MATHEMATICS Part - II STANDARD X

S.S.C.
UNIT : 1
Similarity Chapter with solutions
EDITED BY

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 1

 It is expected that students will develop the
following competencies (ऺमता) after studying
this chapter...
● Solve examples using properties of similar
triangles , properties of congruent triagles.
● To able to use properties of chords & tangents.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 2

 Let’s study...
 Ratio of areas of two triangles.
 Basic proportionality theorem.
 Converse of basic proportionality theorem.
 Tests of similarity of triangles.
 Property of an angle bisector of a triangle.
 Property of areas of similar triangles.
 The ratio of the intercepts made on the transversals
by three parallel lines.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 3

 Mobile Data चाऱू असल्यास video linkचे video निळ्या
रं गातीऱ link click केल्यास संबंधित play होतात.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 4

 Video link : Concept of similarity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=romFB19EPDs
https://youtu.be/uSC5Yy_VmuE

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 5

 Let’s recall

● We have studied Ratio and Proportion.

● The statement,
m
‘

. a and b are in the ratio

the numbers
n
is also written as ‘ the numbers a and b are in proportion m : n
● For this concept we consider positive real numbers.
● We know that the lengths of line segments and area of any figure are
positive real numbers.
● We know the formula of area of a triangle.
1
Area of a triangle = x base x height
2

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 6

 Video link : Ratio of areas of two triangles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_b_tZttMTo

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 7

 Let’s learn : Ratio of areas of two triangles

Let’s find the ratio of areas of any two triangles.

Ex. In ∆ABC, AD is the height

and BC is the base.
In ∆PQR, PS is the height .
and QR is the base
1 If base of a triangle is b1 and height is h1.
x BC x AD
2 Base of another triangle is b2 & height is h2.
A(∆ABC)
= Property : The ratio of the areas of
A(∆PQR) 1
x QR x PS
2 two triangles is equal to the ratio of

A((∆ABC) BC x AD the products of their bases &

 A(∆PQR) = corrosponding heights.
QR x PS

b 1 x h1
Then the ratio of their areas =
b 2 x h2

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 8

Suppose some conditions are imposed on these two triangles,

Condition 1 : If the heights of both triangles are equal then

A((∆ABC) BC x h BC
 = =
A(∆PQR) QR x h QR

A((∆ABC) b1
 =
A(∆PQR) b2

Property : The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal

heights is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 9

Condition 2 : If the bases of both triangles are equal then

A((∆ABC) AB x h1
 =
A(∆APB) AB x h2

A((∆ABC) h1
 =
A(∆APB) h2

Property : The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal

bases is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 10

Activity : Fill in the blanks properly.

A((∆ABC) BC x AR BC A((∆LMN) MN x LP LP
 = =  = =
A(∆APQ) PQ x AR PQ A(∆DMN) MN x DQ DQ

(iii) M is the midpoint of seg AB and

seg CM is a median of ∆ABC

A((∆AMC) AM
 =
A(∆BMC) BM

AM
= = 1 --- reason is triangles with equal height.
AM

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 11

 ---Solved Examples---

Ex. (1) : In adjoining figure,

AE ┴ seg BC, seg DF ┴ line BC,
AE = 4, DF = 6 , then find,
A( ∆ABC)
A( ∆DBC)
Solution :

A((∆ABC) AE
= --- Triangles having same base (i.e. BC)
A(∆DBC) DF

4
=
6

2
=
3

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 12

Ex. (2) : In adjoining figure,
In ∆ABC point D on side BC is
such that DC = 6, BC = 15.
Find A(∆ABD) : A(∆ABC) and
A(∆ ABD) : A(∆ADC) .

Solution : DC = 6, BC = 15 --- given

 BD = BC - DC = 15 – 6 = 9

A((∆ABD) BD
= --- Triangles having equal height (i.e. AP)
A(∆ABC) BC


A((∆ABD) 9 3
= =
A(∆ABC) 15 5
A((∆ABD) BD
= --- Triangles having equal height (i.e. AP)
A(∆ADC) DC


A((∆ABD) 9 3
= =
A(∆ADC) 6 2

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 13

Ex. (3) : ABCD is a parallelogram.
P is any point on side BC. Find
two pairs of triangles with equal
areas.
Solution :  ABCD is a parallelogram.
 AD || BC and AB || DC
Consider ∆ ABC and ∆ BDC.
Both the triangles are drawn in two parallel lines. Hence the
distance between the two parallel lines is the height of both
triangles.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ BDC, common base is BC and heights are equal.
 A(∆ ABC) = A(∆ BDC)
In ∆ ABC and ∆ ABD, common base is AB and heights are equal.
 A(∆ ABC) = A(∆ ABD)

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 14

Ex. (4) : In adjoining figure in ∆ ABC, point D is
on side AC. If AC = 16, DC = 9 and BP ┴ AC,
then find the following ratios.
A(∆ABD) A(∆BDC) A(∆ABD)
(i) (ii) (iii)
A(∆ABC) A(∆ABC) A(∆BDC)
Solution : In ∆ABC, B is common vertex of ∆ABD, ∆BDC, ∆ABC and ∆APB
and their sides AD, DC, AC and AP are collinear. Heights of all the
triangles are equal. AC = 16, DC = 9
AD = 16 - 9 = 7
A((∆ABD) AD 7
 = = --- Triangles having equal height (i.e. BP)
A(∆ABC) AC 16

A((∆BDC) DC 9
 = = --- Triangles having equal height (i.e. BP)
A(∆ABC) AC 16

A((∆ABD) AD 7
 = = --- Triangles having equal height (i.e. BP)
A(∆BDC) DC 9

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 15

 Remember this !

● Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

the products of their bases and corresponding heights.
● Areas of triangles with equal heights are proportional to
their corresponding bases.
● Areas of triangles with equal bases are proportional to
their corresponding heights.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 16

 Video link : Practice set 1.1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkyPot5u2Uk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NilL28sk3EU

https://youtu.be/zmKdZnnTvvo

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 17

 Solutions of Practice set 1.1
1. Base of a triangle is 9 and height is 5. Base of another triangle is 10
and height is 6. Find the ratio of areas of these triangles.
Solution : b1 = 9, h1 = 5, b2 = 10, h2 = 6 --- given.
A(∆1) b1 x h 1
 = --- different base & height
A(∆2) b2 x h 2

A(∆1) 9 x 5
 =
A(∆2) 10 x 6

A(∆1) 45
 =
A(∆2) 60

A(∆1) 3
 =
A(∆2) 4

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 18

2. In figure, BC ┴ AB, AD ┴ AB, BC = 4,
AD = 8, then find
A((∆ABC)
A(∆ADB)

Solution : h1 = 4, h2 = 8 --- given.

A(∆ABC) BC
 = --- same base
A(∆ADB) AD

A(ABC) 4
 =
A(ADB) 8

A(ABC) 1
 =
A(ADB) 2

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 19

3. In adjoining figure, seg PS ┴ seg RQ
seg QT ┴ seg PR. If RQ = 6, PS = 6 and
PR = 12, then find QT
Solution : RQ = 6, PS = 6, PR = 12, --- given.
A(∆PRQ) RQ x PS
 = --- different base & height
A(∆PQR) PR x QT

A(PRQ) 6 x 6
 =
A(PQR) 12 x QT

1 36
 =
1 12 x QT
 12 x QT = 36
 QT = 36  12
 QT = 3 units.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 20

4. In adjoining figure, AP ┴ BC,
AD || BC, then find
A(∆ ABC) : A(∆ BCD).

Solution : AP ┴ BC, AD || BC --- given.

A(∆ABC) BC x AP
 = --- equal base & height
A(∆BCD) BC x AP

A(∆ABC) 1
 =
A(∆BCD) 1

 A(∆ ABC) : A(∆ BCD) = 1 : 1

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 21

5. In adjoining figure PQ ┴ BC,
AD ┴ BC then find following ratios.
A((∆PQB) A((∆PBC) A((∆ABC) A((∆ADC)
A(∆PBC) , A(∆ABC) , A(∆ADC) , A(∆PQC)
Solution : PQ ┴ BC, AD ┴ BC --- given.
A(∆PQB) b1 QB
 = = --- equal height
A(∆PBC) b2 BC

A(∆PBC) h1 PQ
 = = --- equal base
A(∆ABC) h2 AD

A(∆ABC) h1 BC
 = = --- equal height
A(∆ADC) h2 DC

A(∆ADC) b1 X h1 DC x AD
 = = --- different base & height
A(∆PQC) B2 X h2 QC x PQ

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 22

 Video link of B.P.T and related theorems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o94ff49NV9g

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 23

 Let’s learn : Basic proportionality theorem

Theorem : If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the remaining sides in two
distinct points, then the line divides the sides in the same proportion.
Figure :

.
Given : In ∆ABC line l || line BC & line l intersects AB& AC in point P and Q respectively.
AP AQ
To prove : =
PB QC

Proof : A((∆APQ) AP
= --- (I) Triangles having equal height
A(∆PQB) PB

A((∆APQ) AQ
= --- (II) Triangles having equal height
A(∆PQC) QC

A(∆PQB) = A(∆PQC) --- (III) Triangles having equal height & equal base

A((∆APQ) A((∆APQ)
 = --- from (I), (II), (III)
A(∆PQB) A(∆PQC)

AP AQ
 = --- from (I), (II) and is proved.
PB QC

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 24

Converse of basic proportionality theorem
Theorem : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,
then the line is parallel to the third side.
Figure :

In figure, line l interesects the side AB and side AC of D ABC in the points
P and Q respectively and hence line l || seg BC.
(This theorem can be proved by indirect method.)

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 25

 Video link : Application of B.P.T.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ04V-CYDs8

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 26

Activity :

● Draw a ∆ABC.
● Bisect B and name the point of intersection of AC & the angle bisector as D.
● Measure the sides AB = ....... cm, BC = ....... cm, AD = ....... cm, DC = ....... cm
AB AD
● Find ratios and
BC DC
● You will find that both the ratios are almost equal.
● Bisect remaining angles of the triangle and find the ratios as above.
● You can verify that the ratios are equal.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 27

 Let’s learn : Property of an angle bisector of a triangle

Theorem : The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the side opposite to the angle in the ratio of
the remaining sides.
Figure :

.
Given : In ∆ACB, bisector of C intersects seg AB in the point E.
AE AC
To prove : EB =
CB
Construction : Draw a line BD ॥ ray CE, Extend AC so as to intersect it at point D.
Proof : ACE = CDB --- (corresponding angles if AD is transversal) ---(I)
ECB = CBD --- (alternate angle if BC is transversal) ---(II)
But ACE  ECB --- (given) ---(III)
 CBD  CDB --- [from (I), (II) and (III)]
In ∆CBD, side CB  side CD ---(sides opposite to congruent angles)
 CB = CD --- (IV)
Now in ∆ABD, seg EC || seg BD --- (construction)
AE AC
 --- Basic proportionality theorem --- (v)
EB = CD
AE AC
 --- from (iv) and (v) and is proved.
EB = CB

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 28

 For more information

Write another proof of the theorem yourself.

Draw DM ┴ AB and DN ┴ AC.
Use the following properties and write the proof.

(1) The areas of two triangles of equal

heights are proportional to their bases.

(2) Every point on the bisector of an angle

is equidistant from the sides of the
angle.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 29

Converse of angle bisector theorem

A C

If in ∆ABC, point D on side BC such that,

AB BD
=
AC DC
then ray AD bisects  BAC.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 30

Property of three parallel lines and their transversals
Activity:

 Draw three parallel lines.

 Label them as l, m, n.
 Draw transversals t1 and t2.
 AB and BC are intercepts on transversal t1.
 PQ and QR are intercepts on transversal t2.

AB PQ
find ratio and
BC QR
You will find that they are almost equal..

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 31

Theorem : The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is equal to the ratio of
the corrosponding intercepts made on any other transversal by the same parallel lines.
Figure :

Given : line l || line m || line n, t1 & t2 are transversals. Transversal t1 intersects the lines in points A, B, C
and t2 intersects the lines in points P, Q, R.
AB PQ
To prove : =
BC QR
Proof : Draw seg PC , which intersects line m at point D.
AB PD
= ---- Basic proportionality theorem (In ∆ACP, BD || AP)
BC DC

PD PQ
= ---- Basic proportionality theorem (In ∆CPR, DQ || CR)
DC QR

AB PD PQ
 = = ---- from (I) and (II)
BC DC QR

AB PQ
 = --- is proved.
BC QR

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 32

Remember this
(1) Basic proportionality theorem.
In∆ABC, if seg PQ || seg AC then
AP CQ
 =
BP BQ
(2) Converse of basic proportionality theorem.
In ∆ PQR, if
PS PT
 =
SQ TR
then seg ST || seg QR.
(3) Theorem of bisector of an angle of a triangle.
If in ∆ ABC, BD is bisector of ABC, then
AB AD
 =
BC DC
(4) Property of three parallel lines and their transversals.
If line AX || line BY || line CZ and line l and line m
are their transversals then
AB XY
 =
BC YZ

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 33

---Solved Examples---

Ex. (1) In ∆ABC, DE || BC If DB = 5.4 cm,

AD = 1.8 cm EC = 7.2 cm
then find AE.

Solution : In ∆ ABC, DE || BC

AD AE
= ---- Basic proportionality theorem
DB EC

1.8 AE
 =
5.4 7.2

 AE X 5.4 = 1.8 X 7.2

1.8 X 7.2
 AE =
5.4
 AE = 2.4 cm
NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 34
Ex. (2) In ∆ PQR, seg RS bisects  R.
If PR = 15, RQ = 20 PS = 12
then find SQ.

Solution : In ∆ PRQ, seg RS bisects R.

PR PS
= ---- angle bisector property
RQ SQ

15 12
 =
20 SQ

12 X 20
 SQ =
15

 SQ = 16

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 35

Activity :

In the figure, AB || CD || EF If AC = 5.4,

CE = 9, BD = 7.5 then find DF.

Solution : AB || CD || EF
BD
AC
= ---- ( Property of three parallel lines & transversals )
CE DF
7.5
5.4
 =
9 DF

 DF = 12.5 units

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 36

Activity :
In ∆ABC, ray BD bisects ABC. A-D-
C, side DE || side BC, A-E-B then
prove that,
AB AE
 =
BC EB
Proof : In ∆ABC, ray BD bisects B.
AB AD
 = ----(I) angle bisector property
BC DC
In ∆ABC, DE || BC
AE AD
 = ----(II) ( basic proportiionality theorem. )
EB DC
AE
AB
 = ---- from (I) and (II)
BC EB

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 37

 Video link : Practice set 1.2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wYJIPOWaiY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIyBCaUvoYE
https://youtu.be/WTGiyjU1biQ
https://youtu.be/5wYJIPOWaiY
https://youtu.be/-BNbqGKzgDQ

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 38

 Solutions of Practice set 1.2
1. Given below are some triangles and lengths of line segments. Identify in which figures, ray
PM is the bisector of QPR.

PQ 7 MQ 3.5 3.5 x 2 7 PQ MQ
For fig 1 : = and = = = ∴ =
PR 3 MR 1.5 1.5 x 2 3 PR MR
∴ Ray PM is the bisector of ∠QPR --- By convers of angle bisector theorem.

PR 7 MR 6 6 x 2 12 PQ MQ
For fig 2 : = and = = = ∴ ≠
PQ 10 MQ 8 8 x 2 16 PR MR
∴ Ray PM is not the bisector of ∠QPR

PQ 9 MQ 3.6 3.6 x 2.5 9 PQ MQ

For fig 3 : = and = = = ∴ =
PR 10 MR 4 4 x 2.5 10 PR MR
∴ Ray PM is the bisector of ∠QPR --- By convers of angle bisector theorem.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 39

2. In ∆ PQR, PM = 15, PQ = 25, PR =
20, NR = 8.
State whether line NM is parallel to side
RQ.
Give reason.
Solution : PM = 15, PQ = 25, PR = 20, NR = 8 --- given
∴ MQ = 25 – 15 = 10, PN = PR – NR = 20 – 8 = 12 --- betweeness property

PN 12 3
 = = --- by value substitution
NR 8 2
PM 15 3
 = = --- by value substitution
MQ 10 2
PN PM
 = --- from above statements
NR MQ
 line NM is parallel to side RQ --- reason : convers of angle bisector property

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 40

3. In ∆ MNP, NQ is a bisector of  N If
MN = 5, PN = 7 MQ = 2.5
Then find QP.
Solution : NQ is a bisector of  N, MN = 5, PN = 7, MQ = 2.5 --- given
NM QM
 = --- angle bisector property
NP QP
5 2.5
 = --- by value substitution
7 QP
 QP x 5 = 2.5 x 7 --- by cross multiplication

2.5 x 7
 QP = --- by term transfer
5
 QP = 3.5 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 41

4. Measures of some angles in the figure
are given. Prove that
AP AQ
 =
PB QC
Solution : ∠ P = 600 , ∠ B = 600 --- given
 ∠ P = ∠ B --- from above info.

 PQ || BC --- corresponding angle test

AP AQ
 = --- angle bisector property
PB QC

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 42

5. In trapezium ABCD, side AB || side PQ
|| side DC, AP = 15, PD = 12, QC = 14,
find BQ.

Solution : side AB || side PQ || side DC, AP = 15, PD = 12, QC = 14 --- given

AP BQ
 = --- parallel lines and transversals property
PD QC
15 BQ
 = --- by value substitution
12 14
 BQ x 12 = 15 x 14 --- by cross multiplication
15 x 14
 BQ = --- by term transfer
12

 BQ = 17.5 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 43

6. Find QP using given information
in the figure.

Solution : NQ is a bisector of  N, MN = 25, NP = 40, MQ = 14 --- given

NM QM
 = --- angle bisector property
NP QP
25 14
 = --- by value substitution
40 QP
 QP x 25 = 40 x 14 --- by cross multiplication

40 x 14
 QP = --- by term transfer
25
560
 QP = --- by simplify
25
 QP = 22.4 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 44

7. In figure, if AB || CD || FE then find x and
AE.

Solution : AB || CD || FE, AC = 12, BD = 8, DF = 4 --- given

BD AC
 = --- parallel lines and transversals property
DF CE
8 12
 = --- by value substitution
4 x
 x x 8 = 12 x 4 --- by cross multiplication

 x = 48 8 --- main answer

 x = 6 --- main answer

 AE = AC+CE = 12+6 = 18 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 45

8. In ∆ LMN, ray MT bisects  LMN If
LM = 6, MN = 10, TN = 8,
then find LT.
Solution : MT is a bisector of  M, LM = 6, MN = 10, TN = 8 --- given
LM LT
 = --- angle bisector property
MN TN
6 LT
 = --- by value substitution
10 8
 LT x 10 = 6 x 8 --- by cross multiplication

48
 LT = --- by term transfer
10
 LT = 4.8 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 46

9. In ∆ ABC, seg BD bisects ∆ ABC. If AB = x, BC
= x + 5, AD = x – 2,
DC = x + 2, then findthe value of x.

Solution : BD is a bisector of  B, AB = x, BC = x + 5, AD = x – 2, DC = x + 2 --- given

AB AD
 = --- angle bisector property
BC DC
x x – 2
 = --- by value substitution
x + 5 x + 2
 x x (x + 2) = (x – 2) (x + 5) --- by cross multiplication

 x2 + 2x = x2 + 5x - 2x – 10 --- by bracket multiplication

 2x = 3x - 10 --- by simplify

 2x - 3x = - 10 --- by term transfer

 - x = - 10 --- by subtraction

 x = 10 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 47

10. In the figure, X is any point in the interior of
triangle. Point X is joined to vertices of triangle.
Seg PQ || seg DE, seg QR || seg EF.
Fill in the blanks to prove that, seg PR || seg DF.
Proof : In ∆ XDE, PQ || DE --- given

XP XQ
= --- (I) (basic proportionality theorem)
PD QE
In ∆ XEF, QR || EF --- given

.......
XQ XR

= --- (II) ( basic proportionality theorem )

QE RF

XP XR
= --- from (I) and (II)
PD RF

 seg PR || seg DE --- (converse of basic proportionality theorem)

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 48

11* In ∆ ABC, ray BD bisects  ABC and ray CE bisects  ACB. If seg AB  seg AC then
prove that ED || BC.
Solution :  EBD= DBC & DCE= ECB, AB  AC --- given

AB AD
 = --- (l) --- by angle bisector property
BC DC
AC AE
 = --- (ll) --- by angle bisector property
BC EB
But seg AB  seg AC --- (lll) --- given

AB AC
 = --- (lV) --- from (l), (ll), (lll)
BC BC
AD AE
 = --- (V) --- from (l), (ll), (lV)
DC EB
 ED || BC --- by converse of B.P.T.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 49

 Let’s recall

Similar triangles

In ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF, if

 A   D,
 B   E,
 C   F and
AB BC AC
= =
DE EF DF
then ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF are similar triangles.
∆ ABC and ∆ DEF are similar is expressed as ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ DEF
NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 50
 Let’s learn : Tests of similarity of triangles

For similarity of two triangles, the necessary conditions are that...

i) Their corresponding sides are in same proportion and
ii) Their corresponding angles are congruent.
Out of these conditions; when three specifc conditions are fulfilled, the
.
remaining conditions are automatically fulfilled.
This means for similarity of two triangles, only three specific conditions are
sufficient.
Similarity of two triangles can be confirmed by testing these three
conditions.
The groups of such sufficient conditions are called tests of similarity, which
we shall use.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 51

AAA test for similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices, when corresponding angles of two
triangles are congruent, then the two triangles are similar.

In ∆ ABC and ∆ PQR,

In the correspondence ABC ↔ PQR,
if  A   P,
 B   Q
 C   R
then ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 52

AA test for similarity of triangles
We know that for a given correspondence of vertices, when two angles of a
triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another triangle, then
remaining angle of first triangle is congruent to the remaining angle of the
second triangle.
This means, when two angles of one triangle are congruent to two
corresponding angles of another triangle then this condition is sufficient for
similarity of two triangles.
This condition is called AA test of similarity.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 53

SAS test of similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two triangles, if two pairs of
corresponding sides are in the same proportion and the angles between
them are congruent, then the two triangles are similar.

For example, if in ∆ KLM and ∆ RST,

 KLM   RST

KL LM 2
= =
RS ST 3
Therefore, ∆ KLM ⁓ ∆ RST

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 54

SSS test for similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two triangles, when three sides of
a triangle are in proportion to corresponding three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are similar.

For example, if in ∆ PQR and ∆ XYZ,

PQ QR PR
= =
YZ XY XZ
then ∆ PQR ⁓ ∆ ZYX

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 55

Properties of similar triangles :
(1) ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ ABC --- Reflexivity
(2) ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆DEF then ∆ DEF ⁓ ∆ ABC --- Symmetry
(3) ∆ABC ⁓ ∆DEF & ∆DEF ⁓ ∆GHI, then ∆ABC ⁓ ∆GHI –-- Transitivity

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 56

---Solved Examples---

Ex. (1) In ∆ XYZ,

 Y = 100°,  Z = 30°,
In ∆ LMN,
 M = 100°,  N = 30°,
Are ∆ XYZ and ∆ LMN
similar? If yes, by which test?

Solution : In ∆ XYZ and ∆ LMN,

 Y = 100°,  M = 100°,
  Y   M
 Z = 30°,  N = 30°,
  Z   N
 ∆ XYZ ⁓ ∆ LMN --- by AA test.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 57

Ex. (2) Are two triangles in figure
similar, according to the information
given?
If yes, bywhich test?

Solution : In ∆ PMN and ∆ UVW

PM 6 2
= =
UV 3 1

MN 10 2
= =
VW 5 1


PM MN
=
UV VW
and  M   V --- Given
 PMN ⁓ ∆ UVW --- SAS test of similarity

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 58

Ex. (3) Can we say that the two
triangles in figure similar,
according to information given?
If yes, by which test

Solution : ∆ XYZ and ∆ MNP,

XY 14 2
= =
MN 21 3

YZ 20 2
= =
NP 30 3

It is given that  Z   P.
But  Z and  P are not included angles by sides which are in
proportion.
 ∆ XYZ and ∆ MNP can not be said to be similar.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 59

Ex. (4) In the adjoining figure BP ┴
AC, CQ ┴ AB,
A–P-C, A-Q-B , then prove that
∆ APB and ∆ AQC are similar.

Solution : In ∆ APB and ∆ AQC

°
 APB = 90 (I)

°
 AQC = 90 (II)

  APB   AQC --- from(I) and (II)

  PAB   QAC --- ( Common angle )

 ∆ APB ⁓ ∆ AQC --- AA test

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 60

Ex. (5) Diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect in point
Q. If 2QA = QC , 2QB = QD,
then prove that DC = 2AB.

Given : 2QA = QC, 2QB = QD

To prove : CD = 2AB
Proof : 2QA = QC --- given
In ∆ AQB and ∆ CQD,
QA 1  AQB   DQC --- opposite angles
 = --- (I)
QC 2  ∆ AQB ⁓∆ CQD --- (SAS test of similarity)
2QB = QD --- given  AQ QB AB
= = --- correponding sides
QB 1 CQ QD CD
 = --- (II) are proportional
QD 2
QA QB AQ 1 AB 1
 = --- from (I) and (II) but = ,  =
QC QD CQ 2 CD 2
 2AB = CD

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 61

 Video link : Practice set 1.3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uytDGPONR-o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z81LiMFvfQs
https://youtu.be/4hktTLgtoUg
https://youtu.be/2cPwxwE3o78

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 62

 Solutions of Practice set 1.3
1. In figure,  ABC = 75°,  EDC=75° state which two
triangles are similar and by which test? Also write the
similarity of these two triangles by a proper one to one
correspondence.
Solution :  ABC = 75°,  EDC=75°--- given.
 In ∆ DCE and ∆ BCA
(i)  CDE   CBA --- equal measures.
(ii)  DCE   BCA --- common angle.
 ∆ DCE ~ ∆ BCA --- AA test of similarity.
 DCE ↔ BCA --- one to one correspondence.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 63

2. Are the triangles in figure, similar?
If yes, by which test ?

Solution : In ∆ PQR and ∆ LMN

PQ 6 2
(i) = = --- by value substitute & simplify.
LM 3 1
QR 8 2
(ii) = = --- by value substitute & simplify.
MN 4 1
PR 10 2
(iii) = = --- by value substitute & simplify.
LN 5 1
PQ QR PR
--- from (i), (ii), (iii)
 LM = MN = LN
 In ∆ PQR ~ ∆ LMN --- AA test of similarity.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 64

3. As shown in figure, two poles of
height 8m and 4m are perpendicular to
the ground. If length of shadow of
smaller pole due to sunlight is 6m
then how long will be the shadow of
the bigger pole at the same time ?
Solution : Two poles are perpendicular to the ground.
 ∆ PRQ & ∆ ACB are right angled triangle and similar.
PR QR
∴ = --- corresponding sides.
AC BC
4 6
∴ = --- by value substitute.
8 x
 x x 4 = 6 x 8 --- by cross multiplication
48
 x = --- by term transfer
4
 x = 12 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 65

4. In ∆ ABC, AP ┴ BC, BQ ┴ AC, B-P-
C, A-Q-C then prove that, ∆ CPA ⁓ ∆
CQB. If AP = 7, BQ = 8, BC = 12 then
find AC.
Solution : AP ┴ BC, BQ ┴ AC, B-P-C, A-Q-C, AP = 7, BQ = 8, BC = 12 --- given
 In ∆ CPA and ∆ CQB
(i)  CPA   CQB --- each of 900.
(ii)  C   C --- common angle.
 ∆ CPA ~ ∆ CQB --- AA test of similarity.
AP AC
∴ = --- corresponding sides.
BQ BC
7 AC
∴ = --- by value substitute.
8 12
 AC x 8 = 7 x 12 --- by cross multiplication
84
 AC = --- by term transfer
8
 AC = 10.5 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 66

5. Given : In trapezium PQRS, side PQ ||
side SR, AR = 5AP, AS = 5AQ
then prove that, SR = 5PQ

Solution : In trapezium PQRS, side PQ || side SR and QS transversal --- given.

  PQS   QSR --- alternate angles theorem.
  PQA   RSA --- same angle but different name.
AR = 5AP, AS = 5AQ --- given.
AP AQ 1
∴ = = --- by term transferring.
AR AS 5
 In ∆ AQP and ∆ ARS
(i)  PQA   RSA --- above statement.
(ii)  QAP   SAR --- common angle.
 ∆ AQP ~ ∆ ARS --- AA test of similarity.
PQ AQ AP
∴ = = --- corresponding sides.
SR AS AR
PQ 1
∴ = --- by value substitute.
SR 5
∴ SR = 5PQ --- by cross multiply and is proved.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 67

6. In trapezium ABCD, side AB || side DC,
diagonals AC and BD
intersect in point O. If AB = 20, DC = 6,
OB = 15 then find OD.
Solution : In trapezium ABCD, AB || DC, AC & BD intersect in point O.
AB = 20, DC = 6, OB = 15 --- given
  CDB   ABD --- alternate angles theorem.
  CDO   ABO --- same angle but different name.
 In ∆ COD and ∆ AOB
(i)  CDO   ABO --- above statement.
(ii)  COD   AOB --- opposite angles.
 ∆ COD ~ ∆ AOB --- AA test of similarity.
DC OD
∴ = --- corresponding sides.
AB OB
6 OD
∴ = --- by value substitute.
20 15
∴ OD x 20 = 6 x 15 --- by cross multiply.
∴ OD = 90 ÷ 20 --- by term transfer
∴ OD = 4.5 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 68

7. ABCD is a parallelogram point E is on side
BC. Line DE intersects ray AB in point T.
Prove that DE x BE = CE x TE.

Solution : ABCD is a parallelogram --- given

∴ AB || CD, ∴ AT || CD and BC is transversal.
  TBE   DCE --- alternate angles theorem.
 In ∆ TBE and ∆ DCE
(i)  TBE   DCE --- above statement.
(ii)  BET   CED --- opposite angles.
 ∆ TBE ~ ∆ DCE --- AA test of similarity.
BE TE
∴ = --- corresponding sides.
CE DE
 DE x BE = CE x TE --- by cross multiply and is proved.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 69

8. In the figure, seg AC and seg BD
intersect each other in point P and
AP BP
=
CP DP
Prove that, ∆ ABP ⁓ ∆ CDP
Solution : In ∆ ABP and ∆ CDP
AP BP
(i) = --- given
CP DP
(ii) ∠ ABP  ∠ CDP --- opposite angles
∴ ∆ ABP ⁓ ∆ CDP --- SAS test

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 70

 9. In the figure, in ∆ ABC, point D
on side BC is such that,
 BAC =  ADC.
Prove that, CA2 = CB x CD
Solution :  BAC =  ADC --- given
∴ In ∆ BAC and ∆ ADC
(i)  BAC   ADC --- above statement.
) (ii) ACB   ACD --- common angle.
∴ ∆ BAC ⁓ ∆ ADC --- AA test.
CA CB
∴ = --- corresponding sides.
CD CA
∴ CA2 = CB x CD --- by cross multiply and is proved.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 71

 Let’s learn : Theorem of areas of similar triangles
Theorem : When two triangles are similar, the ratio of areas of those triangles is
equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.

Figure :
.

Given : ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR, AD ┴ BC, PS ┴ QR

A(∆ABC) AB2 BC2 AC2

To prove : = = =
A(PQR) PQ2 QR2 PR2

A(∆ABC) BC x AD BC AD
Proof : = = x --- (I)
A(∆PQR) QR x PS QR PS
In ∆ ABD and ∆ PQS, AD AB
--- (II)
 =
PS PQ
 B =  Q --- given
But ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR
 ADB =  PSQ = 90°
AB BC
 According to AA test ∆ ABD ⁓ ∆ PQS  = --- (III)
PQ QR

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 72

 From (I), (II) and (III)

A(∆ABC) BC x AD BC BC BC2 AB2 AC2

 = = x = = =
A(PQR) QR x PS QR QR QR2 PQ2 PR2


Solved Examples 

Ex. (1) : ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR , A (DABC) = 16 , A (∆ PQP) = 25, then find the value

AB
of ratio
PQ

. Solution : ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR --- given

A(∆ABC) AB2
= --- theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(PQR) PQ2

16 AB2
 = 2
--- value substitution
25 PQ

AB 4
 = --- by square root
PQ 5

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 73

Ex. (2) Ratio of corresponging sides of two similar triangles is 2:5, If the area of the small
triangle is 64 sq.cm. then what is the area of the bigger triangle ?

Solution : Assume that ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR., ∆ ABC is smaller and ∆ PQR is bigger triangle.
A(∆ABC) 22
 = 2
--- ratio of areas of similar triangles
A(PQR) 5

A(∆ABC) 4
 = --- by square
A(PQR) 25

64 4
 = --- by substitute value of A(∆ABC)
A(PQR) 25
 4 x A(∆ PQR) = 64 x 25

64 x 25
 A(∆PQR) =
4
 A(∆PQR) = 400

 Area of bigger triangle = 400 sq.cm.

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 74

Ex. (3) In trapezium ABCD, side AB || side CD,
diagonal AC and BD intersect each other at point P.

A(∆ABP) AB2
prove that: =
A(∆CPD) CD2

Solution : In trapezium ABCD side AB || side CD

In ∆ APB and ∆CPD,
 PAB   PCD --- alternate angles
 APB   CPD --- opposite angles
 ∆APB ⁓ ∆CPD --- AA test of similarity

A(∆APB) AB2
 = --- theorem of areas of similar triangles
2
A(∆CPD) CD

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 75

 Video link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXnb6_f53uE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5av-XVqNNO4

https://youtu.be/SohwZPQ93tc

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 76

 Solutions of Practice set 1.4
1. Ratio of corresponding sides of similar triangles is 3 : 5; then find the ratio of their areas.
Solution : triagles are similar &s1 = 3, s2 = 5 --- given
A(∆1) s12
 = --- theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(∆2) s22
A(∆1) 32
 = --- by substitute value
A(∆2) 52
A(∆1) 9
 = --- by squaring
A(∆2) 25
 Ratio is 9 : 25 --- main answer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. If ∆ABC ⁓ ∆PQR and AB: PQ = 2:3, then fill in the blanks.

A(∆ABC) AB2 22 4
= = =
A(PQR) PQ2 32
9

3. If ∆ ABC ⁓ ∆ PQR, A (∆ ABC) = 80, A (∆ PQR) = 125, then fill in the blanks.

A(∆ABC) 80 AB 4
= , =
A(
∆PQR 125 PQ
 5

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 77

4. ∆ LMN ⁓ ∆ PQR, 9 x A (∆PQR ) = 16 x A (∆LMN). If QR = 20 then find MN.
Solution : ∆ LMN ⁓ ∆ PQR, QR = 20 --- given
9 x A (∆PQR ) = 16 x A (∆LMN) --- given
A(∆PQR) 16
 = --- by term transfer
A(∆LMN) 9
A(∆PQR) QR2
 = --- by areas of similar triangle theorem
A(∆LMN) MN2
16 202
 = 2
--- by value substitute
9 MN
 MN2 x 16 = 400 x 9 --- by cross multiplication
 MN2 = 3600 16 --- by term transfer
 MN2 = 225 --- by simplify
 MN = 15 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 78

5. Areas of two similar triangles are 225 sq.cm, 81 sq.cm. If a side of the smallest triangle is
12 cm, then find corresponding side of the bigger triangle .
Solution : A(∆1) = 225 sq.cm, A(∆1) = 81 sq.cm, s2 = 12 cm. --- given
A(∆1) s12
 = 2
--- theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(∆2) s2
225 s12
 = --- by value substitute
81 122
152 s12

2
= 2
--- in square format
9 12
15 s1
 = --- by taking square root
9 12
 s1 x 9 = 15 x 12 --- by cross multiplication
 s1 = 180 ÷ 9 --- by term transfer
 s1 = 20 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 79

6. ∆ABC and ∆ DEF are equilateral triangles. If A(∆ABC) : A (∆ DEF) = 1 : 2 and AB = 4,
find DE.
Solution : ∆ABC & ∆ DEF are equilateral and AB = 4 --- given
A (∆ABC) : A (∆ DEF) = 1 : 2 --- given
A(∆ABC) 1
 = --- by term transfer
A(∆DEF) 2
∴ ∆ABC ⁓ ∆ DEF --- equilateral triangle property.
A(∆ABC) AB2
 = 2
--- theorem of areas of similar triangles
A(∆DEF) DE
1 42
 = --- by substitute value
2 DE2
 DE2 = 16 x 2 --- by cross multiplication
 DE2 = 32 --- by simplify
 DE = √32 --- by taking square root
 DE = √16 x 2 --- by taking factors
 DE = 4√2 --- main answer

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 80

7. In figure , seg PQ || seg DE, A(∆ PQF) = 20
units, PF = 2 DP,
Then find A( DPQE) by completing the following
activity.
A(∆ PQF) = 20 units, PF = 2 DP, Let us assume DP = x.  PF = 2x
DF = DP + PF = x + 2x = 3x
In ∆ FDE and ∆ FPQ,
 FDE   FPQ --- corresponding angles

 FED   FQP --- corresponding angles

 ∆ FDE ⁓ ∆ FPQ --- AA test

A(∆FDE) DF2 (3x)2 9

 = = =
A(∆FPQ) PF2 (2x)2 4

9 9
 A (∆FDE) = A(∆FPQ) = x 20 = 45 unit 2
4 4
 A( DPQE) = A(∆ FDE) - A(∆ FPQ)

= 45 - 20

= 25 unit 2

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 81

 Video link : problem set 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWVZMVc9l-A

NOTES BY AHER J.T. SIR Page 82

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