NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

CONCEPT HOW TO LEARN IT? RELEVANT FORMULAE AND

KEYWORDS
Reduction formula Master the properties of all 4 quadrants. First quadrant: 𝜃

PUSH – ONE INTERVENTION PROGRAM Second quadrant: 180° − 𝜃

Third quadrant: 180° + 𝜃

Fourth quadrant: 360° − 𝜃

MATHEMATICS

GRADE 12 Definition of the Trigonometry functions regarding the Simplify

4 quadrants.
Show that:
All angles must be expressed in the form of an acute
angle.
LAST PUSH 𝜃 is always regarded as an acute angle.

Reduction formula is applied when simplifying

trigonometry expressions that comprises of:

2022 180° ± 𝜃 or 360° − 𝜃

TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

THULANI MJIKWA mjikwat@mathsandscienceinfinity.org.za +2774 772 9926

 Classify angles according to quadrants they belong to. Practice exam type questions. Quotient identity sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Know the reduction formulae very well and know the Special angles Master the properties of equilateral triangles and 45° 30°; 45°; 60° and 90°
correct use. isosceles triangles.
Always relate to angles to 180° ± 𝜃 or 360° − 𝜃 Practice exam type questions. 0°; 180°; 270° and 360°

90° ± can be used but remember to change the name Angles that involve: Without the use of a calculator.
(co-functions).
30°; 45°; 60° and 90° Leave your answer in surd form.
sin(90° − 𝜃) = + cos 𝜃
0°; 180°; 270° and 360°
sin(90° + 𝜃) = + cos 𝜃
Use an equilateral triangle to construct and design Practice exam type questions.
cos(90° − 𝜃) = + sin 𝜃 special angles.

cos(90° + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃 Use an isosceles triangle of 45° to construct and

design special angles.
Note: use 90° ± only if you do not have a choice. Reduce any angle to be one of the following; Practice exam type questions.

DO NOT TOUCH 270° ± 30°; 45°; 60° and 90°

Negative angle (−𝜃) Solutions are always expressed as a common fraction

in surd form.
sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = + cos 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

Simplifying a trigonometry expression.

Identities Square identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

Trigonometric equations without Master the Pythagoras’ theorem Master the Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometric Practice exam type questions.
using a calculator ratios.
Trigonometric ratios.
Sketching a right-angled triangle in the appropriate
quadrant.
Compound – angle identities Express any angle in the form of: (𝜃 + 𝛽) or (𝜃 − 𝛽) sin(𝜃 + 𝛽) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛽 cos 𝜃

sin(𝜃 − 𝛽) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛽 cos 𝜃

cos(𝜃 + 𝛽) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽

(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒)2 = (𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒)2 + (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)2
cos(𝜃 − 𝛽) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 Sum and difference of angles in a given trigonometric Show that
function.
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Prove that
cos 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 Product of Sine and Cosine
Master simplification of compound angles. Practice exam type questions.
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Try and spot the “Algebra” in the question and
Application of Pythagoras’ theorem Determine: sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 or tan 𝜃 relate it to the trigonometry.
Express any angle in the form of: (𝜃 + 𝛽) or (𝜃 − 𝛽) Practice exam type questions.
Ratios of Sine; Cosine and Tangent (SOH CAH TOA).
Simplifying the trigonometric identities.
Sketching a right-angled triangle in the appropriate Double – angle identities Express any angle in the form of 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
quadrant.
cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Solutions must be always expressed as a common
fraction. cos 2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
Identify appropriate quadrants where the angle lies. Practice exam type questions.
In the appropriate quadrant correctly draw the right – cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
angled triangle that describes the trig equation. Angles that are multiplied by 2. Show that

Trigonometric equations and
general solutions
Prove that Trigonometry equations have infinite solutions.
Master simplification of compound angles. Practice exam type questions.
Periods of trigonometric functions.
Express any angle in the form of 2𝜃 Practice exam type questions. Master how to solve for the reference angle. Practice exam type questions
Simplifying the trigonometry identities. Master the period for the trigonometry function you Know how to use your calculator to find an angle
The domain is open: (−∞ ; ∞) Sine: are dealing with.
Master that +360°𝑘 is for sine and cosine. Practice exam type questions
Master the periods of different trigonometric functions 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 360°𝑘
Master that +180°𝑘 is for tangent.
and
Determine the reference angle.
𝜃 = (180° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 360°𝑘
State the periods of the trig ratio you are dealing with.
where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ Restrictions on identities Master how to sketch the graph of original Range: 𝑦 ∈ [−1 ; 1] for sine and cosine
Cosine: trigonometric functions.
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 360°𝑘 Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ for tangent.
and Domain: 𝜃 ≠ ±90° + 180°𝑘 for tangent
Domain: 𝜃 ∈ (−∞ ; ∞) for sine and cosine
𝜃 = (360° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 360°𝑘
Conditions of a common fraction regarding a Where is the identity not valid
where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
denominator NOT equal to ZERO.
Tangent:
−1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 for Sine and Cosine.
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 180°𝑘
tan(90° ± 180°𝑘) is undefined where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
Master the domain and range for different Practice exam type questions
trigonometry functions.
Solution of trigonometry equations without domain General solution
given.
 Integrate the concept of numbers in number operations sin 𝐴̂ sin 𝐵̂ sin 𝐶̂
e.g.: = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
sin 𝜃
√tan 𝜃, tan 𝜃 ≥ 0 and , cos 𝜃 ≠ 0 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴̂
cos 𝜃 Area rule is for the area of a non-right-angled triangle. Area
Master the range and domain of trigonometric Practice exam type questions
Cosine rule is when three sides are given or two Side
functions. sides and the included angle.
Angle
Specify restrictions all times. Sine rule is for the rest of the time.
Trigonometric graphs Master how to sketch the graph of original 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞 Use these formulae when it is a non-right-angled Apply your knowledge.
trigonometric functions.
triangle.
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞
In a right-angled triangle, it is theorem of Pythagoras.
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞
Expect this question at the end of the trigonometric This is usually the real-life application.
Transformation of graphs, that is, translation and Period section.
reflection.
Amplitude The more sums you practice the better you will
become.
Frequency
Be always in the know of the domain and range of the Practice exam type questions.
trig graphs.
Know how to sketch a graph.

Know how to read off from a graph.

Master sketching the graphs of: Practice exam type questions.

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

Transformation of graphs.
Trigonometric formulae Know how to substitute into the correct formula and 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶̂
when to use which one. 2
 For which values of 𝒙 will:
For: 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒
𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 Positive gradient 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing
1
𝑎: 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 Negative gradient 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing
𝑏: Co-efficient of an angle used to calculate the period.
𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Positive product

Effects of 𝒑 and 𝒒 on the graph. Case 2: 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) < 0

𝑝 > 0: the graph moves 𝑝 degrees to the left. 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) < 0 Case 1: 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Negative product

𝑝 < 0: the graph moves 𝑝 degrees to the right. Case 2: 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) < 0

𝑞 > 0: the graph moves 𝑞 units vertically up. 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 𝑦 – values are greater than zero 𝑦 is above the 𝑥 – axis

𝑞 < 0: the graph moves 𝑞 units vertically down. 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 𝑦 – values are less than zero 𝑦 is below the 𝑥 – axis

Period: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 Gradient is zero At the turning point

For: 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 and 𝑔′(𝑥) > 0 Both gradients are positive Both graphs are increasing
360°
Sine graph and Cosine graph: Period = 𝑏 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 and 𝑔′(𝑥) < 0 Both gradients are negative Both graphs are decreasing

180°
Tangent graph: Period = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) Both graph are equal Both graphs have the same
𝑏
𝑥 – value and the 𝑦 –
value
Scale:
𝑥. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑥 × 𝑚 Positive product
With no transformation:
Case 2: −𝑥 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑥 multiplied by
Period the gradient
Sine graph and Cosine graph: 4 𝑥. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 Case 1: 𝑥 × −𝑚 Negative product
Tangent graph: 45° Value of 𝑥 multiplied by
Case 2: −𝑥 × 𝑚
the gradient
With transformation:
𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑦 × 𝑚 Positive product
Sine graph and Cosine graph: (90° − 𝑝), 𝑝 > 0
Case 2: −𝑦 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑦 multiplied by
(45° − 𝑝), the gradient
Tangent graph: 𝑝>0
𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 Case 1: −𝑦 × 𝑚 Negative product
Domain: Always given, it is not the same as the period.
Case 2: 𝑦 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑦 multiplied by
Range: 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 , used closed brackets, start with the minimum to maximum value the gradient
Finding the value of an unknown variable: Example 1:
1
For one unknown variable: Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]
2

Substitute the coordinates of one point lying on the curve into the equation and solve for the
1.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.
variable.
1.2 Write down the amplitude, range domain and period of 𝑓 and 𝑔.
For two unknown variables:
1.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥:
Substitute the coordinates of two points lying on the curve into the equation separately to have
Compare the amplitudes and range of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and comment on the effect of
two equations. Solve the two equations simultaneously.
𝑎.
Finding the coordinates of the point of intersection:
Example 2:
Point of intersection: a point where graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥).
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]
Equate the two equations
2.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.
Solve simultaneously
2.2 Write down the amplitude, range domain and period of 𝑓 and 𝑔.
Substitute with integers for the size of an angle.
2.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑞:
Compare the amplitudes and range of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and comment on the effect of
Co-functions can be used in the case of Sine and Cosine.
𝑞.

Example 3:
1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 tan 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 tan 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

3.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

3.2 If there is a point with coordinates (45° ; 𝑎), in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥,
Write down the value of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

3.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑥:

Compare and comment on the values of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

Example 4:
1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥, ℎ(𝑥) = sin 4𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 2 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

4.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

4.2 Write down the period of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔

4.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = sin 𝑘𝑥:

Compare the periods of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , then comment on
the effect of 𝑘.
 Example 5:
Activity 4
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 60°), ℎ(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 + 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 90°) ,
𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥
5.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.
5.2 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑝): 4.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and g on the same system of axes on DIAGRAM SHEET,
Compare the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , then comment on the shifting. for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. (6)
4.2 Solve for 𝑥 if 2 cos 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥 and 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. Show ALL working details. (8)
Activity 1
4.3 Use the graph to solve for 𝑥: 2 cos 𝑥 tan 2𝑥 > 0. (4)
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 60°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. 𝑥
4.4 Write down the period of 𝑓 ( ). (2)
1.1 Solve for 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. (5) 2

1.2 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same system of axes for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. 4.5 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of g(𝑥 − 25°), where 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. (2)
Clearly show ALL intercepts with the axes, points of intersection as well as [22]
turning points. (6)
Activity 5
3
1.3 Write down the period of 𝑔 (2 𝑥). (1)
The sketch below shows the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞 + cos 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑝𝑥 for
1.4 Determine ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 45°) − 1. (2) 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°].
[14]
Activity 2
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°].
2.1 Write down the period of 𝑔. (1)
2.2 Draw the sketch graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same system of axes for
𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. Clearly show ALL intercepts with the axes, points of intersection
as well as turning points and end points of both curves. (6)
2.3 Use the graphs to determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°], where:
2.3.1 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) (2)
2.3.2 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 (2)
2.4 Determine the range of ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑓(𝑥) − 1. (2)
5.1 Write down the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. (2)
[13]
5.2 Write down the range of 𝑓. (1)
Activity 3
5.3 Use the graphs to answer the following:
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥
5.3.1 Explain how you would solve the equation (2 sin 𝑥 − 1) cos 𝑥 = 1. (2)
3.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the graphs of 𝑓 and g for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°]. (7)
5.3.2 Give ONE solution to the equation in Activity 5.3.1. (1)
3.2 Draw sketch graphs of 𝑓 and g for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°] on the same system of axes
on the DIGRAM SHEET. (4) [6]
3.3 For which values of 𝑥 will 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ g(𝑥) for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°]. (3)
[14]
Activity 6 Activity 7
Sketched below are the graphs of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥 − 45°) and g(𝑥) = 3 sin 𝑥 for The graphs of the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = 𝑏 cos 𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 270° are shown in
the diagram below. The point (225°; 2) lies on 𝑓. The graphs intersect at points P and Q.
𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°].

7.1 Determine the numerical values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. (4)

7.2 Determine the minimum value of 𝑔(𝑥) + 2. (2)
1
6.1 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. (2) 7.3 Determine the period of 𝑓 ( 𝑥) (2)
2
6.2 Describe the transformation for graph of 𝑓 to ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = tan(45° − 𝑥). (2)
7.4 Show that, if the 𝑥-coordinate of P is 𝜃, then the 𝑥-coordinate of Q is (180° − 𝜃). (4)
6.3 The period of g is reduced to 180° and the amplitude and 𝑦-intercept remain the
[12]
same. Write down the equation of the resulting function. (2)
[6]
Activity 8 Activity 9
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 sin 𝑥 is drawn below. the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 is drawn below for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]

8.1 Write down the period of 𝑓. (1)

𝑓(𝑥)
8.2 Write down the amplitude of ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = . (2)
4
9.1 Write down the period of 𝑓. (1)
8.3 Draw the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 30°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°] on
9.2 Write down the solutions for sin 3𝑥 = 1 on interval [−90°; 180°]. (2)
DIAGRAM SHEET. (3)
9.3 Give the maximum value of ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 1. (2)
8.4 Use the graph to determine the number of solutions for −2 sin 𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 30°),
𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°]. (1) 9.4 Draw the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 cos 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°] on the grid on
DIAGRAM SHEET. (3)
8.5 For which values of 𝑥 is g(𝑥) ≥ 0? (2)
9.5 Use the graphs to determine how many solutions there are to the equation
8.6 For which values of 𝑥 is 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 and g′(𝑥) > 0? (3) sin 3𝑥
− cos 𝑥 = 0 on interval [−90°; 180°]. (2)
[12] 3

9.6 Use the graph to solve: 𝑓(𝑥). g(𝑥) < 0. (4)

[14]
Activity 10
The graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 30°) and g(𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥 for −90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° are given
below. The graphs intersect and point P AND point Q.

1.2 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 60°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 180°]
𝑦

0,5

𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−0,5

−1

10.1 Calculate 𝑓(0) − g(0). (1)

10.2 Calculate the 𝑥-coordinate s of P and Q. (7)
10.3 For which values of 𝑥 will 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ g(𝑥)? (2)
10.4 Graph ℎ is obtained by the following transformation of ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑓(𝑥 + 60°).
Describe the relationship between g and ℎ. (2)
[12]
 2.2 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 90°] 3.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [180° ; 360°]
𝑦 𝑦

1 2

0,5 1

𝑥 𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° −90° −75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−0,5 −1

−1 −2
 4.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 90°] 8.3 𝑔(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 30°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−180° ; 180°]
𝑦
𝑦

2 2

1 1

𝑥 𝑥
−90° −75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° −180° −135° −90° −45° 45° 90° 135° 180°

−1 −1

−2 −2
 9.4 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 cos 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 180°]
𝑦
3

𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−1

−2

−3