TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

HAZIQ SYAZWAN BIN SAJALI

 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE

1. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1 Half-angle formulae:-

2. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴

Break
𝐴𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
3. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴 =1+ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 2 𝐴𝐴 10. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =±
2 2
4. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 .
5. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 11. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 =±
2 2
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵
6. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵)=

TRIGON. RATIO
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
12. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 =
2 1+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
7. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴

S
8. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 ① Find value
= 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴
−1 double
= 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 angle of Prove equation
9. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 =
2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 ③ Graphing -> Number or solution E"
1 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
④ Double angle/Half angle
⑤ Derive formula
 1

2
6
7
3
8

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION

TRIGONOMETRIC

‘TRI’ ‘GONON’ ‘METRON’

INTRODUCTION
three angle measurement c
b

input FUNCTION output

a
CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIT CIRCLE 𝑦𝑦

1) Angles

2) Position

r=1 unit
𝑥𝑥

UNIT CIRCLES
 p
>
4388
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ANGLES
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦

𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
2 𝜋𝜋 Anti-clockwise -
2𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 2 5𝜋𝜋
3𝜋𝜋 3 90° - -270° -
3 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 3 3 7𝜋𝜋
4
120° 60° -
4 -240° -300° - 4
5𝜋𝜋 135° 45° 4 𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 -225° -315° - 11𝜋𝜋
-
Ey 6 -210° 6
6 150° 30° 6 -330°

𝜋𝜋 180° r=1 unit 0° - 𝜋𝜋 -180° r=1 unit-360° - 2𝜋𝜋

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
360° 2𝜋𝜋 0°
500

UNIT CIRCLES
-

7𝜋𝜋 Clockwise
210° 330° 5𝜋𝜋 -150° -30° 𝜋𝜋
6 5𝜋𝜋 225° - -
315° 11𝜋𝜋 6 -135° -45° 𝜋𝜋 6
4 4𝜋𝜋 240° 270° 300° 7𝜋𝜋 6 3𝜋𝜋
-
-120° -60° - 4
-90° 𝜋𝜋
5𝜋𝜋 4 3 4 2𝜋𝜋 -

T
3 3𝜋𝜋 - -
𝜋𝜋 3
3
3 2
2

POSITIVE ANGLES NEGATIVE ANGLES

ANGLES AND QUADRANTS
𝜋𝜋
90°( )
2
02 <3600
Si Ve ALL VE
fan O = + ve

2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟗 < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝟎𝟎 < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟗
𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
< 𝜽𝜽 < 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 < 𝜽𝜽 <
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
‘Obtuse Angle′ ‘Acute Angle’
180°(𝜋𝜋) 0°, 360°(2𝜋𝜋)

UNIT CIRCLES
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎° < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎° < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟗
𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅
𝝅𝝅 < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐 < 𝜽𝜽 < 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
COS +Ve
tan +VO ‘Reflex Angle’

Refer Geogebra
3𝜋𝜋 (https://www.geogebra.org/m/zubdsuy4)
270°( )
2
Example 1: State the quadrant for each angle
below.
Angle Quadrant
210° 3
−330° 1
1
− 𝜋𝜋 rad 4
3
440° 1
840° 2

UNIT CIRCLES
CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIT CIRCLE 𝑦𝑦

1) Angles

2) Position

r=1 unit
𝑥𝑥

UNIT CIRCLES
 1ST QUADRANT

𝑦𝑦
QUADRANT I
 Sine/Cosec (+ive)
 Cosine/Sec (+ive)
(0,1)  Tangent/Cot (+ive)

(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃)

1 1

TRIGON. RATIO
𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
sin 𝜃𝜃 = ∴ 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝜃𝜃 cosec 𝜃𝜃 = =
𝑥𝑥 1 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
(−1,0) x (1,0)
𝑥𝑥 1 1
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
1
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝜃 sec 𝜃𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥

sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥
tan 𝜃𝜃 = = cot 𝜃𝜃 = =
cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦

(0, −1)
 2ND QUADRANT

𝑦𝑦
QUADRANT II
 Sine/Cosec (+ive)
 Cosine/Sec (- ive) 𝑦𝑦
 Tangent/Cot (- ive) (0,1) sin 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sin 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑦𝑦
1

(−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) 𝑥𝑥

cos 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑥𝑥
1

𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
y tan 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = =−
𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥

𝜃𝜃

TRIGON. RATIO
1 1
𝑥𝑥 cosec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ c𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
(−1,0) x (1,0)
1 1
sec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sec 𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥
cot 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ cot 𝜃𝜃 = = − 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃

Refer Geogebra
(https://www.geogebra.org/m/zubdsuy4)
(0, −1)
 3RD QUADRANT
𝑦𝑦

(0,1)
𝑦𝑦
sin 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sin 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑦𝑦
1

𝑥𝑥
cos 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑥𝑥
1

𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
𝜃𝜃 tan 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = =
x 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
(−1,0) (1,0)

TRIGON. RATIO
𝛼𝛼 1 1
cosec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ c𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
y
1 1
sec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sec 𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

(−𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥

cot 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ cot 𝜃𝜃 = = 𝑦𝑦
QUADRANT III
𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃
 Sine/Cosec (- ive) (0, −1)
 Cosine/Sec (- ive)
 Tangent/Cot (+ ive)
4TH QUADRANT
𝑦𝑦

(0,1)
𝑦𝑦
sin 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sin 𝜃𝜃 = −𝑦𝑦
1

𝑥𝑥
cos 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑥𝑥
1

𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
𝜃𝜃 x tan 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = =−
𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
(−1,0) 𝛼𝛼 (1,0)

TRIGON. RATIO
1 1
cosec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ c𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
y
1 1
sec 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ sec 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

(𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥

cot 𝛼𝛼 = ∴ cot 𝜃𝜃 = = − 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃
QUADRANT IV
(0, −1)  Sine/Cosec (- ive)
 Cosine/Sec (+ ive)
 Tangent/Cot (- ive)
REFERENCE ANGLE

Example 2: For each of the following angle, state

the quadrant and reference angle.

180° Angle, 𝜃𝜃 Quadrant Reference

Angle, 𝛼𝛼
𝜃𝜃
100° 2 80°
200° 3 20°
400° 1 40°

TRIGON. RATIO
300° 4 60°
CORRESPONDING ANGLE

Example 3: Given the reference angles and its

quadrant. State their corresponding angle.

𝜃𝜃 = 180° − 𝛼𝛼 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛼𝛼 Quadrant Reference Corresponding

Angle, 𝛼𝛼 Angle, 𝜃𝜃
I 55° 55°
II 30° 150°
III 45° 225°

TRIGON. RATIO
IV 75° 285°

𝜃𝜃 = 180° + 𝛼𝛼 𝜃𝜃 = 360° − 𝛼𝛼 1) Quadrant

2) Reference Angle
3) Corresponding Angle
 1) Quadrant
Example 4: Solve 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = −0.7 for 0° ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 360°
2) Reference Angle
3) Corresponding Angle
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = −0.7
Reference angle, 𝛼𝛼
𝛼𝛼 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠−1 0.7
(−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) 𝛼𝛼 = 35°
Corresponding angles, 𝜃𝜃
𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 = 180° − 35° , 360° − 35°

TRIGON. RATIO
𝜃𝜃 = 145°, 325°
35° =
= 35°

(−𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃) (𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 , sin 𝜃𝜃)
SPECIAL ANGLES (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°)

Example 5: Find the value of trigonometric ratio

for each special angle below. Express your
answer in its simplest form. 2 1 2 3 2

a) sin 60° 45° 60° 60°

3 1 1 1
=
2

b) cos 45°

TRIGON. RATIO
1
=
2

c) tan
𝜋𝜋
6
88
1
=
3
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
sin 𝜃𝜃 = sin(90° − θ) =
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐

90° − 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
cos 𝜃𝜃 = cos(90° − θ) =
𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐

𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
sec 𝜃𝜃 = sec(90° − θ) =
𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏

𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
cosec 𝜃𝜃 = cosec(90° − θ) =
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎

TRIGON. RATIO
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
tan 𝜃𝜃 = tan(90° − θ) =
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
cot 𝜃𝜃 = cot(90° − θ) =
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Example 6: Given cos 25° = 0.9063, and
sin 25° = 0.4226. Without using calculator, find
the value of each of the following
Assume ‘co’ stands for complementary
a) sin 65°
0 9063
cos – ‘complementary’ of sine
.

= cos(90° − 65°)
cosec – ‘complementary’ of secant
cot – ‘complementary’ of tangent = cos 25°
= 0.9063

b) sec 65°

TRIGON. RATIO
= cose𝑐𝑐(90° − 65°) I
= cosec 25°
1 0 4226
.

=
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠25𝟗
= 2 366
1 .

=
0.4226
Example 7: Example 8: Example 9:

TRIGON. RATIO
 Effect of changing a, b and c for 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄 Geogebra (https://www.geogebra.org/m/gbnsfqbx)

Example 10: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 Example 11: 𝑦𝑦 = sin 2𝑥𝑥 Example 12: 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 1

y y y

2 2

1
1 1

TRIGON. RATIO
x x x
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

-1 -1

-1
-2 -2
 Effect of changing a, b and c for 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄 Geogebra (https://www.geogebra.org/m/knybs53t)

Example 13: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 Example 14: 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝑥𝑥 Example 15: 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 − 2

y y y 2

y!
c= -

2 1
1
1
- x
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

TRIGON. RATIO
x x -1
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

!
-1
-1 -2 --------

-2
-3
 Effect of changing a, b and c for 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄 Geogebra (https://www.geogebra.org/m/vg5hdt3j)

Example 16: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥𝑥 Example 17: 𝑦𝑦 = tan 2𝑥𝑥 Example 18: 𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑥 + 1
y y y

1 1 1

TRIGON. RATIO
x x x
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
-1 -1 -1
 Special effects – 𝑡𝑡 & |𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠|

Example 19: 𝑦𝑦 = − sin 𝑥𝑥 Example 20: 𝑦𝑦 = |cos 𝑥𝑥 | Example 21: 𝑦𝑦 = | tan 𝑥𝑥 |

y y y

1 1

TRIGON. RATIO
x x x
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

-1 -1 -1
+ 𝑐𝑐 means
moves up c unit
− 𝑐𝑐 means
moves down c
unit
 2 3 1 4 4 2 3 1 5
3

I
Example 22: Sketch graph of 𝑦𝑦 = | 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥| + 3
2
y = a sin b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐
for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋
y = a cos b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐 7

y = a tan b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐 y

TRIGON. RATIO
x
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

-3
Shape
Amplitude
2t/π Cycle
Translation/Absolute
 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 4 5
Example 23: Sketch graph of 𝑦𝑦 = | tan 2 𝑥𝑥 + 1 |
y = a sin b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐 7
for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋
4
y = a cos b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐
y = a tan b 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑐𝑐 y

x
𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
-1 4
 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE

1. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1 Half-angle formulae:-

2. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
3. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴 =1+ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 2 𝐴𝐴 10. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =±
2 2
4. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
5. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 11. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 =±
2 2
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵
6. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵)=

TRIGON. RATIO
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
12. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 =
2 1+𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
7. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
8. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
= 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
9. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝐴𝐴 =
1 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
DERIVING THE BASIC IDENTITIES

By using Pythagoras Thm:-

𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑏𝑏2 = 𝑐𝑐 2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 1

Let’s divide 1 with 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 :-

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 1
+ =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃 2

TRIGON. RATIO
Next, try divide 1 with 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 :-
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 1
+ =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃 3
DERIVING THE DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE

TRIGON. RATIO
DERIVING THE HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

By rearranging the formula from 3 ;

𝐴𝐴
sin 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 2𝐴𝐴 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐴𝐴 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2
2
2𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 2𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
sin = 2 sin cos cos = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2
2 2 2 2 2 𝐴𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ±
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 2 2
sin 𝐴𝐴 = 2 sin cos 1 cos 𝐴𝐴 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 3
2 2 2

By rearranging the formula from 4 ;

cos 2𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴 cos 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴 − 1
𝐴𝐴

TRIGON. RATIO
2𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 2𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 −1
2 2 2 2
cos = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 cos = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 −1
2 2 2 2 2
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴
cos 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 2 cos 𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 −1 4 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 =±
2 2 2 2 2

What is the formula

𝐴𝐴
for 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ???
2
Previously we learned that; 1 − cos 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐴𝐴 (1 − cos 𝐴𝐴) . (1 + cos 𝐴𝐴)
2 tan =
tan = 2 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴 . (1 + cos 𝐴𝐴)
2 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴𝐴 ±
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ± 2
2 2
1 − cos 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝐴𝐴
tan =
𝐴𝐴 ± 2 2 (1 + cos 𝐴𝐴)2
𝐴𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴 tan =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 =± 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴
2 2 2
2 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
tan =
2 (1 + cos 𝐴𝐴)2
Therefore;

TRIGON. RATIO
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 tan = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐴𝐴
tan = 2 2 1 + cos 𝐴𝐴 tan =
2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 2 1+cos 𝐴𝐴
2
 Prove
Given

SPM
TRIGONOMETRIC
State/ FUNCTIONS Sketch
Express

Number
of
Solve solution
 SPM 2015
Example 24: Prove that 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 45° cos 𝑥𝑥 − 45° = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠2𝑥𝑥

cos (2 +450) cos (2 45 %

LHS = 2 cos2𝑥𝑥 +
-

45° cos 𝑥𝑥 − 45°

==2 [(cos2 𝑥𝑥[kos 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 45 n
− sincos𝑥𝑥 sin45-son
45)(cos 𝑥𝑥 cosu
45 + sin45)
son 𝑥𝑥 sin 45)]
1 1 1 1
= 2 [(cos Clos 𝑥𝑥 . n
2
− sinas𝑥𝑥 . )(cos
2
45+𝑥𝑥 . Sin+ sin
2 u son2 us)]
𝑥𝑥 . )] ~
1 1
2[cosu (E) (E) (e)
=
𝑥𝑥 . )2 − (sin 𝑥𝑥 . )2 ] So
= 2 [(cos
(10 ~
-

2 2

TRIGON. RATIO
+ 2sou
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(it)]
2 𝑥𝑥
~
= 2[ − ]
2 2 "

2 [(s n
(t)" (sma(t))
=
-

= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥
-
-[con smn]
=
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠2𝑥𝑥 -

=cosn-sin
-
T

cos 2n
 SPM 2015
3
Example 25: Given cos 𝜃𝜃 = − and 0° < 𝜃𝜃 < 180°, find the
5
value of 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 + 45° .

cos 𝜃𝜃 =(0
3
− +45)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎 fun of fun 45
tan =
5
=
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎 tan 𝜃𝜃 + tan 45
1 tan 𝜃𝜃
fan O fun 45 + 45° =
-

1 − tan 𝜃𝜃 tan 45
4 −4
=
tan (
𝜃𝜃 = − )
-
+ 1 (
3 )+1
5 3 tan 𝜃𝜃 + 45° =
−4
4 1 ( )(1) 1 − ( 3)
4/5
-
-

−1
, 𝜃𝜃

TRIGON. RATIO
tan 𝜃𝜃 + 45° =

-3
=- 7

O
fan G =
A

=-
 SPM CLONE
Example 26: It is given that tan 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡 where 𝜃𝜃 is a reflex angle. Express in
&

terms of 𝑡𝑡 +VC 180 <360

a) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2𝜃𝜃

t
F
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
tan 𝜃𝜃 = = tan = =
1
1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2𝜃𝜃 =T
I 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃
- = 0 = t1
-

Si

I
O(
-

−𝑡𝑡 H 2𝜃𝜃 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐
-- sin 𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
Ne 1 + 𝑡𝑡 2 - 1 + +2
1
−1 =
cos 𝜃𝜃 = COSO
1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
=
=
A 2
I−𝑡𝑡
-

−1

TRIGON. RATIO
−1 -- 1+t+ 2𝑡𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
1
cosec 28 =𝜃𝜃
size =
1
2𝑡𝑡 I
-
=92
2
− 𝑡𝑡 I (1 + 2
𝑡𝑡 )
I
2
1 + 𝑡𝑡2 -
Son t cust
(f 2)
2
(1 + 𝑡𝑡 2 )
= + +
I I 2𝑡𝑡
2

-
1 +t
2
(i)(iFez) 2f
#
 SPM CLONE
Example 27: Solve the equation 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 = 0 for 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360°

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 = 0

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
+ =0
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 = −1
2(0°) ≤ 2𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2(360°) 1) Quadrant
0° ≤ 2𝑥𝑥 ≤ 720° 2) Range
3) Reference Angle

TRIGON. RATIO
4) Corresponding Angle

𝛼𝛼 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠−1 1
𝛼𝛼 = 45°
2𝑥𝑥 = 180° − 45° , 360° − 45° , (135° + 360°), (315° + 360°)
𝑥𝑥 = 135° 315° 495° 675°
, , ,
2 2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 = 67.5°, 157.5°, 247.5°, 337.5°
 SPM CLONE

Example 28: Solve the equation 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = 0 for 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360°

Si In-2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠sm
𝑥𝑥 = 0 n = 0
2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 ucosn-2sm
cos 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = 0
2 Sin n
2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 son
2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 n
= 0 (cosn 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥1)− 1=
- = 00
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = 1 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360°

(
2smn =
0 COS x
-
1 = 0 ~

Smu =
0
1

TRIGON. RATIO
cosn =

# E
𝑥𝑥 = 0°,00
180°, 360° 𝑥𝑥 = 0°, 360°
n =
, 188368 n =
00 360 %
𝑥𝑥 = 0°, 180°, 360° ,

n = 00 , 180" 3600,
# ~
 SPM 2016
Example 29: Solve the equation 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 4 − 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 for 0° ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 180°
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 4 − 3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃
1 1) Quadrant
�𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 4 − 3 � (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃)
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 2) Range
3) Reference Angle
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 = 4 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 − 3
4) Corresponding Angle
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 − 4 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 + 3 = 0
(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 − 3)(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 − 1) = 0
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 1 0° ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 180°

TRIGON. RATIO
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠−1 3 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠−1 1
𝜃𝜃 = 71.57° 𝜃𝜃 = 45°
𝜃𝜃 = 45°, 71.57°
 SPM CLONE
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 =
Example 30: Diagram shows part of the graph 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 1 − (−3)
𝑡𝑡 =
2
y
𝑡𝑡 = 2 (positive direction)
1
𝑏𝑏 = number of cycles from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥
O 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
-1 4 2 4 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚 =
𝑏𝑏
2𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 =

TRIGON. RATIO
𝑏𝑏
-3 ∴ 𝑏𝑏 = 2

𝑐𝑐 = vertical translation
State the values of a, b and c. 𝑐𝑐 = −1 (moving downward by 1 unit)
 SPM 2019
Example 31: Diagram shows the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑠𝑠 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 |
for 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑠𝑠 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 |

y | sin 2𝜃𝜃| = |2 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 |

𝑠𝑠 = 2
m 𝑚𝑚 = 1
𝑠𝑠
∴ 𝑚𝑚 =
2

O 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃

TRIGON. RATIO
0 < 𝑘𝑘 < 𝑚𝑚

a) Express m in terms of n.
b) There are 8 solutions when 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘, where k is a constant.
State the range of k in terms of m.
 SPM CLONE

Example 32: Diagram shows point T on a unit circle.

𝑦𝑦

𝜃𝜃 = 540° + 45°
𝜃𝜃 = 585°

𝑥𝑥
cos(−𝜃𝜃) = −𝑘𝑘

TRIGON. RATIO
2 cos(−𝜃𝜃) = 2(−𝑘𝑘)
𝑇𝑇(−𝑘𝑘, −𝑘𝑘)
= −2𝑘𝑘

a) State the value of 𝜃𝜃.

b) Express 2 cos (−𝜃𝜃) in terms of 𝑘𝑘.
 SPM 2016
Example 33:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
a) Prove = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥+2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
LHS =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥+2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
=
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥+2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−(1+𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
=
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥+2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−1−𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥

TRIGON. RATIO
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
=
2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
=
cos 2𝑥𝑥
= 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥
 SPM 2016
Example 33:
b) Sketch the graph of y = |𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥| for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋
c) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions for the
sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
equation 2 𝑥𝑥+2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥−𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋
+ = 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋

y = |𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 2𝑥𝑥| 1
sin 2x
= | tan 2𝑥𝑥|
tan2 x + 2cos2 x − sec 2 x
𝑥𝑥
tan 2𝑥𝑥 + =1 2

TRIGON. RATIO
2𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 + =1
2𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 1 −
2𝜋𝜋

𝑥𝑥 0 2𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 1 0 8 number of solutions
 SPM CLONE
Example 34:
1
a) Sketch the graph of y = − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 for 0 ≤ 𝐴𝐴 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋
2
b) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions for the
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
equation 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 − 1 = for 0 ≤ 𝐴𝐴 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋
2 2𝜋𝜋
State the number of solutions.
1
y = − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 1
2

𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐴𝐴
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 −1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴
2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝐴𝐴
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴

TRIGON. RATIO
𝐴𝐴
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 = 2
2𝜋𝜋
1 𝐴𝐴
y=− � �
2 2𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴
y=−
4𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴 0 2𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 0 −0.5
𝐴𝐴
𝑦𝑦
0
0
2𝜋𝜋
−0.5
Amplitude
a
0.5

TRIGON. RATIO
-0.5

2 number of solutions