
∴ HK passes through the ⊥bisector of chord
26
(b) Let PK = a cm, then PH = (20  a) cm. In △ABC,

In △KCP, (ext. ∠ of △)
(Pyth.
theorem)
In △HCP,
(Pyth. theorem)
Exercise 1B (p. 1.36)

Level 1
1. (adj. s on st. line)
ce
2. (∠ at centre twice
∠ at ⊙ )
ce
(∠s at a pt.)
3. (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
⊙ )
ce
∵ (radii)
In △AOB,
(∠ sum of △)
4. (∠ in semi-circle)
27
5. ∵ (given)
∴ (base∠s. isos. △)
In △CAB,
(∠ sum of △)
6. (alt. ∠s, BA // CD)
7. (∠s in the same
segment)
(ext. ∠ of △)
(ext.  of △)
segment)
(alt. ∠s, BA // CD)
In △ECD,
(ext.∠ of △)
10. ( at centre twice  at
☉ )
ce
∵ OC = OA (radii)
∴ (base s, isos. △)
∵ OB = OC (radii)
28
11. (alt. ∠s, AB // CO) 15. (∠ in semi-circle)

∵ (given)
(∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ ) ∴ (base ∠s, isos. △)
In △ABD,
ce
(∠ sum of △)
(alt. ∠s, AB // CO)
In △ABE,
(ext. ∠ of △)
segment)
∴ AC is not a diameter of the circle.
13. (∠ at centre twice ∠ at
⊙ )
ce
∵ (given)
In △CDB,
(∠ sum of △)
14. In △BDE,
(ext. ∠ of △)
(∠s in the same
segment)
In △ACD,
(∠ sum
of △)
29
of △)
∴
(∠s in the same segment) ∴
(∠s in the same segment)
∴ are
45°.
Level 2
16. (∠s in the same segment)
∵ (radii)
In △DBC,
(∠ sum
of △)
17. (int. ∠s, AC //
OD)
In △ABC,
(∠ sum of △)
ce
18. Let .
∵ DC = DA (given)
∴ DCA = x (base s, isos. △)
∵ BD = BC (given)
ADB = 90 ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
( sum
30
19. In △ABE, (∠s in the same

(ext. ∠of △)
segment)
Join BC.
(∠s in the same
segment)
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.

(converse of ∠ in semi-circle)
20. (a) Let .

∵ AM = BM given
∴ base ∠s, isos.
△
In △MBA,
ext. ∠
of △
∵ BM = CM given
∴ base ∠s, isos.
△
In △CBM,
∠ sum
of △
(b) ∵ proved in (a)

∴ AC is a diameter. converse of ∠ in
semi-circle
∵ M is the mid-point of AC.
∴ M is the centre of the circle.
21. (a)
Join AB.
31
(b) In △CBE, ADK = BCK s in the same segment

(ext. ∠ of △) ∴ △AKD ~ △BKC AAA
(b) ∵ △AKD ~ △BKC (proved in (a))
∴ (corr. sides, ~△s)
∵ (given)
25. (a) ∵ OABC is a parallelogram. given
In △CBD, and OA = OC radii
( ∴ OABC is a rhombus.
sum of △)
22. Let .
(alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
(∠s in the same segment)
In △ACD,
(∠ sum
of △)
∴ ∠ABC =
☉ )
ce
In △BCE,
(ext.  of △)
(s in the same
segment)
In △ABK,
(ext. ∠ of △)
24. (a) Consider △AKD and △BKC.

AKD = BKC vert. opp. s
DAK = CBK s in the same segment
32
(b) Reflex (s at a pt.)  in semi-circle
( at centre twice  at
☉ce)
∠CAE = ∠CDE s in the same
=x segment
∴
28. (a) ∵ EA = EB given
∴ EAB = EBA base s, isos. △
ABC = x (opp. s of // gram) BAD = BED s in the same segment
ext.  of △
∴
∴ BCE = EAD
(b) ABE = ADE (s in the same segment)
∴
26. (a) ∵ DO  BE
∴ BK = EK line from centre  chord
bisects chord
Consider △BKD and △EKD.
BK = EK proved
BKD = EKD = 90° given
DK = DK common side
∴ △BKD  △EKD SAS ∴ It is impossible that △BCE ~ △EAD.
∴ corr. s,  △s
Exercise 1C (p. 1.49)
∠s in the same Level 1
segment
∴ 1. (∠s at a pt.)
(b) Let BAD = x.

In △ACD,
(ext.  of △) (arcs prop. to ∠s
(s in the same

segment)
In △DKE,
(ext.  of △)
at centre)
∴
27. With the notation in the figure,
2. ∵ (given)
∴ (equal chords,
equal ∠s)
Join CD. ∴
Let .
∠BCD = ∠BAD s in the same
=x segment
In △DCQ, ∵ (given)
∠ sum of △
∴ (equal chords, equal
33
arcs)
(arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ )
∴
ce
3. (arcs prop. to s at 5. In △ABC,

( sum
of △)
centre)
( at centre twice  at ☉ )
ce
ce
6. ∵ (given)
∴ (equal arcs, equal chords)

4. (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ ) ∴
ce (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
7. (arcs prop. to s at centre)
34
(adj.
9. (a) (arcs prop. to s at centre)
s on st. line)
8. In △BCD, (b) ( at centre twice  at

( sum
of △) ☉ )
In △BDE, ce
(ext.  of △)
10. (∠ in semi-circle)
(arcs prop. to s
ce
at ☉ )
ce
In △ABC,
( sum of △)
ce
11. (a) ∵ (vert. opp. ∠s)
∴ (equal ∠s, equal arcs)
35
∴ (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)

(b) (arcs prop. to s at
☉ ) ∵
ce
∵ ∠CBD = 90° (∠ in semi-circle)
∴
12. ∵
∴
∴ , ,

(any two of the above answers)
Level 2
13.
Join BC.
In △ABC,
( sum of △)
ce
14. ∵ (given)
36
In △ABD, (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )

(∠ sum of △)
ce
In △CAD,
ce
(∠ sum
of △)
15. (arcs prop. to s at ☉ ) ce
ce
∴ PQ = QR (equal arcs, equal chords)

∠RPQ = ∠PRQ (base s, isos. △)
= 45°
In △PQR,
( sum
of △)
17. ∵ AB = AD = CD (given)
∴ (equal chords, equal
arcs)
and
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
37
∴ ∠ACB = ∠ACD = ∠CBD In △BCD,

In △BCD, ( sum
(∠ sum of
of △)
△)
18. (a) (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
ce
ce
(b) (arcs prop. to s at
☉ )
ce
∴ AD is a diameter of the circle.

19. ∵ arcs prop. to s at ☉ce
∴ BAC = CAD
∵ OC = OA radii
∴ base s, isos. △
∴ OC // AD alt. s equal
20. (a)
Join OB and OC.
38
∵ (given)
∴ arcs prop. to s at ☉ce

∴ AOB = BOC = COD (equal arcs, equal s)
∴
( at centre twice  at ∴ sides opp. equal ∠s
22. (a)
☉ )
ce
(b) Reflex ∠AOD (∠s at a pt.) Join AE and ED.

∠AED = 90° ( in semi-circle)
( at centre twice

 at (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
☉ )
ce
In △CDE, ce
( sum
of △)
21. (a) ∵ AB = CD
∴ equal chords, equal arcs
(b) (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
(b)
With the notation in the figure,
(ext.  of △)
Join AD.
∵ proved in (a)
39
23. (a) With the notations in the figure,
(arcs prop. to s at
In △BDF,
(ext.  of △)
☉ ) In △ACG,
(ext.  of △)
ce
(ext.  of △)
∴ ( sum of △)
(b)
(c)
∴ Radius of the circle
Exercise 1D (p. 1.56)

Level 1
1. (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
2. (opp. ∠s, cyclic
quad.)
∵ (given)
In △BCD,
40
(∠ sum of △) 3. (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
(adj. s on st. line)
4. (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
5. (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
In △BCE,
( sum of △)
6. (a) In △ACD,
(ext.  of △)
(b) (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △DEF,
( sum
of △)
7. (a) ( at centre twice  at ⊙ )
ce
(b) (opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
In △ABP,
( sum
41
of △) In △BCE,
( sum of △)
8. (corr. s, AD // EC)

(opp. s,
∵ EC = EB (given)
cyclic quad.)
9. (a) (opp. ∠s, cyclic
quad.)
(b) ∵ ∠CDE = ∠AFG

= 74°
∴ AF // CD corr. ∠s equal
∵ ∠BAF + ∠BCD
= 80° + 100°
= 180°
∴ AF // CD int. ∠s supp.
10. In △CAD,
(
sum of △)
∵ (given)
(arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)
ABC + ADC = 180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
In △ABC,
( sum
42
of △) In △ACD,
(∠ sum
Level 2
11. Let .
∵ AC is an angle bisector of ∠EAB.
∴ of △)
In △ABD,
∵ EC is an angle bisector of ∠ACD. (∠ sum of △)
∴
12. In △ACD,
(∠ sum of
△)
(opp. s,
cyclic quad.)
13.
Join AD.
ABC + CDA = 180 opp. s, cyclic quad.
ADE = 90  in semi-circle
ABC + CDE
ABD = ∠CFD = y (ext. , cyclic quad.)

∵ (given)
In △ABD,
43
( sum of △) (s at a pt.)
15. Reflex ( at centre twice  at
16. (a) Consider △KAD and △KCB.

⊙ )
KAD = KCB ext. , cyclic quad.
ce
KDA = KBC ext. , cyclic quad.
AKD = CKB common angle
∴ △KAD ~ △KCB AAA
(b) (corr. sides, ~△s)
17.
Join DC.
( at centre twice 
at ⊙ )
ce
(opp. ∠s, cyclic
quad.)
18.
Join AD.
44
19.
∵ OD = OA (radii)
∴ ∠ODA = ∠OAD (base s, isos. △)
= 65°
(opp. s, cyclic Join AB.
quad.) (s in the same segment)
∴ (s in the same segment)
20. Let COD = x.

ABC = COD = x ext. , cyclic quad.
∵ OC = OB radii
OAD = OCB = x ext. , cyclic quad.

ext.
, cyclic quad.
∵ OD = OC radii

∴
base s, isos. △
 sum of △
∵ ODC = OCD = COD = 60

∴ △CDO is an equilateral triangle.
21. (a) (ext.  of △)
(ext.  of △)
(b) opp. s, cyclic
quad.
In △ABC,
45
 sum of Exercise 1E (p. 1.67)

△ Level 1
1. ∠ABC = ∠EAD (corr. ∠s, AD // BC)
= 100°
∵ ∠ABC + ∠ADC
= 100° + 80°
= 180°
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)
(int. ∠s, AD // BC)
∵
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (ext.   int. opp. )
2. In △DCE,
( sum
of △)
∵
In △ABE,
( sum of
△)
∵
3. In △BCD,
(
sum of △)
∵ CAD = CBD
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic.
(converse of s in the same segment)
4. (a) ∵
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
5. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD

46
6. (a) ∵ ∴ A, B, Q and P are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 

∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in
the same segment 11. ∵ AB = BE given
∴ BAE = BEA base s, isos. △
(b) (opp. s, cyclic quad.) BAE = BCD opp. s of // gram
∴ BEA = BCD
∴ B, C, D and E are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
7. (a) ∵ BAC = 90° and BDC = 90 12. ∵ AB = AC given

∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in ∴ ABC = ACB base s, isos. △
the same segment ∵ AM = MB and AN = NC given
∴ MN // BC mid-pt. theorem
(b) (adj. s AMN = ABC corr. s, MN // BC
∴ AMN = ACB
∴ B, C, N and M are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
on st. line) 13. ∵ AC = BC given
ACB = ADB (s in the ∴ CAB = CBA base s, isos. △
same segment) ∵ OD = OA radii
∴ ODA = OAD base s, isos. △
∴ CBA = ODA
∴ OBCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
8. (a) In △BCD,
 sum of 14. ∵ AED = DBC
∴ ABDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
adj. s on st. line
△
∵ FEC = FBC
∵ BCD = EAD
∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. converse of s in the
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.   int. opp. 
same segment
(b) ∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment)
x Level 2
15. (a) APB = 90  in semi-circle
9. (a) With the notation in the figure, adj. s
on st. line
∵ APM = AOM
In △ABG, ∴ A, O, P and M are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment

sum of △ ∵ OA = OP (radii)
16. (a) Consider △BOM and △COM.

BM = CM given
OM ⊥ BC line joining centre to
∵ ABC = ADF
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
∴ ∠BMO = ∠CMO = 90°
(b) (s in the same OM = OM common side
∴ △BOM △COM SAS
segment) ∴ ∠BOM = ∠COM corr. s,  △s
(b) Let ∠BOM = ∠COM = a, by (a)
(ext. , cyclic quad.) then ∠BOC = 2a.
∠ at centre twice
∠ at ⊙ce
10. ABC = ADC opp. s of // gram

PQB = PDC ext. , cyclic quad.
DPQ = PQB alt. s, AD // BC
∴ DPQ = ABQ ∵ ∠BAC = ∠BOM
47
∴ O, D, A and B are concyclic. ext.   int. opp.  In △PQB,

(
17. (a)
sum of △)
(b)
Join PB and let ARP = .

APQ = ARP =  (given)
ABP = ARP =  (s in the same segment)
APB = 90 ( in semi-circle)
Join RB.
TQB = 90 proved in (a)
TRB = 90  in semi-circle
TQB + TRB = 90 + 90
= 180
∴ R, T, Q and B are concyclic. opp. s supp.
18. Consider △ACB and △DBC.

AC = DB given
ACB = DBC given
BC = CB common side
∴ △ACB  △DBC SAS
∴ BAC = CDB corr. s,  △s
∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment
19. AQS = BRS ext. , cyclic quad.

BRS = CPS ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ AQS = CPS
∴ AQSP is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
20.
Join AE, BF, CG and DH.

opp. s, cyclic quad.
In AEFB,
opp. s, cyclic quad.
∴ CGE = BFE
BFE = BDH ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ CDH = CGE
∴ C, G, H and D are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
21. (a) ∵ BAD + BCD = 90 + 90

= 180
∵ BAD = 90 given
∴ BD is a diameter of the circle. converse of  in
semi-circle
∵ N is the mid-point of BD.
∴ N is the centre of the circle.
∵ AP = PC given
∴ NP  AC line joining centre
to mid-pt. of chord
 chord
48
(b)
Join MP and NP.

Let ABD = x.
s in the same
segment
∵ AM = MB and AP = PC given
∴ MP // BC mid-pt. theorem
∴ corr. s, MP // BC
∵ NP  AC proved in (a)
∴ APN = 90
22. (a)
Join OC and let CAB = x.

∠COB = 2∠CAB  at centre twice 
= 2x at ☉ce
∵ AD = BD given
∴ ext.  of △
∵ ∠COB = ∠CDB
∴ B, C, D and O are concyclic. converse of s in the
same segment
(b) With the notation in the figure,
∵ BM = CM given
∴ OM  BC line joining centre to
∴ OM is the
perpendicular bisector
of BC.
∴ OM passes through
the centre of the
circumcircle of BCDO. ⊥bisector of chord
49
passes through centre Check Yourself (p. 1.75)

1. (a)  (b) 
(c)  (d) 
2. ∵ OM ⊥ AB(given)
∴ (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
In △OMB,
(Pyth. theorem)
∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
= 1 cm
∴
3. ∵ BC = AB
☉ )
ce
4. ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCP = ∠ABC (alt. ∠s, AB // DP)

x
5. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
In △ACD,
( sum
of △)
∠AED + ∠ACD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
6. For I,
∠AOC = 2∠ABC ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
∴ I is true.
For II,
∠BCD = ∠BAD (s in the same segment)
∵ OC = OD (radii)
∴ ∠OCD = ∠ODC (base s, isos. △)
50
∴ ∠BAD = ∠ADC For III,

∴ II is true. ∵ ∠AOB = ∠COD (vert. opp. s)
∴ AB = CD (equal s, equal chords)
∴ III is true.
∴ I, II and III are true.
7. For I,
∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(converse of s in the same segment)
For II,
In △BCD,
∠BCD + ∠BDC + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BCD + 63° + 31° = 180°
∠BCD = 86°
∵ ∠BCD = ∠EAD
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
(ext.  = int. opp. )
For III,
∵ ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 108° + 82°
= 190°
∴ ABCD is not a cyclic quadrilateral.

∴ Only I and II are true.
Revision Exercise 1 (p. 1.76)

Level 1
1. ∵ AM = MB
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∵ AN = NC
∴ ON  AC (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∴
∵ AB = AC, OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ AC
∴ ON = OM (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
⊙ )
ce
(ext.  of △)
(ext.  of △)
3. (arcs prop. to s at centre)
51
4. ∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment)

ce ∵ AM = MB
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
∠AMD = 90°
(ext.  of △)
5. ∠ABC = ∠ADE (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
In △ABC,
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BAC + 86° + 32° = 180°
∠BAC = 62°
ce
6. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠ACD = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
∠DAC + ∠ACD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △)
7.
Join OF.
(radii)
(property of rectangle)
In △OGF,
(Pyth. theorem)
52
∵ OG  FE (given)
∴ GE = FG (line from centre  chord bisects
= 8 cm chord)
∴
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
ce
In △ABC,
( sum
of △)
9.
Join BE.
∠AEB = 90° ( in semi-circle)
( at centre twice
 at ☉ )
ce
In △OCD,
∠ODE = ∠DOC + ∠DCO (ext.  of △)
= 26° + 24°
10. In △AED,
∠EDF = ∠AED + ∠EAD (ext.  of △)
=e+a
∠FCD = ∠BAD (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)
=a
In △FCD,
∠CFD + ∠CDF + ∠FCD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CFD + (e + a) + a = 180°
53
11.
∠CDB = ∠CAB = x (s in the same segment) 12. ( at centre twice  at
In △AED,
∠EDA + ∠DAE = ∠AEB (ext.  of △)
⊙ )
ce
In △BCE,
13. (a) ∠ABC + ∠OAB = 180° (int. ∠s, OA // CB)

∠ABC + 65° = 180°
∠ABC = 115°
∠BCD + ∠ABC = 180° (int. ∠s, AB // DC)
∠BCD + 115° = 180°
(b)
Join AD.
∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠OAD + 65°) + 65° = 180°
∠OAD = 50°
∵ OD = OA (radii)
= 50°
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(∠ODC + 50°) + 115° = 180°
14. (a) AB2 + BC2 = (242 + 72) cm2

= 625 cm2
AC = 25 cm2
2 2
= 625 cm2
∵ AB2 + BC2 = AC2
∴ ∠ABC = 90° converse of Pyth. theorem
∴ AC is a diameter converse of  in
of the circle. semi-circle
(b) ∵ M is the mid-point of AC.
∴ M is the centre of the circle ABCD.
∴ (radii)
∵ (given)
∴ MN  DC (line joining centre to mid-

pt. of chord  chord)
In △MDN,
54
(Pyth. theorem)
15. (adj. s on st. line)
ce
(alt. s, DA // CB)
In △AKO,
(
sum of △)
16. (a) ∵ CF = FD (given)

∴ OF  CD (line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord)
In △OFD,
(Pyth. theorem)
(b)
Join AB.
∵ OF = OE, OE  AC (proved in (a))
and OF  CD (proved in (a))
∴ AC = CD (chords equidistant
= 12 cm from centre are equal)
∵ OE  AC (given)
∴ (line from centre ⊥

chord bisects chord)
(radii)
55
17.
Join BD and DC.

Consider △ABD and △ACD.
ABD = 90  in semi-circle
ACD = 90  in semi-circle
∴ ABD = ACD
AD = AD common side
AB = AC given
∴ △ABD  △ACD RHS
∴ BAD = CAD corr. s,  △s
∴ AD bisects BAC.
18. (a) In △ABC,


sum of △
∵
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ext.  = int. opp. 
(b) In △ACD,
(ext.  of △)
(s in the same
segment)
19. arcs prop. to s at
⊙ce
∴
i.e. ∠PBQ = ∠PAQ
∴ P, A, B and Q are concyclic. converse of s in the
same segment
20. Draw a line segment PQ in rectangle ABCD, then draw

another line segment RS which is perpendicular to PQ as
shown in the following figure.
(or any other reasonable answers)
Level 2
56
21. ∵ OM  AB (by construction)
∴ (line from centre ⊥ chord bisects
chord)
Let P be the maximum point of the arch, and M be a point

on AB such that OP ⊥ AB. OA = OP = 27 m (radii)
Join OA and OP. In △OAM,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ Height of the arch
22.
Join OA and OC.

Draw a line OM such that OM  AD.
∵ OM  AD (by construction)
∴ BM = MC (line from centre  chord bisects
chord)
Let OM = a cm and BM = MC = b cm.
In △OAM,
(Pyth. theorem)
In △OMC,
(Pyth. theorem)
∴ BC = BM + MC
= (2.5 + 2.5) cm
23. (a) ∠ADC = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ACD,
∠DCA + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DCA + 90° + 54° = 180°
∠DCA = 36°
∠BAC + ∠APC = ∠DCA (ext.  of △)
∠BAC + 20° = 36°
(b) ∠BDC = ∠BAC (s in the same segment)

= 16°
In △CDK,
57
∠AKD = ∠CDK + ∠DCK (ext.  of △) 24. ∵ OD = DE (given)

= 16° + 36° ∴ ∠DOE = ∠DEO (base s, isos. △)
Let ∠DOE = ∠DEO = a.
☉ )
ce
ACB = 90° ( in semi-circle)

In △ECB,
( sum of △)
25.
Join OD.
∠OAD = ∠AOB (alt. ∠s, AD // BO)
= 24°
∵ OD = OA (radii)
= 24°
In △ODA,
∠DOA + ∠OAD + ∠ODA = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DOA + 24° + 24° = 180°
∠DOA = 132°
ce
26. (a) ∠CFE = ∠ABC (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

= 102°
∠CDE + ∠CFE = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠CDE + 102° = 180°
(b) ∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 156°
In ABOE,
∠BAF + ∠ABC + ∠COE + ∠OEF =
( sum of polygon)
∠BAF + 102° + 156° + 38° = 360°
58
27.
Join MN.
ABM = MNC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
AEM = MND (ext. , cyclic quad.)
∵ MNC + MND = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴
In ABME,
( sum of polygon)
28.
Join BE.
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)
In △BEK,
( sum of △)
59
29. (a) (arcs prop. to s at ☉ )
ce
ce
(b) ∠BAD = ∠BAC + ∠CAD

= 48° + 36°
= 84°
Join AB and AD.

∠BAC = ∠BDC (s in the same segment) (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
= 48° ce
In ABCE,
∠BCE + ∠BAE = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCE + (48° + 48°) = 180°
∠BCE = 84°
30. (a) Consider △PAD and △PCB.

APD = CPB common angle
PAD = PCB ext. , cyclic quad.
PDA = PBC ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ △PAD ~ △PCB AAA
(b) Consider △AKB and △DKC.
AKB = DKC vert. opp. s
BAK = CDK s in the same segment
ABK = DCK s in the same segment
∴ △AKB ~ △DKC AAA
(c) ∵ △PAD ~ △PCB (proved in (a))
∴ (corr. sides, ~
△s)
∵ △AKB ~ △DKC (proved in (b))
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
60
31. ext. , cyclic (b) Let ABD = x.

quad.
∵ (arcs prop. to s at
⊙ce)
∴
∴ sides opp. equal s
32. (a) ∵ given ∵ AE = AB (proved in (a))

∴ ∠CDE = ∠CED base s, isos. △ (base s,
∴
∠CDE = ∠ABC ext. ∠, cyclic quad.
∴ ∠ABE = ∠AEB
isos. △)
∴ sides opp. equal s
i.e. △ABE is an isosceles ∵ CD = CE (given)
triangle.
∴ (base s,
isos. △)
( in semi-
circle)
In △BDE,
( sum
of △)
In △ABD,
(ext.  of △)
33. (a)
Join OC.
61
centre)
∵ OA = OC (radii)
In △OAC,
( ( at centre twice  at
sum of △)
(b) ⊙ )
ce
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ )
Join OB and AD.
ce
∴ AOB = BOC (equal arcs, equal s)
In △ADE,
(
sum of △)
34. BDC = ABD alt. s, BA // CF

DEF = ABD ext. , cyclic quad.
KAE = DEF corr. s, CA // DE
∴ KDC = KAF
∴ A, K, D and F are concyclic. ext.  = int. opp. 
35. (a)  in semi-

circle
adj. s on st.
line
adj. s on st.
line
∵
∴ BEFD is a cyclic converse of s
quadrilateral. in the same segment
(b) (s in the same
segment)
(s in the same
segment)
In △BDF,
62
( sum of △) = 35° + a
∠DEB + ∠EBC = 180° (int. ∠s, ED // BC)
100° + ∠EBC = 180°
∴ ∠EBC = 80°
(ext.  of △)
36. (a) ∵  given
∴  equal arcs, equal chords

∴
∵  given
∴ 
38. (a) opp. s of //
(b) ∵ AD = ED given gram
∴ base s, isos.
In △ACE,
△
 sum of
proved in (a)
opp. s,
△
cyclic quad.
adj. ∴ A, E, C and D are concyclic. opp. s supp.

(b)
s on st. line
∴ BC = BE sides opp. equal s
37. (a)
Join DE.
(s in the same
segment)
∵ CE = CD (given)
Join BE.
In BCDE,
∠DEB + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠DEB + 80° = 180°
∠DEB = 100°
☉ )
ce
∠AED = ∠AEB + ∠DEB

= 35° + 100°
(b)

∠EMO = ∠AEB + ∠OAE (ext.  of △)
63
In △CDE,
( sum
of △)
(int. s,
BA // CD) OM
39. (a) ∠BAC = ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 60° prop. of equil. △ ∴ The shortest distance from O on AB is
∠CDE = ∠ABC = 60° ext. ∠, cyclic quad. 40. (a) ∠BAC = 90°  in semi-circle
∠CED = ∠BAC = 60° ext. ∠, cyclic quad. ∠ACD = 90°  in semi-circle
∵ ∠CDE = ∠CED = ∠DCE ∵ ∠BAC + ∠ACD = 90° + 90°
∴ △CDE is an equilateral = 180°
triangle. ∴ AB // CD int. ∠s supp.
(b) (b) (i) Let ∠ABC = a.
∠BCD = ∠ABC = a (alt. ∠s, AB // CD)
∠EDC = ∠BCD = a (alt. ∠s, BC // DE)
∠ADC = ∠ABC = a (s in the same segment)
∠COE = 2∠CDE ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
= 2a
Join CM such that CM ⊥ AB, and CM intersects

DE at G. (arcs prop. to s at centre)
Draw a line from O to AC such that OF  AC.
In △ACM,
(∵ AC = AB = 10 cm) In △COD,
∠CDO + ∠DCO + ∠COD = 180° ( sum of △)
a + a + (2a + 4a) = 180°
In △ACM, a = 22.5°
∠MCA + ∠CAM + ∠AMC = 180° ( sum of △) ∴
∠MCA + 60° + 90° = 180°
(ii) ∠ACF = 90°  in semi-circle
∠MCA = 30°
∠DOF = 4a
∵ OF  AC (by construction)
(line from centre ⊥ chord = 90°
∴ bisects chord) ∵ ∠ACF = ∠DOF
∴ ACFO is a cyclic ext.   int. opp. 
quadrilateral.
FC (c) ∵ ∠ACF = 90°
∴ AF is a diameter of the circle converse of 
passing through A, C, F and O. in semi-circle
In △COF,
41. (a) Let ∠DCE = a.
∠DAB = ∠DCE = a ext. ∠, cyclic
quad.
∠DOB = 2∠DAB  at centre twice
= 2a  at ☉ce
∠BED + ∠DOB = 180° opp. s, cyclic
∠BED + 2a = 180° quad.
∠BED =
In △CDE,
∠CDE + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180°  sum of △
64
∠CDE + (180°  2a) + a = 180° (b) (i) ∠ODC = ∠EDC (angle bisector)
∠CDE = a
=a
∵ ∠CDE = ∠DCE
∠OBE + ∠EDO = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∴ △CDE is an isosceles sides opp. equal s
∠OBE + (a + a) = 180°
triangle.
∠OBE =
∠ABO = ∠OBE (angle bisector)
= 180°  2a
∵ ∠ABC = ∠EDC (ext. , cyclic quad.)
∴ ∠ABO + ∠OBE = ∠EDC
(180°  2a) + (180°  2a) = a
5a = 360°
a = 72°
∴
(ii)
Join OA.
∠ODA + ∠ODE = 180° (adj. s on st. line)
∠ODA + 2a = 180°
∠ODA = 180°  2(72°)
= 36°
∵ OA = OD (radii)
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △)
= 36°
∠OAB = ∠EAB  ∠OAD
= 72°  36°
= 36°
∵ ∠OAB = ∠OAD
∴ OA is the angle bisector of ∠EAB.
42. (a) (i) Consider △ABM and

△CDM.
ABM = CDM s in the same segment
BAM = DCM s in the same segment
AMB = CMD vert. opp. s
∴ △ABM ~ △CDM AAA
∴ corr. sides, ~ △s
i.e.
(ii) ∵ OL  AB given
∴ AL = LB line from centre 
chord bisects chord
∵ ON  CD given
∴ CN = ND line from centre 
chord bisects chord
Join LM and NM.
Consider △ALM and
65
△CNM.
Area of △AOB
from (a)(i)
2. Answer: B
For I,
∵ CQ = QD (given)
LAM = NCM s in the same segment ∴ PQ  CD (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
∴ △ALM ~ △CNM ratio of 2 sides, inc.  chord  chord)
(b) ∴ I is true.
For II,
∵ AB = CD, OP  AB and OQ  CD
∴ OP = OQ (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
∴ II is true.
Join OM, OR and OW. For III,
∵ PM = MQ given ∵ OP  AB (given)
∴ OM  PQ line joining centre to (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
∴
∵
∴ RLOM is a cyclic
In △AOP,
quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
(Pyth. theorem)
ROM = RLM s in the same segment
∴ III is not true.

∴ MONW is a cyclic ∴ The answer is B.
quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
WOM = WNM s in the same segment 3. Answer: B
∵ △ALM ~ △CNM proved in (a)(ii) In △ABE,
∴ ALM = CNM corr. s, ~ △s ∠EAB + ∠ABE = ∠AED (ext.  of △)
∴ ROM = WOM ∠EAB + 32° = 80°
∠EAB = 48°
(c) Consider △ROM and
∠CDB = ∠CAB (s in the same segment)
△WOM. = 48°
proved in (b) In △CDB,
common side ∠DCB + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠DCB + 48° + 55° = 180°
proved in (b)
∴ △ROM  △WOM ASA
∴ RM = WM corr. sides,  △s 4. Answer : D
∴ M is also the mid-point For I,
of RW.
in general.
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 1.83)
1. Answer: B
∴ I may not be true.
∵ OC  AB (given)
For II,
∴ CB = AC = 2 cm (line from centre  chord
bisects chord)
In △OAC,
(Pyth. theorem)
66
For III,
( in
semi-circle)
∵ AC = CB (proved in II)
∴ CBA = CAB (base s, isos. △)
∵ In △ABC,
( sum
of △)
∴ (equal arcs, equal chords) ∴

∴ AC : CB = 1 : 1 ∴ III must be true.
∴ II must be true. ∴ The answer is D.
5. Answer: B
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180°(opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠ADC + 120° = 180°
∠ADC = 60°
☉ )
ce
6. Answer: B
∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠BCD + 100° = 180°
∠BCD = 80°
In △BCD,
∠CBD + ∠BCD + ∠BDC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠CBD + 80° + 70° = 180°
∠CBD = 30°
∵ AD = CD
67
8. Answer: A
ce
Join BD.
7. Answer: B ce
∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

∠ADC =
∠ACD + ∠AED = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∠ACD = (ext.  of △)
In △ACD,
∠ACD + ∠ADC + ∠CAD = 180° ( sum of △)
(180°  y) + (180°  x) + 45° = 180°
9. Answer: D
Join AQ.
∠AQB = 90° ( in semi-circle)
∠AQP = ∠AQB  ∠PQB
= 90°  44°
= 46°
∠QAB = ∠QPB (s in the same segment)
= 72°
∴ y = ∠QAB + ∠AQP (ext.  of △)
= 72° + 46°
10. Answer: C
In △CDP,
∴ C must be true.
68
11. Answer: B HKMO (p. 1.85)

(opp. s, cyclic quad.) 1. ∠AOB = 2∠ACB ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
=
∵ OD = OC (radii) ∠OBC = ∠AOB (alt. ∠s, AO // BC)
=
In △DBC,
∠BCD + ∠CDB + ∠DBC = 180° ( sum of △)
(corr. s, BA // OD)
In △OCD,
∠DOC + ∠ODC + ∠OCD = 180° ( sum of △)
2.
∴ B must be true.
12. Answer: D
For I,
ADE + DEB = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
∵ ABE = DEB (given) Join OE.
∴ ADE + ABE = 180 ∵ OE = AE
∴ ABED is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.) ∴ ∠EOA = ∠EAO (base s, isos. △)
∴ I is true. = 20°
For II, ∠OED = ∠EOA + ∠EAO (ext.  of △)
DEB = EFC (corr. s, BE // CF) = 20° + 20°
∵ ABE = DEB (given) = 40°
∵ OD = OE (radii)
∴ ABE = EFC
∴ ∠ODE = ∠OED (base s, isos. △)
∴ BCFE is a cyclic quadrilateral. (ext.  = int. opp. )
= 40°
∴ II is true.
In △AOD,
For III,
∠DOC = ∠DAO + ∠ODA (ext.  of △)
ABE + BAD = 180 (int. s, AD // BE)
x° = 20° + 40°
∵ DFC = ABE (ext. , cyclic quad.)
∴ DFC + BAD = 180
∴ ACFD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (opp. s supp.)
∴ III is true. 3. Let ∠CAD = b.
∴ The answer is D. In △CAD,
∠ACD + ∠CAD + ∠ADC = 180° ( sum of △)
13. Answer: A ∠ACD + b + 90° = 180°
∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC. ∠ACD =
∴ There is a circle with centre O passing through A, B ∠BAC = 90° ( in semi-circle)
and C.
∠BAD
∴ ( at centre twice  at ☉ )
∠ABD (ext.  of △)
ce
Consider △ABD and △CAD.

∵ ∠ACB = ∠ADB ∠BDA = ∠ADC = 90°
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ∠BAD = ∠ACD =
(converse of s in the same segment) ∠ABD = ∠CAD = b
∠DAB = ∠DCB (s in the same segment) ∴ △ABD ~ △CAD (AAA)
= 38°
∵ OA = OB (radii)
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OBA (base s, isos. △)
In △AOB, ∴ (corr. sides, ~△s)
∠OAB + ∠OBA + ∠AOB = 180° ( sum of △)
2∠OAB + 110° = 180°
∠OAB = 35°
∴ ∠OAD
69
4. of △APB.
∴ EB = EP
∴ ∠EBP = ∠EPB base s, isos. △
(b)
Join BE.
∠BEC = 90° ( in semi-circle)
∠BEA + ∠BEC = 180° (adj. s on st. line)
∠BEA + 90° = 180° Join EF and DF.
∠BEA = 90° ∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.
(Pyth. theorem) ∴ AF = FC and CD = DB
∵ AF = FC and AE = EB
∴ FE // CB mid-pt. theorem
∵ CF = FA and CD = DB
∴ FD // AB mid-pt. theorem
∴ FDBE is a parallelogram.
Let ∠BEF = b. ∠EFD = ∠EBP opp. s of // gram
In △EBF, ∠EBP = ∠EPB proved in (a)(ii)
∠EBF + ∠BEF + ∠BFE = 180° ( sum of △) ∴ ∠EFD = ∠EPB
∠EBF + b + 90° = 180° ∴ D, P, E and F are concyclic. ext.   int. opp. 
∠EBF = 2. (a) Consider △ADE and △CBE.
∠ADE = ∠CBE s in the same segment
∠CEF DE = BE given
∠DEA = ∠BEC vert. opp. s
(ext.  of △) ∴ △ADE △CBE ASA
∠ECF
(b)
Consider △EBF and △CEF.

∠BFE = ∠EFC = 90°
∠EBF = ∠CEF =
∠BEF = ∠ECF = b
∴ △EBF ~ △CEF (AAA) Let F be a point on AC such that EF ⊥ AC.
Let BF = 3x units and FC = x units.
∵ AE = CE (corr. sides, △s)
(corr. sides, ~△s) and EF ⊥ AC
∴ AF = FC (prop. of isos. △)
∵ EF is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
∴ The straight line passing through E and F passes
through the centre of the circle.
(⊥bisector of chord passes through centre)
∴ The centroid of △AEC lies on the straight line
(corr. sides, ~△s)
passing through the point E and the centre of the
circle.
3. (a) Consider △ABP and △QBC.

∠BAP = ∠BQC s in the same segment
∠ABP = ∠QBC common angle
∠APB = 90°  in semi-circle
∠APQ = 180°  ∠APB adj. s on st. line
= 90°
∠ACQ = ∠APQ s in the same segment
Exam Focus
= 90°
Exam-type Questions (p. 1.87) ∠QCB = 180°  ∠ACQ adj. s on st. line
1. (a) (i) ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC. = 90°
∴ ∠APB = 90° ∴ ∠APB = ∠QCB
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle passing ∴ △ABP ~ △QBC AAA
through A, P and B.
∵ E is the mid-point of AB.
∴ E is the centre of the circle.
∴ E is the circumcentre of △APB.
(ii) ∵ E is the circumcentre proved in (a)(i)

70
∠EFB = ∠EIB s in the same

corr. sides, ~△s segment
∴ ∠EFB = ∠FBI
∴ EF // BI alt. ∠s equal
(b) From (a),
∴ BQ = 3BC
Let BC = a, then
and BQ = 3a.
∴ Area of △BPC : area of △PQC
4. (a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.

∴ ∠ACD = ∠DCB
∠FIE = ∠DCB alt. ∠s, EI // BC
∠ABD = ∠ACD s in the same
segment
∴ ∠FIE = ∠FBE
∴ B, I, F and E are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment
(b) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
∴ ∠FBI = ∠IBC
∠EIB = ∠IBC alt. ∠s, EI // BC
71
5. Answer: A
Join EC.
In △ABC,
∠BAC + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180° ( sum of △)
∠BAC + 47° + 70° = 180°
∠BAC = 63°
ce
6. Answer: B
Join AD.
ce
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠ABC.

∴ ∠CBD = ∠ABD
= 50°
∵ OA = OD (radii)
∴ ∠OAD = ∠ODA (base s, isos. △)
In △AOD,
∠ODA + ∠OAD + ∠AOD = 180° ( sum of △)
2∠ODA + 100° = 180°
∠ODA = 40°
∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
(50° + 50°) + (14° + 40° + ∠BDO) = 180°
72
7. Answer: A
∵ AD = BD (given)
∴ OD  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
 chord)
OA = OC (radii)
= (8 + 9) cm
= 17 cm
In △AOD,
(Pyth. theorem)
Area of the shaded region ADC

= Area of sector AOC  area of △AOD
8. Answer: A
For I,
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∠OBC.
∴ ∠CBE = ∠OBD
∵ OD = OB (radii)
∴ ∠ODB = ∠OBD (base s, isos. △)
∴ ∠ODE = ∠CBE
∠OED = ∠CEB (vert. opp. s)
In △DOE,
∠DOE ( sum of △)
( sum of △)
∴ △OED ~ △CEB (AAA)
∴ I is true.
For II,
∵ There is not sufficient data to show
△OBD ~ △CBD.
∴ II may not be true.
For III,
∵ There is not sufficient data to show
△BOE ~ △DCE.
∴ III may not be true.
∴ The answer is A.
73

BK5A - Ch01 Basic Properties of Circles

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BK5A - Ch01 Basic Properties of Circles

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1 Basic Properties of Circles

1 Basic Properties of Circles ∵ BCD  BDC  65

10. (a) In △ABE,

3. (int. ∠s, AB // CD)

(alt. ∠s, AB // CD)

(ext. ∠ of △) 12. Consider △ACE and △DCB.

8. ∵ DB = AB (b) Consider △BDC and △BCA.

∴ (corr. sides, ~△s) (b) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)

4. The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

Activity 1.3 (p. 1.52)

(b) (i) Yes

Activity 1.2 (p. 1.33)

2. (a) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ce)

Activity 1.4 (p. 1.61) ⊙ )

(b) Element Term

Classwork (p. 1.11)

Classwork (p. 1.28)

(a) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )

(b) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )

(c) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at ⊙ )

(d) (∠ at centre twice ∠ at

Classwork (p. 1.30)

2. ∵ (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)

∴ QS is a diameter. (converse of ∠ in semi-circle)

Classwork (p. 1.42)

Classwork (p. 1.45)

(a) (arcs prop. to ∠s at centre)

(d) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ ) line)

(ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

(c) (opp. ∠s,

Classwork (p. 1.64)

(f) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ⊙ )

Classwork (p. 1.54)

(a) (opp. ∠s, cyclic

(opp. ∠s, cyclic

(b) (ext. ∠, cyclic quad.)

(b) (adj. s on st. line)

∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (opp. s supp.)

∴ A, B, C and D are concyclic. (converse of s in the

Quick Practice 1.2 (p. 1.15)

(b) ∵ ∠OQP =∠QPS = 30°

Quick Practice 1.3 (p. 1.16)

∴ The radius of the circle is 13 cm.

Quick Practice 1.4 (p. 1.19)

∴ (line from centre  chord bisects chord)

∴ The radius of the circle is 5 cm.

Quick Practice 1.5 (p. 1.20)

Quick Practice 1.6 (p. 1.29)

Reflex ∠AOC = 360° − 118° (∠s at a pt.)

Quick Practice 1.7 (p. 1.31)

(int. ∠s, CB // DO) Join OB and OD.

Quick Practice 1.9 (p. 1.32)

∴ CD is a diameter of the circle. converse of ∠ in

(∠s in the same segment) Quick Practice 1.14 (p. 1.46)

(∠s (b) In △BAD,

Quick Practice 1.15 (p. 1.47)

Quick Practice 1.16 (p. 1.48)

(a) (arcs prop. to ∠s at ☉ )

∴ (equal chords, equal arcs)

Quick Practice 1.17 (p. 1.54)

∠s, cyclic quad.)

(opp. s, cyclic quad.)