MATHS FORMULAS COLLEGE (Std XI, XII)

MAR 2019
 2019
For Std XI, XII, All rights reserved
& Diploma.
This book (pdf) is downloaded from –– “Maths Formulas College” Mobile App.
(You may forward/share this pdf file. Take front-back printout for ready reference.)

STANDARD – XI
STANDARD – xi (0) BASICS
INDEX
GENERAL INFORMATION – 1
PART – I
1. Trigonometry √𝟐 = 1.414, √𝟑 = 1.732,  = 3.141 = 22/7
2. Locus & Straight Line Squares (11–19): 121, 144, 169, 196,
3. Circle & Conics 225, 256, 289, 324, 361.
4. Vectors (11)
5. Linear Equations
(1) Main Greek Alphabets :
6. Determinants
7. Matrices (11)  alpha  xi
PART – II  beta  pi
8. Sets, Relations & Functions  gamma  rho
9. Logarithms  delta  sigma
10. Complex Numbers  epsilon  tau
11. Sequence & Series  eta  phi
12. Permutations, Combinations  theta  psi
13. Method of Induction &  lambda  omega
Binomial Theorem  myu u

14. Limits  dabba
15. Differentiation
16. Integration
17. Statistics (Measures of Dispersion)
18. Probability

1 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

(2) All Greek Alphabets (24) : 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛

 alpha  nyu (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

 beta  xi 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑏𝑚 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑚
 gamma  omicron
 delta  pi 𝑎𝑚 / 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
 epsilon  rho 𝑛
(𝑎𝑚 )1/𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚/𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚
 zeta  sigma
 eta  tau 𝑎𝑚 /𝑏𝑚 = (𝑎/𝑏)𝑚
 theta  upsilon
𝑎−𝑛 = 1/𝑎𝑛
 iota  phi
 kappa  chi 𝑎1 = 𝑎, 𝑎0 = 1
 lambda  psi
 myu u
 omega RATIOS
 dabba
(not a Greek alphabet; used in partial derivatives.) Ratio & Proportion:
𝑎 𝑐
(𝟏) If = , then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐. Also,
GENERAL INFORMATION – 2 𝑏 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
= ..... (Invertendo)
(3) Decimal Multipliers : 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
  = ..... (Alternendo)
𝑐 𝑑
Deca = 101 Deci = 10–1
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
Hecto = 102 Centi = 10–2 = ..... (Componendo)
Kilo = 103 Milli = 10–3 𝑏 𝑑
Mega = 106 Micro = 10–6 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
= ..... (Dividendo)
Giga = 109 Nano = 10–9 𝑏 𝑑
Tera = 1012 Pico = 10–12 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑑 ..... (Componendo &
Peta = 1015 Femto = 10–15 =
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑 Dividendo)
Exa = 1018 Atto = 10–18
Theorem on Equal Ratios :
(4) Signs in Multiplication :
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
Same signs = Plus: +  + = +, ––=+ If = = = , then
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
Different = Minus: +  – = –, –+=–
Same way for division (). 𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑙𝑎 + 𝑚𝑐 + 𝑛𝑒 + ⋯
= = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑙𝑏 + 𝑚𝑑 + 𝑛𝑓 + ⋯
(5) Fractions –– Addition, Multiplication:
Addition: Cross multiply & add up; QUADRATIC EQUATION
straight multiply down. e.g.
1 3 1 4  2  3 Two roots of the quadratic equation
  .
2 4 24 ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
Multiplication: Straight multiply up & down. −𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝛂, , 𝛃 = .
1 3 1 3 𝟐𝒂
e.g.   .
2 4 24  +  = – b/a,   = c/a. (Sum, Product)
Roots  &  are,
INDICES
Real if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is positive or 0.
Laws of Indices : Complex if 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is negative.
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎. . . . 𝑛 times
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of 𝑎; 𝑎 = base, 𝑛 = index

2 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 FACTORIZATION FORMULAS
(𝑎 ± 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 ± 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) (𝑎 − 𝑏 )
(𝑎 ± 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 ± 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 ± 𝑏3
𝑎3 ± 𝑏3 = (𝑎 ± 𝑏) (𝑎2 ∓ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑎 +𝑎 𝑏
+ 𝑎 𝑏 +. . . . +𝑏 𝑛−1 )
𝑛−3 2
For a circle, if Sarc length, θsubte-
nded angle, Aarea of sector, then
𝜽 𝟐
𝑺=𝜽𝒓 , 𝑨 = 𝒓
𝟐
(Just like, for full circle: S = 2π . r, A = π . r 2)
Compound angle: Angle formed by
Sum of 2 or more angles.
Sign of ∠: Anticlockwise +ve, Clockwise –ve.
𝑛−2
Measurement starts from: +ve X-axis.

BASIC TRIGONOMETRY - 1
MENSURATION
(1) Fundamental Identities :
Shape Surface Area Volume
Rectangle ab … For right angle triangle,
Square a2 …
Triangle ½.ah … ( soh–cah–toa )
Circle r2 … 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
Ellipse  ab … 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Cylinder 2r (h + r) r2h cos 𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Cone r (l + r) 1
r2h 3
[In Cartesian system: Hypotenuse = 𝑟
Sphere 4 r2 4
3
r3 Adjacent = 𝑥, Opposite = 𝑦]
Area of Trapezium = ½ (Sum of length
of parallel sides)  Height. cosec, sec, cot = reciprocals of sin, cos, tan.
1 1 1
cosec 𝜃 = , , sec 𝜃 = , , cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
(1) TRIGONOMETRY
Use: (sin, cos, tan  Height, Distance, Angle)
sin: to find Height, cos: Distance, tan: Angle.
ANGLES (∠)

180 (2) Special Angles :

𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = × 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 
𝜋 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
 1c  57.3 1  0.01745 c sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1

1 = 60 minutes (1 = 60’) cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0

1 minute = 60 seconds (1’ = 60”) tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 

Right ∠ = 90  = /2 c By-heart only for sin .

Straight ∠ = 180  =  c For cos, write sin  values in opposite order.
[ cos  = sin (90 – )].
1 Rotation = 360  = 2 c For tan, either by-heart or apply sincos.
Degrees 180 360 90 270 30 45 60
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 (3) Negative Angles :
Radians  2
2 2 6 4 3 sin (–θ) = –sin θ
 tan (–θ) = –tan θ
(Gray shadowed part: Imagine w.r.t. 180 & 90.) cos (–θ) = cos θ

3 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 BASIC TRIGONOMETRY - 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
(4) Signs of sin, cos, tan: ASTC Rule:
All Silver Tea Cups (all, sin, tan, cos). (Add 2 formulas in above & get following.)
Means out of sin, cos & tan, 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
in quadrant I: all +ve, sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
in II: sin +ve, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
in III: tan +ve, others are –ve. cos (𝐴 + 𝐵 ) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = −2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
in IV: cos +ve.

(5) Allied Angles : [In above set put  A + B = C, A – B = D,

(Don’t byheart. Remember as per rules at end.) A = (C+D)/2, B = (C–D)/2. ]

sin (–θ) = –sin θ cos (–θ) = cos θ 𝑪+𝑫 𝑪−𝑫

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑫 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬
sin (180±θ) =  sin θ cos (180±θ) = –cos θ 𝟐 𝟐
sin (90±θ) = cos θ cos (90±θ) =  sin θ 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2
Rules: 𝑪+𝑫 𝑪−𝑫
1. For 0, 180 sin or cos remain same. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑫 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
For 90, 270 change ‘sin to cos, cos to sin’. 𝐶 +𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2. For sign on RHS: Apply ASTC-rule in 2 2
(4) above, with “θ is an acute angle”
(< 90). 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 ± 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 ± 𝑩) =
𝟏 ∓ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
Examples:
(1) sin (180+θ): Due to 180, sin  sin. EXPANSION FORMULAS - 2
‘180+θ’ is in 3rd quadrant, where
only tan is +ve (sin –ve). (3) Multiple Angles :
 sin (180+θ) = –sin θ.
(2) cos (90–θ): Due to 90, cos  sin. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
‘90–θ’ is in 1st qdnt, where all +ve. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
 cos (90–θ) = sin θ. & 2θ = θ+θ. Hence the following.

Similarly for 0 & 270 .

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
EXPANSION FORMULAS - 1
= 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
(1) Pythagorean Identities : [ ∵ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1]
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 (1st  sin2θ) 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = , , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 (1st  cos2θ)
2 tan 𝜃
tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃
(2) Addition & Factorization:
(Byheart only 3 bold formulas: of sin cos tan A+B. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜽 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝜽
Remaining formulas easily get as per instructions.)
cos 3𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
3 tan 𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 tan 3𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃

4 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (2) Midpoint formula:
OF ANGLES OF  𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝒙= ,,,,𝑦 = .
𝟐 2
For any  ABC, (3) Section formula:
A + B + C = 180° 𝒎𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒏𝒙𝟏 𝑚𝑦2 ± 𝑛𝑦1
𝒙= ,,𝑦 = .
𝑨+𝑩 𝑪 𝒎±𝒏 𝑚±𝑛
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 (+ for internal division, – for external.)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 𝑨+𝑩 𝑪 (The point dividing segment in the ratio m : n.)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 (4) Centroid: of a Δ,
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥3
Similarly, Centroid  ( ,, ).
𝟑 3
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
sin (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = sin 𝐴 cos (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = − cos 𝐴 STRAIGHT LINE – 1
sin (𝐶 + 𝐴) = sin 𝐵 cos (𝐶 + 𝐴) = − cos 𝐵
SLOPE OF THE LINE (m):
𝑨+𝑩 𝑪 𝑨+𝑩 𝑪 𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 .
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
If line passes through (x1, y1) & (x2, y2), then
𝐵+𝐶 𝐴 𝐵+𝐶 𝐴
sin = cos cos = sin 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
2 2 2 2 𝒎= ,.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝐶+𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 +𝐴 𝐵
sin = cos cos = sin
2 2 2 2 Acute angle (α): between 2 lines,

(2) LOCUS & STRAIGHT LINE m1  m2

tan  . [∵ m1, m2 = slopes of lines.]
1  m1m2

LOCUS Two lines are:

parallel if m1 = m2 (numerator zero)
Locus: A set of points satisfying some
 if m1 m2 = – 1 (denominator zero)
geometrical condition or conditions
(e.g. line, any curve, etc.)
EQUATION OF THE LINE
If a point lies on the locus then only (1) Equation of x-axis: 𝒚=𝟎
its co-ordinates satisfy the equation
Equation of y-axis: 𝒙=𝟎.
of locus and conversely. Otherwise
does not satisfy that equation. (2) Line parallel to x-axis,
‘𝑎’ units above it: 𝒚=𝒂
Shift of origin: If the origin (0, 0) is ‘𝑎’ units below it: 𝒚 = −𝒂.
shifted to the point (h, k) then the
coordinates of any point (x, y) Line parallel to y-axis,
become (X, Y) & given by ‘𝑎’ units on right of it: 𝒙 = 𝒂
𝑿 = 𝒙 − 𝒉, 𝒀 = 𝒚 − 𝒌. ‘𝑎’ units on left of it: 𝒙 = −𝒂.
(3) General equation of line is:
DISTANCE & SECTION FORMULAS 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 .
[∵ m = – a/b, x-intercept = –c/a,
For a line segment between 2 points y-intercept = –c/b.]
(x1, y 1) & (x2, y2)],
(1) Distance formula:
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 .
5 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 STRAIGHT LINE – 2 (3) CIRCLE & CONICS

OTHER FORMS CIRCLE

Slope Intercept form:
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 . [Above eqn rearranged.] A circle is the locus of a point P
( m  slope , c  y-intercept) moving at a constant distance 𝑟
(radius) from a fixed point C (centre);
Slope-Point form: all in the same plane.
Line with slope m, passing through (x1, y1),
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ). (1) Equation of Circle:

Two-Points form: Standard form: [Radius a, Centre at origin]

Line passing through (x1, y1), (x2, y2), 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .
Centre-radius Form: [centreC(h,k)]
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
= . (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 .
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Diameter Form: (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) are
Two-Intercepts form: diameter ends.)
Line with x-intercept ‘a’ & y-intercept ‘b’,
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟎.
𝒙 𝒚
+ ,= 1.
𝒂 𝒃 (2) General equation: of circle:
Normal form: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
Line with  drawn from origin to the [ Centre𝐂(−𝒈, −𝒇), 𝒓 = √𝒈𝟐 + 𝒇𝟐 − 𝒄 ]
line has length ‘p’ & inclination ‘’,
More general equation:
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬  + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧  = 𝒑 .
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 2𝐺𝑥 + 2𝐹𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE: [ 𝒈 = 𝑮/𝑨, , 𝒇 = 𝑭/𝑨; 𝑩𝒚 ÷ 𝒆𝒒𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝑨. ]
 distance from (x1, y1) to line ‘ax + by + c = 0’ is
Condition:
ax1  by1  c General equation of 2nd degree, i.e.
d= . .... (A)
a2  b2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
 distance between 2 parallel lines represents a circle if 𝑎 = 𝑏, , ℎ = 0.
‘ax + by + c1 = 0’ & ‘ax + by + c2 = 0’ is
c1  c2 (3) Parametric equation:
d= . [by d1 – d2 in (A)]
a2  b2
of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is

FAMILY OF LINES: 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , , 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

If 𝑢 = 0 & 𝑣 = 0 are 2 intersecting & 𝑃(𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 sin 𝜃) are parametric
lines, then coordinates of any point on the circle
& denoted by 𝑃(𝜃). (Similarly for conics)
𝒖 + 𝒌𝒗 = 𝟎 (𝑘  parameter)
represents a family of lines passing Properties:
through the point of intersection. 1) The tangent is  to the radius.
2)  from the centre bisects the chord.

6 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 CONICS PARABOLA –– 4 TYPES

Sections of a right circular cone by a 𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 =

plane in different positions gives Parabola
𝟒𝒂𝒙 −𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝟒𝒃𝒚 −𝟒𝒃𝒚
different types of curves, which are
known as 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 or 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠. Position Right Left Up Down

Definition: (Focus-Directrix property): Vertex (𝟎, 𝟎) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)

A conic is the locus of a point such Focus (𝒂, 𝟎) (−𝑎, 0) (0, 𝑏) (0, −𝑏)
that the ratio of its distances from a
fixed point (focus) and from a fixed Axis X-axis X-axis Y-axis Y-axis
straight line (directrix) is a constant Directrix 𝒙 = −𝒂 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = −𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑏
(𝑒; eccentricity).
Ends of LR (𝒂, ±𝟐𝒂) (−𝒂, ±𝟐𝒂) (±𝟐𝒃, 𝒃) (±𝟐𝒃, −𝒃)
[Remember: Locus of P with PS/Pd is constant.]
𝒍 (𝐋𝐑) 𝟒𝒂 4𝑎 4𝑏 4𝑏
We get different conics as per
different values of ‘𝒆’. The conic is, Focal dist. of point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on parabola (SP =)
Circle, if 𝑒 = 0 Parabola, if 𝑒 = 1 ––– |𝒂 + 𝒙𝟏 | |𝒂 − 𝒙𝟏 | |𝒃 + 𝒚𝟏 | |𝒃 − 𝒚𝟏 |
Ellipse, if 𝟎 < 𝒆 < 𝟏 Hyperbola, if 𝑒 > 1 { Remember 1st type only,
Straight Line, if 𝑒 = . others write with logic w.r.t. 1st. }

PARABOLA ELLIPSE

A parabola is the set of all points equi-
distant from a fixed point (focus) & a
fixed line (directrix); all in same plane.
Latus-rectum of a conic is a focal chord
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry.
(1) Equation of Parabola:
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 (Standard eqn.)
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕 (Parametric eqns.)
[Parametric coordinates of any point
on parabola  P(at2,2at) i.e. P(t)]
An Ellipse is the locus of a point P
with ratio of its distances from a fixed
point S (focus) to its distance from a
fixed line 𝑑 (directrix) is a constant
𝑒 (eccentricity) and 0 < 𝑒 < 1.
[Remember: Locus of P with PS/Pd is constant.]
[Also called focus-directrix property.]
[Ellipse have 2 possible foci &
directrices.]
(1) Equation of Ellipse :
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ = 𝟏 (𝒂 > 𝒃) (𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐧. )
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉, , 𝒚 = 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 (Parametric eqns.)
[Parametric coordinates of any point on
ellipse  P(a cos , b sin ) i.e. P()]

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 (𝑎 < 𝑏) (Verticle ellipse)
𝑎2 𝑏2
Auxiliary Circle: (Circle on major axis)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .

7 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 FOCAL DISTANCE ELLIPSE –– 2 TYPES
(2) For horizontal ellipse:
Focal distance: of point P(x1, y1) on ellipse, 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ = 𝟏 + =𝟏
Ellipse 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
from focus S(ae, 0) is
𝒂>𝒃 𝑎<𝑏
𝐒𝐏 = |𝒆𝒙𝟏 − 𝒂|
Position Horizontal Vertical
from the focus S'(–ae, 0) is
Centre (𝟎, 𝟎) (0, 0)
𝐒 ′ 𝐏 = |𝒆𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂| .
(±𝒂, 𝟎), (±𝑎, 0),
Vertices
For vertical ellipse: (𝟎, ±𝐛) (0, ±b)
Focal distance: of point P(x1, y1) on ellipse, Foci (±𝒂𝒆, 𝟎) (0, ±𝑏𝑒)
from focus S(0, be) is  Distance
𝟐𝒂𝒆 2𝑏𝑒
betn foci
𝐒𝐏 = |𝒆𝒚𝟏 − 𝒃|
Relatn betn 𝒃𝟐 = 𝑎2 =
from the focus S’(0, –be) is
𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒆 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 ) 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑒 2 )
𝐒 ′ 𝐏 = |𝒆𝒚𝟏 + 𝒃| .
 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 √𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
Eccentricity 𝒆 = 𝒆 =
Property: For any point on an ellipse, 𝒂 𝒃
the sum of distance from two fixed
Major: on X-axis Major: on Y-axis
points (foci) is a constant. Axes on
Minor: on Y-axis Minor: on X-axis
Major: 𝟐𝒂 Major: 2𝑏
𝒍 (𝐚𝐱𝐞𝐬)
Minor: 𝟐𝒃 Minor: 2𝑎
Eqns of 𝒂 𝑏
𝒙=± 𝑦=±
directrices 𝒆 𝑒
Distance betn 𝟐𝒂 2𝑏
directrices 𝒆 𝑒
𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
(𝒂𝒆, ± ) (± , 𝑏𝑒 )
Ends of 𝒂 𝑏
LR 𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
(−𝒂𝒆, ± ) (± , −𝑏𝑒)
𝒂 𝑏
𝟐𝒃𝟐 2𝑎2
 𝒍 (𝐋𝐑)
𝒂 𝑏
{ Remember 1st type only,
2 type write with logic w.r.t. 1st. }
nd

(Column-2: Grey part remember w.r.t. upper row.)

8 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA –– 2 TYPES
A Hyperbola is the locus of a point P
with ratio of its distances from a fixed {This table: Same as Ellipse’, except non-grey
point S (focus) to its distance from a rows. i.e. Eqn, vertices, relation, eccentricity.}
fixed line 𝑑 (directrix) is a constant
𝑒 (eccentricity) and 𝑒 > 1. 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Hyperbola − = 𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
[Remember: Locus of P with PS/Pd is constant.]
[Also called focus-directrix property.] Position Horizontal Vertical
[Hyperbola have 2 possible foci & directrices.] Centre (𝟎, 𝟎) (0, 0)
Vertices (±𝒂, 𝟎) (0, ±b)
(1) Equation of Hyperbola :
Foci (±𝒂𝒆, 𝟎) (0, ±𝑏𝑒)
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏 (Standard eqn. )  Distance
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒆 2𝑏𝑒
betn foci
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉, , 𝒚 = 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 (Parametric eqns.) Relatn betn 𝒃𝟐 = 𝑎2 =
[Parametric coordinates of any point on 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒆 𝒂𝟐 (𝒆𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝑏2 (𝑒 2 − 1)
hyperbola  P(a sec , b tan ) i.e. P()]  √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Eccentricity 𝒆 = 𝒂
𝒆=
𝒃
Auxiliary Circle: (Circle on Trans. Axis)
Trans. Axis: on X-axis Trans. Axis: on Y-axis
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 . Axes on
Conj. Axis: on Y-axis Conj. Axis: on X-axis
(2) Conjugate Hyperbolas: are
Trans. Axis: 𝟐𝒂 Trans. Axis: 𝟐𝒃
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝒍 (𝐚𝐱𝐞𝐬)
− =1 & − = 1. Conj. Axis: 𝟐𝒃 Conj. Axis: 𝟐𝒂
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
If 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 are eccentricities of two Eqns of 𝒂 𝑏
𝒙=± 𝑦=±
conjugate hyperbolas, then directrices 𝒆 𝑒
1 1 Distance betn 𝟐𝒂 2𝑏
+ = 𝟏.
𝒆𝟏 𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝟐 directrices 𝒆 𝑒
𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
FOCAL DISTANCE (𝒂𝒆, ± ) (± , 𝑏𝑒 )
Ends of 𝒂 𝑏
(Exactly same as Ellipse’) LR 𝒃𝟐 𝑎2
(−𝒂𝒆, ± ) (± , −𝑏𝑒)
(2) For Horizontal Hyperbola: 𝒂 𝑏
Focal distance: of pt. P(x1, y1) on hyperbola, 𝟐𝒃𝟐 2𝑎2
 𝒍 (𝐋𝐑)
from focus S(ae, 0) is 𝒂 𝑏
𝐒𝐏 = |𝒆𝒙𝟏 − 𝒂|
from the focus S'(–ae, 0) is
𝐒 ′ 𝐏 = |𝒆𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂| .

For Vertical Hyperbola:

Focal distance: of pt. P(x1, y1) on hyperbola,
from focus S(0, be) is
𝐒𝐏 = |𝒆𝒚𝟏 − 𝒃|
from the focus S’(0, –be) is
𝐒 ′ 𝐏 = |𝒆𝒚𝟏 + 𝒃| .
9 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 (4) VECTORS (11) SCALAR PRODUCT

( or Dot Product )
ADDITION OF VECTORS
It is a scalar quantity & given by
̅·𝒃
𝒂 ̅ =|𝒂 ̅||𝒃 ̅ | 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 .
Scalar: have magnitude only, e.g. mass.
Vector: have both magnitude & direction. [∵ θ   between 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅, 0 θ. ]
[Note: Dot comes at middle level of letters.
Parallelogram law: If 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ are two Full stop comes at bottom level.]
adjacent sides of a parallelogram
with same starting point O, then 𝑎̅ · 𝑏̅ [gives  bet’n
∴ cos 𝜃 =
(𝑎̅ + 𝑏̅) represents the diagonal. | 𝑎̅ || 𝑏̅ | two vectors]

̅ = | 𝒂̅ | 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
̅ 𝐨𝐧 𝒃
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝒂
𝑎̅ · 𝑏̅
=
| 𝑏̅ |

̅·𝒃
𝒂 ̅=𝒃 ̅·𝒂̅ (is Commutative)
Parallologram law Triangle law
(Because, scalar product is a scalar
Triangle law: If 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ are two quantity, hence it has no direction.)
adjacent sides of a triangle with
different starting points, then (𝑎̅ + 𝑏̅ ) 𝑎̅ · 𝑎̅ = | 𝑎̅ |2 = 𝑎2 [∵ cos 0 = 1]
represents the third side.
𝒂̅ · 𝒃̅ = 𝟎  either | 𝒂̅ | = 𝟎 𝑜𝑟 | 𝒃̅ | = 𝟎
Properties of addition: Vector addition 𝑜𝑟 𝒂̅𝒃 ̅ [∵ cos 90 = 0]
is (i) Commutative (ii) Associative.
̂·𝒌
𝒊̂ · 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ · 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ = 𝟏 [∵ cos 0 = 1]
UNIT & POSITION VECTORS ̂=𝒌
𝒊̂ · 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂ · 𝒌 ̂ · 𝒊̂ = 𝟎 [∵ cos 90 = 0]

Unit vector: is a vector having magnitude 1. If, 𝑎̅ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂

𝑏̅ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ , then
Unit vector 𝑎̂ (a cap) along 𝑎̅ is
̅ = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 .
̅·𝒃
𝒂
𝑎̅
𝑎̂ = .
| 𝑎̅ |
VECTOR PRODUCT
Position vector: Vector 𝑂𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ is the
position vector of point ‘P’ w.r.t. origin ( or Cross Product )
‘O’ (∵ Oinitial point, Pterminal point). It is a vector quantity & given by
̅̅̅̅ ,
For any vector 𝐴𝐵
𝒂 ̅ =|𝒂
̅ 𝒃 ̅ | 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒏
̅||𝒃 ̂
̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝑩 − ̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝑨 . (w.r.t. origin ‘O’.)
[∵ θ   between 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅, 0 θ. ]
Unit vectors 𝒊̂, 𝒋̂, 𝒌̂: 𝑛̂ is a unit vector  to both 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅, so
𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ are mutually  unit vectors along that 𝑎̅ , 𝑏̅, 𝑛̂ form a right handed system.
positive x, y & z-axes respectively.
| 𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ |
̂|=𝟏.
| 𝒊̂ | = | 𝒋̂ | = | 𝒌  sin 𝜃 =
| 𝑎̅ | | 𝑏̅ |
If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is any point in space & [gives angle between 2 vectors.]
O is the origin then ̅= −𝒃 ̅  𝒂
̅ 𝒃
𝒂 ̅ (not Commutative)
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
𝑂𝑃 (Because, vector product is a vector
& | ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑃 | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 . quantity, hence it has direction.)

10 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 ̅=𝟎  Coplanar vectors: If 3 or more vectors
̅𝒃
𝒂
lie in the parallel planes then called so.
either | 𝒂
̅ | = 𝟎 𝑜𝑟 | 𝒃 ̅|=𝟎
Like vectors: are vectors having same
̅&𝒃
or 𝒂 ̅ are collinear [∵ sin 0 = 0]. direction. Unlike vectors have
opposite directions.
𝑖̂  𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝑗̂  𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂  𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ .
𝑖̂  𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂  𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂  𝑘̂ = 0. [∵ sin 0 = 0] Free vector: A vector which can be
shifted along its line of action or
There are two  directions to any plane.
parallel to itself and its initial point
Thus, for a plane containing two vectors
can be chosen anywhere is called a
𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅, these 2 directions are given by free vector. e.g. all equal vectors are
 (𝑎̅ 𝑏̅) . free vectors.
If, 𝑎̅ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ Localized vector: is a vector which
𝑏̅ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ , then can be shifted only along its line of
action. e.g. Force vector.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
̅ Co-initial vectors: are vectors having
𝑎̅ 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 | .
the same initial point.
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

(5) LINEAR INEQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF PRODUCTS

𝟏 INTRODUCTION
Area of , 𝑨= |𝒂 ̅| .
̅  𝒃
𝟐
Area of a parallogram, The set of all values of 𝑥 which satisfy
the given inequation is called the
̅|.
̅ 𝒃
𝑨=|𝒂 solution set of the inequations.
[∵ 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ are adjacent sides of a  or
The set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)
parallelogram.]
which satisfy the given inequation is
Resolved force: called the solution set of the
If a force 𝐹̅ is acting at a point O and inequations in two variables.
𝑎̂ is a unit vector along ray OA, then
A set of points in a plane is said to be
the resolved part of the force 𝐹̅ along
a convex set if the line segment
the unit vector 𝑎̂ is joining any two points of the set
̅·𝒂
(𝑭 ̂)𝒂
̂ [a vector quantity]. entirely lies within the set.

̅ · ̅̅̅̅ If the boundaries of the convex set

Work done: w=𝑭 𝑨𝑩
are formed by straight lines, then it is
[Work done (w) by the force 𝐹̅ during the called a polygonal convex set.
displacement ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 . The scalar quantity.]
The bounded polygonal convex set is
Moment of force: ̅ = ̅̅̅̅
𝑴 ̅
𝑨𝑩  𝑭 called a convex polygon.
̅ is moment of force 𝐹̅, when 𝐹̅
[∵ 𝑀 The co-ordinates of any point in the
acts at point B on the body & rotate plane which satisfy the given
the body about point A.] inequations is called a feasible
solution of the given inequations.
TYPES OF VECTORS
DEFINITIONS
Collinear vectors: If 2 or more
vectors are parallel to the same line When two expressions are
then called so. Opposite directions connected by the equality symbol,
are allowed. the statement is called the equation.
11 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
Definition: Let 𝑥 & 𝑦 be any two real (6) DETERMINANTS (11)
numbers positive, negative or zero.
Then, 𝑥 > 𝑦 if 𝑥 − 𝑦 is positive;
𝑥 < 𝑦 if 𝑥 − 𝑦 is negative. DETERMINANTS – BASICS

Linear Equation: is an equation In determinants, the number of rows

involving the variables of first degree. & columns are equal.
The values of the variables satisfied Determinant of order 2:
by these equations is called solution
set of the corresponding equation. |𝑎 𝑏 | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏. (Cross multiplication)
𝑐 𝑑
A linear equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
represents a straight line, Determinant of order 3:
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants; and a & 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
b are not both zero simultaneously. |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
The solution set of linear equation
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎 𝑏2
with two variables is the set of all the = 𝑎1 | 2 2 | − 𝑏1 |𝑎 𝑐 | + 𝑐1 | 2 |
points on the line, i.e. solution set of 𝑏3 𝑐3 3 3 𝑎3 𝑏3
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is given by = 𝑎1 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐2 ) − 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑎3 𝑐2 )
{(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) / 𝒂𝒙𝟏 + 𝒃𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄 = 𝟎}. + 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 )
Minors: of above determinant:
PROPERTIES OF INEQUATIONS (See step-2).
𝑏 𝑐
Minor of 𝑎1 = | 2 2 |
1. These operations does not change 𝑏3 𝑐3
the inequality. (Same as equality) 𝑎2 𝑐2
Minor of 𝑏1 = |𝑎 𝑐 | , etc.
(a) Adding or subtracting the same 3 3
number to each side of an 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
inequation. Alternative notation  |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
(b) Multiplying or dividing each side 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
of an inequation by the same 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴 = |𝑎𝑖𝑗 | (determinant not mod)
positive number.
(c) Transferring terms from one side Cofactors: of above determinant:
of an inequation to the other, by are factors of 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎13 , etc.;
changing their signs. i.e. minors with signs of 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎13 , etc.
𝑪𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = (−𝟏)𝒊+𝒋 . 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒋
2. Multiplying or dividing each side
= 𝑨𝒊𝒋
of an inequality by the same
negative number reverses the
inequality. CRAMER’S RULE

3. If both 𝑎 and 𝑏 are of same sign (Solution of Simultaneous Equations):

and 𝑎 < 𝑏, then (i) For 2 unknowns:
1 1 If 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
> .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 , then
Also, if 𝑎 and 𝑏 are of opposite 𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦
signs and 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑥= , 𝑦= ; where,
𝐷 𝐷
1 1 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂𝟏 𝒄𝟏
< . 𝑫 = | 𝟏 𝟏 | , . 𝑫𝒙 = | 𝟏 𝟏 | , . 𝑫𝒚 = |𝒂 𝒄 |.
𝑎 𝑏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄 𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

12 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

(ii) For 3 unknowns: (4) If each element of a row (or a
column) is multiplied by a constant
If 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
‘k’ then determinant’s value gets
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
multiplied by ‘k’.
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 , then i.e. If there is a common factor in
𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑧 every element of a row (or a column),
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧= ; where then it can be taken out of the
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 determinant, as a factor.
𝐷 = |𝑎 2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | , 𝐷𝑥 = |𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |, (5) If each element of a row (or a
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 column) is expressed as the sum of
𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1 two numbers, then the determinant
𝐷𝑦 = |𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 | , 𝐷𝑧 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |. can be expressed as the sum of two
𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3 determinants.
(6) If a constant multiple of all
CONSISTENCY & AREA OF TRIANGLE elements of any row (or a column) is
added to the corresponding elements
Consistency of 3 equations in 2 unknowns: of any other row (or column) then
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 the value of determinant remains
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 unchanged.
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0 .
(7) MATRICES (11)
Above 3 equations in 2 unknowns x &
y are consistent if
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 MATRICES – BASICS
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 0 .
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 In Matrices, the number of rows &
columns may or may not be equal.
Area of : (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) is
Symmetric matrix: A square matrix
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1 in which 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 .
𝐴 = | 𝑥2 𝑦2 1|.
2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
e.g. [ 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓]
If, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ) = 0 , 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
then 3 points A, B, C are collinear. Skew-Symmetric matrix: A square
matrix in which 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 .
PROPERTIES 𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
e.g. [−ℎ 𝑏 −𝑓 ]
Properties of determinants (6): −𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
(1) Determinant’s value remains
unchanged when rows are made as Equality of 2 matrices: Two matrices A
columns & vice versa (i.e. & B are said to be equal if
interchanged) without changing order. (i) Order of A = order of B.
(ii) Corresponding elements of A & B
(2) If any 2 rows (or columns) are
are same.
interchanged then determinant’s
value changes by sign only.
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
(3) If any 2 rows (or columns) are iden- If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a matrix and α is a
tical, then determinant’s value is zero.
scalar (constant), then

13 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 α 𝐴 = [α 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 .
TYPES OF MATRICES
Addition of Matrices:
Matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]are said Zero (null) matrix: in which every
element is zero.
to be conformable for addition if
orders of A and B are same. Then, Diagonal Matrix: in which every non-
diagonal element is zero.
𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] .
Scalar matrix: is a diagonal matrix in
Order of A + B is same as that of A or B.
which all the diagonal elements are
Similarly, subtraction of matrices. equal.
Unit (Identity) matrix: is a diagonal
PRODUCT & TRANSPOSE matrix in which every diagonal
element is 1.
Product of two matrices:
Upper Triangular Matrix: is a square
A & B are called conformable for the matrix in which every element below
product ‘AB’, if number of columns of the diagonal is zero. Vice versa for
A are equal to number of rows of B. Lower Triangular Matrix.
i. e. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝 & 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑘𝑗 ]𝑝×𝑛 , Square matrix: having same number
of rows & columns.
then AB is defined & (of order n; or form nn.)
𝐴𝐵 = [𝑐𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 where Determinant of matrix: is defined
𝑝 only for a square matrix.
i = 1,2,.....,m
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑘 . 𝑏𝑘𝑗 Singular matrix: is a square matrix
j = 1,2,.....,n.
𝑘=1 with determinant’s value zero.
Non-Singular matrix: is a square matrix
’
T
Transpose of Matrix (A or A ): with determinant’s value non-zero.
It is obtained by interchanging rows Symmetric matrix: A square matrix
and columns of A. in which 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 .
Skew-Symmetric matrix: A square
If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a matrix, then
matrix in which 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 .
𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]𝑛×𝑚 (transpose of A) Singular matrix: A square matrix is
said to be singular if the value of its
If A is a square matrix, then
determinant is zero. i.e. if | 𝐴 | = 0.
𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric matrix,
Transpose of Matrix (AT or A’ ): It is
𝑇
𝐴 − 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix. obtained by interchanging rows and
columns of matrix 𝑨.
Every square matrix A can be
expressed as the sum of a symmetric
& skew-symmetric matrix as
1 1
𝐴= [𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ] + [𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ] .
2 2

14 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 (8) SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(9) LOGARITHMS
A set is a collection of well-defined
objects. Empty set is denoted by . (1) Defn: If ax = m, then x = loga m.
A power set of a set A is collection of (∵ a  1; a, m, x are real numbers.)
all subsets of A & denoted by P(A).
(2) Laws :
A(BC) = (AB)(AC)
𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒎 = 𝒎 (Putting 2nd eqn into 1st in Defn.)
A(BC) = (AB)(AC) .
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒙 (Putting 1st eqn into 2 nd in Defn.)
De’Morgan’s laws: For any sets A &
If 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛 then 𝑚 > 𝑛
B,
& conversely.
(AB)’ = A’B’
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 ( 𝑎0 = 1)
(AB)’ = A’B’ .
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 ( 𝑎1 = 𝑎)
(1) If A & B are finite sets such that
log 0 is not defined.
AB = , then n(AB) = n(A) + n(B).
1
(2) If n(AB)  0, then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚
𝑚
n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(AB) . 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 =
AB = {(a, b) / aA, bB} 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎

In particular RR = {(x, y) / x, yR} 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛

𝑚
If (a, b) = (x, y) then a = x & b = y. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
If n(A) = p, n(B) = q then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚
n(AB) = pq A = .
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 = (Change of base rule)
The image of an element x under a 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎
relation R is given by y, if (x, y)R.
Ln means loge ( Ln x = loge x)
The domain of R is the set of all 1st
components of the ordered pairs in R. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10  Common logarithms
The range of R (relation) is the set of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒  Natural logarithms.
all second components of the
ordered pairs in R. (3) Antilogarithm :
If 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒎 = 𝒙, then 𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙.
f(–x) = f(x) if f is even & xR
f(–x) = –f(x) if f is odd & xR. (4) Characteristic : If 𝑥 ≥ 1, then
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥
= (𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒙) − 𝟏.
If 𝑥 < 1, i.e., 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then
Characteristic of 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥
= – [(Number of zeros following
the decimal point in 𝑥) + 1].

15 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 (10) COMPLEX NUMBERS −1 ± 𝑖√3
1, , . [Denoted by 1, 𝜔, 𝜔′ ]
2
INTRODUCTION
If 𝜔 and 𝜔′are the complex cube
roots of unity, then
A number of the type 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃
is called a complex number. 𝜔2 = 𝜔′ & 𝜔′2 = 𝜔
[∵ 𝑎, 𝑏  real numbers, 𝑖 = √−1. ] 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
Here 𝒂 is real part, 𝒃 is imaginary part. 𝜔3 = 1.

𝑖 = √−1, 𝑖 2 = −1, 𝑖 3 = −𝑖, 𝑖 4 = 1 𝜔3𝑛 = 1, , , 𝜔3𝑛+1 = 𝜔, , , 𝜔3𝑛+2 = 𝜔2 .

Similarly,
i 4n  1, i 4n1  i, i 4n2  1, i 4n3  i. (11) SEQUENCE & SERIES
[∵ 𝑛 is non-negative integer.]
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.)
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 if and only if
𝑎 = 𝑐 & 𝑏 = 𝑑.
A sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛 , … is an
If 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 0 then 𝑎 = 0 & 𝑏 = 0. A.P., if the difference
𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 = a constant, for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
COMPLEX NUMBER 'z = a + ib'
𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂 + ( 𝒏 − 𝟏 ) 𝒅
𝒏 𝒏
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] = [𝒂 + 𝒍]
𝟐 𝟐
𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑, then
[∵ 𝑡𝑛 = nth term, 𝑆𝑛 = sum of n terms.
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) + (𝑏 + 𝑑 ) 𝑖 𝑎=first term, 𝑙=last term, 𝑑=difference]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 ) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 ) 𝑖
In A.P.,
(Straight multiply + Cross multiply) 3 numbers: 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 5 numbers: 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒅, 𝒂 − 𝒅, 𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅
= ×
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
4 numbers: 𝒂 − 𝟑𝒅, 𝒂 − 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒅.
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, then
1 𝑎 𝑏 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)
= 2 2
−( 2 )𝑖
𝑧 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏2
A sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛 , … is a
Complex conjugate: of 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑖𝑠
G.P., if the ratio
𝒛̅ = 𝒂 − 𝒊𝒃 . 𝒕𝒏+𝟏 /𝒕𝒏 = 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭, for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
Polar form: of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦 is 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂 𝒓(𝒏−𝟏)
𝒛 = 𝒓 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) . 𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑦 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 ( ) if |𝑟| > 1
∵ 𝑟 = √ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑟−1
𝑥 1 − 𝑟𝑛
𝑦 𝑥 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 ( ) if |𝑟| < 1
[ sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = , , , | 𝑧 | = 𝑟 ] 1−𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎 if 𝑟 = 1
r  modulus of z; θ  argument of z.]
𝑎
𝑆𝑛 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] if 𝑟 = −1 .
2
CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
[∵ 𝑡𝑛 = nth term, 𝑆𝑛 = sum of n terms.
𝑎 = first term, 𝑟 = ratio]
Cube root of unity i.e. three roots of
the equation 𝑥 3 − 1 = 0 are In G.P.,

16 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 𝑎
3 numbers: , , 𝑎, , 𝑎𝑟.
𝑟
𝑎 𝑎 (12) PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
5 numbers: 2 , , , , 𝑎, , 𝑎𝑟, , 𝑎𝑟 2 .
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
4 numbers: 3 , , , , 𝑎𝑟, , 𝑎𝑟 3 . FACTORIAL NOTATION
𝑟 𝑟
𝑛 factorial (𝑛!)
HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)  product of first 𝑛 natural numbers.
𝒏! = 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) … 𝟑 · 𝟐 · 𝟏 [𝑛 ≥ 1]
A sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛 , … is a H.P.,
1 1 1 1 0 ! = 1.
if , , , . . . , , … are in A. P.
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡𝑛
ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION
MEANS (A, G, H)
Principle of addition:
For two numbers 𝑎 & 𝑏. If an event can occur either in 𝑚 or 𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 mutually exclusive alternative ways,
𝐴= , , , 𝐺 = √𝑎𝑏, , , 𝐻 =
2 𝑎+𝑏 then the total number of ways in
which the event can occur is 𝑚 + 𝑛.
𝐺 2 = 𝐴𝐻, 𝐻 ≤ 𝐺 ≤ 𝐴.
In general, if an event can occur
[∵ A, G, H  Arithmetic, Geometric, either m or n or p mutually exclusive
Harmonic means respectively.] alternative ways, then the total
number of ways in which the event
Alternatively,
𝑎+𝑏 can occur is 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑝.
If a, A, b are in A. P. then, , , 𝐴 =
2 Principle of multiplication:
If a, G, b are in G. P. then, , , 𝐺 = √𝑎𝑏 If an event has m possible outcomes,
2𝑎𝑏 and another Independent event has
If a, H, b are in H. P. then, , , 𝐻 = . n possible outcomes, then there are
𝑎+𝑏
𝑚 · 𝑛 possible outcomes for the two
SUMS OF COMMON SERIES events together.
In general, if the first event can occur
𝑛 in m different ways, following which,
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑟 = second event can occur in n different
2
𝑟=1 ways, following which, a third event
𝑛 can occur in p different ways, then
𝑛 2 (𝑛 + 1)2
3 the total number of ways in which
∑𝑟 =
4 three events can occur together is
𝑟=1
𝑛
𝑚·𝑛·𝑝.
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑟2 =
6
𝑟=1

∑ 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ 𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑟=1
𝑛

∑(𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑏𝑟 2 + 𝑐𝑟 + 𝑑 )
𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3 2
= 𝑎 ∑ 𝑟 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑟 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑟 + 𝑑 ∑ 1.
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

17 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 PERMUTATIONS
A permutation is an arrangement, in
a definite order, of a number of
objects, taken some or all at a time.
Permutations of 𝑛 things taken 𝑟 at a
time is given by
𝒏!
𝒙𝒏 𝑷𝒓 =
( 𝒏 − 𝒓) !
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)
Types of permutations:
1. Linear permutation
2. Circular permutation.
LINEAR PERMUTATION
Permutations of n different objects
taken r at a time is, the total number
of ways in which n objects can be
arranged at r places in a line and
n (7) The number of permutations of n
denoted by Pr or nPr or P(n,r).
(1) The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time
when repetition of r objects in the
permutation is not allowed is
𝒏 𝒏!
𝑷𝒓 = where r ≤ n.
(𝒏 − 𝒓)!
(2) The number of permutations of n
different objects taken all at a time,
––––––––
18 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
when to specified objects always
come together is 𝟐(𝒏 − 𝟏)! .
(3) The number of permutations of n
different objects taken all at a time,
when 2 specified objects never come
together is (𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟏)! .
(4) The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time,
when particular object is to be always
included in each arrangement is
𝒓  𝒏−𝟏 𝑷𝒓−𝟏 .
(5) The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time,
when particular object is never
included in each arrangement is
,𝒏−𝟏 𝑷𝒓 .
(6) The number of permutations of n
different objects, taken r at a time,
when repetition of r objects in the
permutation is allowed, is 𝒏𝒓 .
objects, when p objects are of one
kind, q objects are of second kind, r
objects are of third kind and the rest,
if any, r of different kind is
𝒏!
.
𝒑! 𝒒! 𝒓!
 STANDARD – XII
STANDARD – xii (2) Logical Connectives:
Compound Conne- Symbolic
INDEX Negation
statement ctive Form
conjunction and p  q p  q
PART – I
disjunction or p  q p  q
1. Mathematical Logic
negation not p (p)  p
2. Matrices (12)
conditional or If ... pq or
3. Trigonometric Functions (12) p  q
implication then... pq
4. Pair of Straight Lines (12)
bi-conditional
5. Vectors (12) If and pq or (p  q) 
or double
6. Three Dimensional Geometry only if pq (q  p)
implication
7. Linear Programming
PART – II
8. Continuity STATEMENTS
9. Differentiation (12)
10. Integration (12) (3) Algebra of statements:
11. Differential Equations (Standard equivalent statements):
12. Probability Distribution
13. Binomial Distribution Law
pp  p Idempotent pp  p
(1) MATHEMATICAL LOGIC pq  qp Commutative pq  qp
(pq)  r (pq)  r
INTRODUCTION  p  (qr) Associative  p  (qr)
 pqr  pqr
(1) Statement : Either true or false p  (qr)  p  (qr) 
Distributive
sentence but not both. (pq)(pr) (pq)(pr)
– Assertive, imperative, exclamatory, pFp pTT
Identity
interrogative and open sentences pFF pTp
are not statements.
p  p  T Complement p  p  F
– Symbol  stands for “all values
(p)  p Involution T F, F T
of”. It is universal quantifier.
(pq) (pq)
– Symbol  stands for ‘there exists’ DeMorgan’s
& known as existential quantifier.  p  q  p  q
– An open sentence with a quantifier p(pq)
Absorption p(pq)  p
becomes a quantified statement. p
pq pq 
Conditional
 pq (pq)(qp)

(4) pq  q  p  p  q
pq  (pq)  (qp)
 (p  q)  (q  p)

19 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 TAUTOLOGY, SWITCHING CIRCUIT If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , then
𝑨±𝑩=𝑪
(5) Tautology: is a statement pattern
which is always true (T).  𝐶 = [𝑐𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 & 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗
Contradiction: is statement pattern { 𝑖 = 1, 2, … … , 𝑚 & 𝑗 = 1, 2, … … , 𝑚 }
which is always false (F).
Contingency: is a statement pattern If 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]𝒎×𝒏 , then 𝒌𝑨 = [𝒌𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]𝒎×𝒏
which is neither a tautology nor a
For addition:
contradiction.
of matrices of same order,
(6) Switching Circuit: 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴 (Commutative law)
(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 = 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪) (Associative law)
(A) Two switches in parallel:
A & B are matrices of same order then,
𝑘 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
(𝑘 + 𝑙)𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑙𝐴

Input-output (switching) table for p  q: If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 & 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ]𝑛×𝑝

are two matrices then
p q pq 𝑨 𝑩 = 𝑪,
T(1) T(1) T(1) where 𝐶 = [𝑐𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝 such that
T(1) F(0) T(1) 𝑛
F(0) T(1) T(1) 𝑐𝑖𝑘 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑏𝑗𝑘 (for all 𝑖 & 𝑘. )
F(0) F(0) F(0) 𝑗=1

where, p : S1 closed q : S2 closed. For multiplication:

of matrices of appropriate orders,
(B) Two switches in series:
(𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) (Associative Law)
𝐴 (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 or
(𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 (Distributive Law)
Input-output (switching) table for p  q:
TRANSFORMATIONS
p q pq
T(1) T(1) T(1)
Three elementary transformations:
T(1) F(0) F(0)
F(0) T(1) F(0) 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗 or 𝐶𝑖 ↔ 𝐶𝑗
F(0) F(0) F(0) 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑘𝑅𝑖 or 𝐶𝑖 → 𝑘𝐶𝑖
where, p : S1 closed q : S2 closed. 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑗 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 or 𝐶𝑖 → 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘𝐶𝑗

If A & B are two square matrices of

(2) MATRICES (12)
the same order such that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 ,
RULES
then, 𝐴−1 = 𝐵 & 𝐵−1 = 𝐴 .
Transpose of matrix: If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 For finding 𝑨−𝟏 , we consider
then 𝐴′ = 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑚 . 𝑨 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰 (for row transformations)
(Transpose; rows columns interchanged.) 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨 = 𝑰 (for column transformations)
If 𝐴 is symmetric: 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 To find 𝐴−1 of any non-singular
If 𝐴 is skew-symmetric: 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 . square matrix, 2 methods are:
20 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 Elementary transformation. 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶 (Similarly)
Adjoint method.
𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑏 cos 𝐴
To solve a system of linear equations,
Napier Analogies:
two methods are:
𝑨−𝑩 𝒂−𝒃 𝑪
Method of inversion. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )=( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐭
𝟐 𝒂+𝒃 𝟐
Method of reduction.
𝐵−𝐶 𝐶−𝐴
[Similarly for: tan ( ) & tan ( )]
2 2
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Area of  ABC is
TRANSFORMATIONS METHOD: 𝟏
∆ = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝟐
For finding 𝐴−1 , we consider
1 1
𝑨 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰 (for row transformations) = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
2 2
𝑨−𝟏 𝑨 = 𝑰 (for column transformations)
ANY  ABC – SEMI-PERIMETER
ADJOINT METHOD:
(2) With Semi-perimeter (s) :
If A is a square matrix, then
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝟏 If 𝑠 = (Semi-perimeter) Then,
𝑨−𝟏 = (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨) . 2
|𝑨|
∆ = √𝒔 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
Adjoint of a square matrix A,
(  = Area of a ) (Hero’s formula)
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨 = Transpose of matrix formed
by cofactors of the corresponding 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆
𝑅= . 𝑟=
elements of matrix 𝐴. 4∆ 𝑠
′ (Radius of cirumcircle) (Radius of incircle)
 if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], then 𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨 = [𝑨𝒊𝒋 ] ,
where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 for 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = √
𝑠 (𝑠−𝑎)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = √
𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
2 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑏𝑐
each 𝑖 & 𝑗.
𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
(Read ‘cofactors’ in determinants basics, Std. XI.)  𝑡𝑎𝑛 = √ (By sin  cos)
2 𝑠 (𝑠−𝑎)

(Similarly for cos or sin B/2 or C/2.)

(3) TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
ANY  ABC – RULES
General
For any  ABC, Equation
Solution (𝒙 =)
A + B + C = 180° sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑛𝜋
(1) Rules : tan 𝑥 = 0
𝒂 𝒃 𝑐 (2𝑛 + 1)
𝜋
= = (Sine Rule) cos 𝑥 = 0 2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 sin 𝐶
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
Cosine Rule:
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑛𝜋±𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝛼
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎 2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵 (Similarly)
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝛼 𝑛 𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼
cos 𝑥 = cos 𝛼 2𝑛 𝜋 ± 𝛼
Projection Rule:
tan 𝑥 = tan 𝛼 𝑛𝜋±𝛼
𝒂 = 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 + 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
21 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
( n  Z) (4) PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES (12)
(0,1,2,3,....)

Principal Solution: It is the general PAIR OF LINES - 1

solution value in the range 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝜋.
The joint equation of two lines
POLAR COORDINATES 𝑢 = 0 & 𝑣 = 0 is 𝒖𝒗 = 𝟎.
( u & v are linear functions of x & y.)
If (𝑟, θ) are the polar coordinates of
the point 𝑃 with Cartesian (1) General Eqn : of pair of lines is
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦), then
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝒚
𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , , 𝛉 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 ( ). [ 𝟎 ≤ 𝛉 < 𝝅] 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙
{ for pair passing through origin.}
Alternatively,
𝑥 𝑦 Acute angle ‘θ’ between pair of lines:
cos θ = & sin θ = .
𝑟 𝑟
tan θ = 2 h2  ab .
or 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos θ, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin θ. ab

[For both eqns; general & through origin.]

( INVERSE TRIG. FUNCTIONS )
Pair of lines are: Parallel, if h2 – ab = 0
–1 –1
sin (sin x) = sin (sin x) = x , if a + b = 0.
st nd
Similarly for cos, tan, cosec, sec & cot. (1 : by Numerator zero, 2 : by Denominator zero)

(cosec, sec, cot = reciprocals of sin, cos, tan)

(2) Conditions :
sin–1 x = cosec–1(1/x) cosec–1 x = sin–1(1/x)
cos–1 x = sec–1(1/x) sec–1 x = cos–1(1/x) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
tan–1 x = cot–1(1/x) cot–1 x = tan–1(1/x) represents a pair of lines if
sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1x; tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, a h g
cos (–x) =  – cos x
–1 –1 h b f  0. …. (A)
g f c
sin–1 x + cos–1 x = cosec–1 x + sec–1 x
= tan–1 x + cot –1 x = /2 i.e. abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
𝑥+𝑦 Point of intersection for pair of lines is:
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
1 − 𝑥𝑦  hf  bg hg  af  . (For general eqn.)
𝑥−𝑦  , 
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1  ab  h2 ab  h2 
1 + 𝑥𝑦
[Look at determinant in (A) & remember.]
{Same as: tan (x + y), tan (x – y) formulas}
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎 always represent
2𝑥 a pair of lines passing through origin if
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
1 + 𝑥2 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 ≥ 𝟎 .
2
1−𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
1 − 𝑥2

22 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES – 2
SECTION FORMULA
(3) Pair of lines through origin :
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0. [Eqn of pair]  For the internal division:
̅ + 𝒏𝒂
(𝒎𝒃 ̅)
If m1 & m2 are slopes of above pair then, 𝒓̅ =
𝒎+𝒏
2h a
m1 + m2 =  & m1 m2 = . (If 𝑅 (𝑟̅ ) divides the line segment
b b
joining the points 𝐴(𝑎̅), and B (𝑏̅)
Pair passing through origin &  to internally in the ratio m : n .)
above pair is
 For the external division:
bx2 – 2hxy + ay2 = 0.
(𝑚𝑏̅ − 𝑛𝑎̅)
𝑟̅ = .
𝑚−𝑛
For pair of lines through origin
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0,
 For the midpoint 𝑀(𝑚 ̅ ),
(i) the parallel pair through (x1, y1) is
̅+𝒃
𝒂 ̅
a(x – x1)2 + 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + b(y – y1)2 = 0 𝒎̅ = .
𝟐
{ 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅  position vectors of end
(ii) the  pair through (x1, y1) is
points of a line segment AB.}
b(x – x1)2 – 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + a(y – y1)2 = 0.
 Centroid 𝐺 (𝑔̅ ) of ,
(iii) eqn of pair of ‘bisectors of angles’ is ̅ + 𝒄̅
̅+𝒃
𝒂
x y
2 2 ̅=
𝒈 .

xy
. 𝟑
ab h
 For centroid 𝐺 (𝑔̅ ) of tetrahedron,
̅+𝒃
𝒂 ̅ + 𝒄̅ + 𝒅 ̅
(5) VECTORS (12) ̅=
𝒈 .
𝟒

COLLINEARITY, COPLANARITY { A(𝑎̅), B(𝑏̅), C(𝑐̅), D(𝑑̅ ) are vertices.}

COLLINEARITY: SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

Vectors are collinear if they are ( or Box Product )
parallel to the same line irrespective
of directions. Denoted by [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅ ]
 [𝒂
̅𝒃̅ 𝒄̅ ] = 𝒂 ̅ × 𝒄̅)
̅ ∙ (𝒃
Three pts A(𝑎̅ ), B(𝑏̅), C(𝑐̅) are collinear if
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ = 𝟎 ,
𝑨𝑩 × 𝑨𝑪  Sign changes by interchanging any
two vectors.
or if ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is expressed as a scalar
multiple of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 .  Value is zero if all 3 vectors coplanar.
 Value is zero, if one or more vectors
COPLANARITY: are zero or any 2 vectors are collinear.
Vectors are coplanar if they are
 [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅ ] = [𝑏̅ 𝑐̅ 𝑎̅] = [𝑐̅ 𝑎̅ 𝑏̅] .
parallel to the same plane.
A linear combination of 2 vectors is a VOLUME:
vector, coplanar with these 2 vectors.
of parallelepiped = |𝑎̅ ∙ (𝑏̅ × 𝑐̅)|
Four points 𝐴(𝑎̅), 𝐵(𝑏̅ ), 𝐶 (𝑐̅) & 𝐷(𝑑̅ ) 1
of tetrahedron = [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅ ] .
are coplanar if & only if 6

̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑪 × ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑫 = 𝟎 . ( 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ are coterminous edges.)
23 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 DIRECTION COSINES – RELATIONS
CONCURRENCE, MEDIANS
If 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are DCs of vector 𝑟̅
1. Medians of a rectangle are & 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers such that
concurrent (at centroid). 𝒍 𝒎 𝒏
= = ,
2. Angle bisectors of a triangle are 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
concurrent (at incentre). then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are direction ratios of 𝑟̅ &
𝒂
3. Altitudes of a triangle are 𝒍= ,
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
concurrent (at orthocenter). 𝑏 𝑐
𝑚= ,,𝑛 = .
4. The median of a trapezium is √𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 √𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
parallel to the parallel sides of
Direction ratios of the line through
the trapezium. The length of the
points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) & 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are
median is half of the sum of the
lengths of the parallel sides. (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ), , (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ), , (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 ).

5. The angle subtended on a semi- If θ is  bet’n 2 lines with direction

circle is the right angle. cosines 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 & 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 then

6. Quadrilateral is a parallelogram if 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 &

its diagonals bisect each other.  lines are , if
𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 0 .
(6) THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
 lines are parallel, if
𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
DIRECTION COSINES – BASICS = = .
𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2
If a directed line segment OP makes  𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 & 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are direction
angles α, β,  with coordinate axes, ratios of the 2 lines then
then those are called direction angles. 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos α, cos β, cos  are direction cosines. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = .
𝟐 𝟐
√𝒂𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 . √𝒂𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝟐
Direction cosines: of line OP are
𝑙 = cos 𝛼, 𝑚 = cos 𝛽, 𝑛 = cos 𝛾.
LINE
{ DCs of line PO  −𝑙, −𝑚, −𝑛. }
For 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 & P(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), The vector equation of a line passing
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑟, 𝑧 = 𝑛𝑟. through a point having position
vector 𝑎̅ and parallel to 𝑏̅ is where is
If 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are DCs of a vector 𝑟̅ , then, ̅
̅+𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂
𝒍𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏
where  is a parameter.
𝒓̅ = | 𝒓̅ | 𝒓̂ = | 𝒓̅ | (𝒍 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝒋̂ + 𝒏𝒌̂).
The equation of a line passing
If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) & 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are 2 pts; through a point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) & having
direction cosines of 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ are 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛, then direction cosines 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are given by
( 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
𝒍= , = = ,
|̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩| 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑚= ,𝑛 = . this is known as symmetric form of
̅̅̅̅
|𝐴𝐵| |̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵| equation of the line.

24 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

The length of the  from the point
𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) on the line PLANE
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
= = is
𝒍 𝒎 𝒏 CARTESIAN EQN OF A PLANE
[(𝒂 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒃 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒄 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐 ]  Normal form: 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 = 𝒑
√
−[(𝒂 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝒍 + (𝒃 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝒎 + (𝒄 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝒏] 𝟐 [ 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛  D.C.s of normal to plane,
 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are DCs the of line. 𝑝  length of normal from origin.]
 Passing through point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) &
Length of the  from a point 𝑃(𝛼̅) on
having direction ratios 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 of normal:
the line 𝑟̅ = 𝑎̅ +  𝑏̅ is
𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) + 𝒃(𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒄(𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 ) = 𝟎.
̅−𝒂
(𝜶 ̅𝟐
̅) · 𝒃
√| 𝜶 ̅| −[
̅−𝒂 𝟐 ] .
̅|
|𝒃 VECTOR EQN OF A PLANE
 Normal form: 𝒓̅ · 𝒏
̂=𝒑
SHORTEST DISTANCE [ 𝑛̂  unit vector along the normal,
𝑝   distance of plane from origin.]
Skew lines are non-parallel, non-intersecting.
Line of shortest distance: is the line   The parametric form:
to each of two skew lines. ̅+𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂 ̅ +  𝒄̅
[ λ & μ are parameters.]
Shortest distance: between the lines
̅𝟏 &
̅𝟏 +  𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂  Passing through pt 𝐴(𝑎̅) & normal to 𝑛̅ :
̅𝟐 is
̅𝟐 +  𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂 (𝒓̅ − 𝒂
̅) · 𝒏
̅=𝟎

̅𝟐 − 𝒂
(𝒂 ̅𝟏 × 𝒃
̅ 𝟏 ) · (𝒃 ̅𝟐 )  Passing through point 𝐴(𝑎̅) &
𝒅=|
̅𝟏 × 𝒃 ̅𝟐 |
|. parallel to non-zero vectors 𝑏̅ & 𝑐̅ :
|𝒃
̅ 𝒄̅ ] = [𝒂
[𝒓̅ 𝒃 ̅𝒃̅ 𝒄̅ ]
Shortest distance: bet’n parallel lines
i.e. 𝑟̅ ∙ (𝑏̅ × 𝑐̅) = 𝑎̅ ∙ (𝑏̅ × 𝑐̅)
̅ &
̅𝟏 +  𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂
̅ is  Passing through 3 non-collinear pts
̅𝟐 +  𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂
𝐴(𝑎̅), 𝐵(𝑏̅) & 𝐶(𝑐̅) :
̅𝟐 − 𝒂
(𝒂 ̅
̅𝟏 ) × 𝒃
𝒅=| | [𝒓̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑪 ] = [𝒂 𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑪 ] or
̅|
|𝒃
𝒓̅ = (𝒍 − 𝒎 − 𝒏) 𝒂 ̅ + 𝐧 𝒄̅ .
̅+𝐦𝒃
𝒅 = | (𝒂 ̂|.
̅𝟏) × 𝒃
̅𝟐 − 𝒂
 Parallel to the plane 𝑟̅ ∙ 𝑛̅ = 𝑝 is
Shortest distance: between the lines 𝒓̅ ∙ 𝒏
̅ = 𝒑𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
= = &
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 2 PLANES / PLANE & LINE
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑧 − 𝑧2
= = 𝑖𝑠 The angle between two planes is the
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
angle between their normals.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
| 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | If 𝑟̅ ∙ 𝑛̅1 = 𝑝1 & 𝑟̅ ∙ 𝑛̅2 = 𝑝2 are 2
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 planes inclined at an angle θ, then
𝒅= .
̅𝟏 · 𝒏
𝒏 ̅𝟐
(𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 )𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = | | .
√ |𝒏 ̅𝟐 |
̅ 𝟏 || 𝒏
+(𝒂𝟏 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟏 )𝟐
Planes are parallel, if 𝑛̅1 is parallel to 𝑛̅ 2 .
(For denominator: Look at determinant above.)
Planes are , if 𝑛̅1 · 𝑛̅2 = 0 .
25 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 STEPS OF ISO-PROFIT METHOD
The length of  from the point 𝐴(𝑎̅)
to the plane 𝒓̅ ∙ 𝒏
̅ = 𝒑 is for solving LPP graphically:
|𝒂
̅∙𝒏̅−𝒑| 1. Graph the constraints and identify
. the feasible region.
|𝒏
̅|
2. Draw the initial objective line 𝑧1 =
The angle θ between the line
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 which passes through a
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
= = , point belonging to the feasible region.
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
3. If the objective function is of
& a plane 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 𝒅 is maximization type then move the
𝒂𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝟏 iso-profit line 𝑧1 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 parallel
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = . to itself away from the origin, till
𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 . √𝒂𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 the feasible extreme point/s are
located. (i.e. select the corner
̅𝟏 +  𝒃
2 lines 𝒓̅ = 𝒂 ̅𝟏 & points at which it just touches the
̅𝟐 +  𝒃
𝒓̅ = 𝒂 ̅𝟐 are coplanar, if feasible region.) This iso-profit
[𝒂 ̅𝟏 𝒃
̅𝟏 𝒃 ̅𝟐 ] = [𝒂 ̅𝟏 𝒃
̅𝟐 𝒃 ̅𝟐 ] line gives maximum value of z.
4. If the objective function is of
i.e. 𝑎̅1 ∙ (𝑏̅1 × 𝑏̅2 ) = 𝑎̅2 ∙ (𝑏̅1 × 𝑏̅2 )
minimization type, then move the
̅
̅+𝒃
The line 𝒓̅ = 𝒂 iso-cost line parallel to itself
towards the origin, till the feasible
lies in the plane 𝒓̅ ∙ 𝒏
̅ = 𝒑 , if extreme point/s are located. At
̅∙𝒏
𝒂 ̅∙𝒏
̅=𝒑 & 𝒃 ̅ = 𝟎. this point/s the objective function
will have minimum value.
(7) LINEAR PROGRAMMING (Also called iso-cost method.)

( LLP  Linear Programming Problem )

STEPS OF CORNER POINT METHOD
STEPS TO FORMULATE LPP: for solving the LPP graphically:
1. Identify the decision variables & assign 1. Find the feasible region of the LPP.
the symbols 𝑥, 𝑦 or 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to them. 2. Determine the corner points
2. Identify the set of constraints & (vertices) of the feasible region
express them as linear inequations either by inspection or by solving
in terms of the decision variables. the two equations of the lines
intersecting at the point.
3. Introduce non-negativity restrictions.
3. Find the value of the objective
4. Identify the objective function to
function corresponding to all the
be optimized (maximized) and
corner points or vertices.
express it as a linear function of
decision variables. 4. Determine the feasible solution
which optimizes the value of the
Let R be the feasible region (convex
objective function.
polygon) for a LPP & let 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
be the objective function. Then the
optimal value (maximum or
minimum) of z occurs on at least one
of the corner points (vertex) of the
feasible region.

26 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

 In general,
(8) CONTINUITY
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 (𝒏)
= 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒚 𝐰. 𝐫. 𝐭. 𝒙
𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at a point 𝑥 = 𝑐, if 𝒅𝒙𝒏

𝑓(𝑐) exists, 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( ) ≡ derevative of derivative
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) ,
𝑥→𝑐 𝑑 3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) . = [ ( )]
𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
≡ derevative of derivative of derivatie
If any one condition is not satisfied,
then discontinuous. & so on.

DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS RULES

Rational function is continuous
everywhere except at the point (𝑢 ± 𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ ± 𝑣′
where denominator is zero. (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′
Polynomial, exponential, sine & cosine 𝑢 ′ 𝑢′𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣′
functions are continuous for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. ( ) =
𝑣 ′ 𝑣2
Logarithm function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is
continuous for 𝑥 > 0. (∵ 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎  1) If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎
then it is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎,
REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY but the converse is not true.

A real valued function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to Chain rule:

have a removable discontinuity at
𝑥 = 𝑐 in its domain if If ‘𝑦’ is a composite function,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐) . i.e. if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), then
𝑥→𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
A real valued function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to = ·
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
have an irremovable discontinuity at
𝑥 = 𝑐 in its domain if For 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), if inverse 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) exists,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑥→𝑐 then = or = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(9) DIFFERENTIATION (12)
(Derivatives) Parametric function:

INTRODUCTION If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ); and 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑔′(𝑡)
‘Derivative’ is the rate of change of then = 𝑑𝑡 = … (A)
one quantity w.r.t. other quantity. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Graphically it is ‘slope’.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒇′ (𝒕) · 𝒈′′ (𝒕) − 𝒈′ (𝒕) · 𝒇′′(𝒕)
𝑑𝑦 =
≡ rate of change of 𝑦 w. r. t. 𝑥. 𝒅𝒙𝟐 [𝒇′ (𝒕)]𝟐
𝑑𝑥
≡ derivative of 𝑦 w. r. t. 𝑥. [By (𝑢/𝑣)′ rule on (A).]

If 𝑦 = f (𝑥) is a differentiable function of 𝑥 then For Implicit function

𝒅𝒚 ′
= 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒚 𝐰. 𝐫. 𝐭. 𝒙 i.e. of the form 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒎+𝒏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 ′′ 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒚 𝐰. 𝐫. 𝐭. 𝒙 = & = 𝟎. (𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅)
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐
27 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 f(x) IN PLACE OF x
STANDARD FUNCTIONS (12)
Apply rules as before in ‘Std. functions’,
Derivative but multiply the result by 𝒇 ′(𝒙).
Function Derivative 𝑑
e. g. [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 . 𝑓 ′(𝑥)
𝑘 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
Similarly,
𝑘𝑥 𝑘
Function Derivative
𝑥𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
ef(x) ef (x) · 𝑓′(𝑥 )
−𝑛 −𝑛−1
𝑥 −𝑛 𝑥
af(x) af (x). log a · 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 . log 𝑎
1
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 log 𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑓′(𝑥 )
log 𝑥 1/𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 )

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑛 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 · 𝑓′(𝑥)

cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
. f' (x)
f(x)
tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 2 f(x)

cot 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1

1
. f' (x)
f(x) f(x)2
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
Derivative of 𝑔(𝑥) w.r.t. 𝑓(𝑥) is
log | sec 𝑥 | tan 𝑥
log | sin 𝑥 | cot 𝑥 𝑑 𝑔 (𝑥 )
.
log | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | sec 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 | cosec 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥/𝑎 1 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
or −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥/𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 Tangent & Normal:
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥/𝑎
or −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥/𝑎 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝒇′(𝒂) is slope of tangent to the curve
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥/𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point P(𝑎, 𝑏) of the curve.
or −𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥/𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 Eqn of tangent at (𝑎, 𝑏) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
1 (𝒚 − 𝒃) = 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂) .
log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 |
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2
1 𝑥−𝑎 1 Two line are  if 𝑚1 · 𝑚2 = −1.
log | |
2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎2
2
 −𝟏/𝒇′(𝒂) is slope of the normal.
Integration (+c)  Eqn of normal at (𝑎, 𝑏) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
−𝟏
𝒏
𝒙 formula: (𝒚 − 𝒃) = (𝒙 − 𝒂) .
𝒇′(𝒂)
𝑑 𝑑 1 1 −1 1
√𝑥 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥 2 = Rate of change:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 1 𝑑 −1 −1 is rate of change of 𝑦 w. r. t. 𝑥.
( )= 𝑥 = −𝑥 −2 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Approximation:
Approx. value of 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) ≈ 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒉 𝒇′(𝒂) .

28 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

INCREASING/ DECREASING FUNCTION (10) INTEGRATION (12)
′(
If 𝑓 𝑥 ) > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏), then
the function is increasing. STANDARD FUNCTIONS
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) < 0 then decreasing. Integration (+c)
Function Integration (+c)
MAXIMA & MINIMA:
0 𝑘
If 𝑓 (𝑐 ) > 𝑓 (𝑥 ) for all 𝑥 ∈ (𝑐 − 𝛿, 𝑐 + 𝛿) 1 𝑥
except 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓(𝑐) is the
𝑘 𝑘𝑥
maximum value (maxima) of 𝑓(𝑥).
If 𝑓 (𝑐 ) < 𝑓 (𝑥 ), then minima (minimum value). 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥𝑛
𝑛+1
A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has
𝑥 −𝑛+1
Maxima at 𝑥 = 𝑐 ( 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑥 −𝑛 −𝑛 + 1
if 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0 & 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐 ) < 0 .
= log 𝑥,  𝑛 = 1
Minima: if 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0 & 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐 ) > 0.
𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 / log 𝑎)
APPLICATIONS (THEOREMS) 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1/𝑥 log |𝑥 |
Rolle's theorem:
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a real valued function sin 𝑥 −cos 𝑥
of a real variable such that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 −cot 𝑥
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏) sec 𝑥 · tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥
(iii) If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏), then there exists 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 · 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 −cosec 𝑥
a real number 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such tan 𝑥 log | sec 𝑥 |
that 𝑓′(𝑐 ) = 0. cot 𝑥 log | sin 𝑥 |
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem: sec 𝑥 log | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 |
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a real valued function cosec 𝑥 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 |
defined on [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥/𝑎
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 or −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥/𝑎
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥/𝑎
then there exists at least one 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 or −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥/𝑎
point 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥/𝑎
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 or −𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥/𝑎
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) .
𝑏−𝑎 1
log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 |
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
log | |
𝑥2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙
√𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 √𝒂 − 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
𝑥
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2
2
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 𝒂𝟐
± 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 |
𝟐
Derivative

Note: Never forget to write ‘𝒅𝒙 & +𝒄’.

29 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 FORM f (ax+b) [LIATE: Logarithmic, Inverse, Algebraic,
Trigonometric, Exponential.
Here strictly arrange ‘u & v’ in above
If ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥 ) + 𝑐 order before start solving.]
𝟏 𝒅 𝒙
then ∫ 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) 𝒅𝒙 = · 𝒈(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 [𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′(𝒙)] · 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ [𝒆 𝒇(𝒙)] · 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙
[÷ by ′𝒂′, the derivative of (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
& replace ′𝒙′ by ′(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)′. ]
f(x) IN PLACE OF x
Accordingly,
Apply rules as before in ‘Std. functions’,
1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = · +𝑐 by considering
𝑎 𝑛+1
𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝑿 & 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝑿 .
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = · log |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝑐 Hence,
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎
 f x n 1
  f x . f ' x.dx   X .dX  c
n n

∫ cosec (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 n 1
f x
𝟏 e . f x .dx   e X dX  c  e f  x   c
= · 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) | + 𝒄
𝒂
f x 
 log | f x  |  c
dX
∫ sec (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) . tan (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
 f x 
dx  
X
1 f x 
 2 f x   c
dX
=
𝑎
· sec (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 𝐞𝐭𝐜.  f x 
dx   X

RULES OF INTEGRATION STD. SUBSTITUTIONS

Indefinite integral: is an integral Integrand Substitute

without limits. Result is ‘a function +𝑐’.
(ax + b)n or
Definite integral: is an integral with ax + b = t
(ax + b)1/n
limits. Result is a value.
𝑐 = 0 due to 𝑐 − 𝑐. xn–1 f(xn) xn = t
[f(x)]n f’(x) f (x) = t
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
sin2nx. cos2n+1x sin x = t
[For indefinite integrals.]
cos2nx. sin2n+1x cos x = t
1
∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 a sinx  b cos x  c
tan x/2 = t

∫ 𝑘 · 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 · ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 Substitute Substitute
Integrand Integrand
x= x=
[For indefinite & definite integrals.] a sin  or
a2  x2 a  x a sin2 
a cos 
If x = g (t) : Here 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 a cosec  or
x2  a2 x  a a sec2 
a sec 
∴ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 [𝑔(𝑡)] · 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
a tan  or
x2  a2 x  a a tan2 
a cot 
Integration by Parts : a2  x2 a  x a cos  or
2 2 a2 cos2 2 a  x
a x a cos 2
 u. v dx  u v . dx   u' v.dx . dx 2ax  x 2a sin 
2 2 ..... .....
30 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
 Note: Don’t by-heart RHS 2 columns DEFINITE INTEGRAL
(gray part), remember w.r.t. LHS.

If ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥 ) + 𝑐, , , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
𝒃

𝑃(𝑥) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = [𝒈(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝒈(𝒃) − 𝒈(𝒂).

Consider the integral ∫ 𝑑𝑥, where
𝑄(𝑥) 𝒂

- 𝑃(𝑥 ), 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials in 𝑥, [Integration from 𝑎 to 𝑏 (limits of 𝑥).]

- degree of 𝑷(𝒙) < degree of 𝑸(𝒙), [Constant gets cancelled due to ‘𝑐 − 𝑐’.]

- no common polynomial factors in

Properties :
𝑷(𝒙) and 𝑸(𝒙). 𝑎

Such integral can be solved by splitting ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)
into Partial Fractions as follows. 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
[Note: Degree of 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 is 2; the highest power.]
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑷(𝒙) Partial Fraction 𝑎 𝑏

𝑸(𝒙) ( 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐) 𝑏 𝑏

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ + 𝑎 𝑎
(𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃)(𝒙 − 𝒄) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

[Here, degree of 𝑃 (𝑥 ) < degree of 𝑄(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

i.e. degree of numerator be 2, 1 or 0. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
Same rule, in the following all cases.] [ 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏]
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
+ + Additional results :
(𝑥 − 𝑎 )3 𝒙 − 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟑
𝑏 𝑏

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝟐
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝒙 − 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂) 𝒙 − 𝒃 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝒑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒓𝒙 + 𝒔 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝟐
+ 𝟑
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝒙 − 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒂) (𝒙 − 𝒂) 𝒙 − 𝒃 0 0
𝑎/2
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 2 = ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
(𝒙 − 𝒂) (𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝟐
0

𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓𝒙 + 𝒔 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝟑 𝟐 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 𝒂 𝒂
2
+ 2
(𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) (𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆) 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝟐 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 , , if 𝑓(𝑥 ) is 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧
−𝒂 𝟎
𝒑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒓𝒙 + 𝒔 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
+ 𝟐 = 𝟎 , , , if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)𝟐
𝟐

[𝒇(𝒙) is even if 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), odd if 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙).]

 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) & (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆) cannot be factorized.

For steps to find A,B,C,D values: Refer books.

Note: Don’t byheart table. Remember with logic.

31 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App

Other useful results :
SYMMETRY:
𝑛
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑟 = If on changing x to –x, the equation
2 of curve remains same, then the
𝑟=1
𝑛 curve is symmetric about Y-axis.
𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑟2 = If on changing y to –y, the equation
6
𝑟=1 of curve remains same, then the
𝑛
curve is symmetric about X-axis.
∑𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘
𝑟=1
If on changing x to –x & y to –y, the
equation of curve remains same, then
𝑏 𝑛
the curve is symmetric about both axes.
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ ℎ · 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)
𝑛→∞
𝑎 𝑟=1
(11) DIFFERENTIAL EQNS.

APPLICATIONS OF DEF. INTEGRAL

LINEAR D.E.
AREA UNDER CURVE: General form of linear 1 st order D.E. is
Area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝒅𝒚 ∵ p q are functions
+𝑷·𝒚 = 𝑸 [ ]
X-axis & vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 & 𝑥 = 𝑏 is 𝒅𝒙 of 𝑥 only or constants.
𝒃 𝒙=𝒃 Its solution 
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 . 𝑦 (𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ 𝑄 (𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐,
𝒂 𝒙=𝒂
[ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 ]
Area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦),
Y-axis & horizontal lines 𝑦 = 𝑐 & 𝑦 = 𝑑 is 𝒅𝒙
For: = 𝒌𝒙 𝑆𝑜𝑙 𝑛 :  𝒙 = 𝒂 · 𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝑑 𝑦=𝑑 𝒅𝒕
[ ∵ 𝑎 is initial value of 𝑥.]
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 .
[ > 0 is growth, 𝑘 < 0 is decay.]
𝑐 𝑦=𝑐

[If negative value, then take magnitude

HOMOGENEOUS D.E.
only (positive value) of A.]
Homogeneous function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) & 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) are two homogeneous of ‘degree n’ if it can
curves intersecting at 𝑥 = 𝑎 & 𝑥 = 𝑏 be expressed as 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒏 (𝒙/𝒚).
then the enclosed area is
If 𝑓1 & 𝑓2 are homogeneous
𝑨 = Area under 𝑓(𝑥 ) − Area under 𝑔(𝑥 ) functions of same degree then, the
𝑏 𝑏 D.E. of the form
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑎 𝑎
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
[If negative, then take magnitude only.] 𝑜𝑟 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is called homogeneous D.E. of 1st order
& 1st degree. It can be solved by putting
𝒚
= 𝒗.
𝒙

32 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App


INTRODUCTION
Differential equation (D.E.) is an equ-
ation with polynomials of derivatives.
In a D.E.,
Order = Order of highest order derivative.
Degree = Power of highest order derivative.
(Both are always positive integers.)
General solution of D.E. is the solution
in which number of arbitrary constants
is equal to the order of a D.E.
Particular solution of the D.E. is the
general solution with particular
values to the arbitrary constants.
APPLICATIONS OF D.E.
GROWTH OR DECAY
In growth or decay, the rate of
change of quantity with time (dx/dt)
is directly proportional to the
amount of quantity (𝑥).
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 ∝𝒙  = 𝒌𝒙 .
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
In growth, 𝑥 increases,  𝑘 is positive.
In decay, 𝑥 decreases,  𝑘 is negative.
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
Statement: The rate of change of
temperature of a body at any time
(t) is directly proportional to the
difference between the temperature
of the body (θ) and that of its
surrounding medium (θ0 ).
𝒅𝛉 𝒅𝛉
 ∝ ( 𝛉 − 𝛉𝟎 )  = 𝒌 (𝛉 − 𝛉𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
In cooling, the temp. decreases with
time hence 𝑘 is negative i.e. 𝑘 < 0.
33 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App
(12) PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
RANDOM VARIABLE
A random variable (r.v.) is a function
whose domain is a simple space of
random experiment and whose co-
domain is the set of real numbers. i.e.
𝑿∶𝑺→𝑹
Two types of random variables:
1. Discrete random variable.
2. Continuous random variable.
Discrete random variable is a
random variable which can take
countable number of isolated values.
Continuous random variable is a
random variable which can take any
value in a given interval.
If 𝑋 is a discrete r.v. taking values
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛
then with each 𝑥𝑖 we assign a number
𝒑𝒊 = 𝑷 [𝑿 = 𝒙𝒊 ] ,
𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛 called as probability of
𝑥𝑖 such that,
(i) 0 ≤ 𝑝𝑖 ≤ 1, 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
(ii) ∑ 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ] = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1 .
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Such a function 𝑃 is called as probabi-
lity mass function (p.m.f.) of 𝑋.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Set of ordered pairs (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑝𝑖 ), 𝑖 =
1, 2, … , 𝑛 is called as probability
distribution of discrete r.v. 𝑋.
Cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.)
of a discrete r.v. 𝑋 is defined as
𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑷[𝑿 ≤ 𝒙] .
If 𝑋 is a discrete r.v. taking values
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 with respective proba-
bilities 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝𝑛 , then
(i) mean or expected value of 𝑋,
denoted by μ or 𝐸(𝑋) is defined as
 𝒏
(13) BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
 = 𝑬(𝑿) = ∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝒑𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
The p.m.f. of binomial distribution is
(ii) Variance of 𝑋 denoted by 𝜎 2 or
𝑷[𝑿 = 𝒙] = 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
Var (𝑋) is given by
[𝑥=0,1,2 … , 𝑛; 0<𝑝<1; 𝑞=1–𝑝]
𝝈𝟐 = 𝐕𝐚𝐫 (𝑿)
𝒏 𝒏 𝟐
= 𝟎, otherwise.
= ∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒑𝒊 − (∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝒑𝒊 ) Notation: 𝑋~𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝)
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
Mean = 𝐸 (𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝 ,
= 𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) − [𝑬(𝑿)]𝟐
Variance = 𝑉 (𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 .
A real valued function 𝑓(𝑥) is called
p.m.f. of Bernoulli distribution is
as probability density function (p.d.f.)
of a continuous r.v. 𝑋 if 𝑷[𝑿 = 𝒙] = 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞1−𝑥
(i) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 0, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 [𝑥 = 0,1; 0<𝑝<1; 𝑞 = 1–𝑝]
∞
= 𝟎, otherwise.
(ii) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 .
−∞
Mean = 𝐸 (𝑋) = 𝑝 ,
Variance = 𝑉 (𝑋) = 𝑝𝑞 .

––––––––

34 –– ‘Maths Formulas College’ Mobile App