Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra SMARTsense

Student: Olzhas Shalkhar

Objective:
To study the magnetic hysteresis loop of a ring shaped iron with massive and laminated cores.

Theory
Magnetism
It has been experimentally established that all substances have magnetic properties. Therefore,
the strength of the magnetic interaction between the points varies depending on the environment
in which they are located. This means that the induction of the magnetic field created by electric
currents in a substance is different from the induction of the magnetic field created by the same
currents in a vacuum. The physical quantity showing how many times the induction of the
magnetic field B in a homogeneous medium differs in modulus from the induction B0 of the
magnetic field in a vacuum is called magnetic permeability
B
μ=
B0

Substances that can be strongly magnetized in a magnetic field are called ferromagnets. The
magnetic permeability of ferromagnets in the order of magnitude lies in the range of 10 2 -105 .
The group of ferromagnets includes four chemical elements: iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium. Of
these, iron has the greatest magnetic permeability. Therefore, this whole group was called
ferromagnets.
Ferromagnetism
Hysteresis loop

Experimental
Procedure:

Figure 1.

As it shown in the Fig 1., the sensors, a power supplier, a commutator were connected. The solid
coil set-up was placed a bit far from the computer to prevent influences of the magnetic fields on
the equipment and sensors. The tip of Axis Magnetic Field sensor (MFS) was placed between
top and main iron core with a distance holder paper. Cobra SMART sense High Current sensor
was connected with coils. Both of the sensors worked with Bluetooth. MeasureApp was
downloaded and applied for showing detected results by sensors. Massive iron core and
laminated iron cores were examined. The field strength is calculated with the formula:
 In
H=
L
By applying the following: solid iron core: n/L = 2586 in 1/m, laminated iron core: n/L = 2459 in
1/m. We are able to plot the magnetic field strength H as a function of induction B.

Results

200

150

100

50
H, 1/m

0
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
-50

-100

-150

-200

B, mT

Figure 2. Hysteresis curve of laminated iron core.

It could be seen from the graph that we are managed to get the hysteresis loop of the given
material. The saturation point was around 9400 1/m and over 170 mT respectively. After
decreasing the induction value to the zero, the sample possesses remanence with 22.8 mT. In
order to make it go to zero value, it switch the commutator position and increase in negative
value. It reaches to zero value almost 827 1/m field strength and it equals to 265 A/m coercive
field strength.
200

150

100

50
H, 1/m

0
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
-50

-100

-150

-200
B, mT

Figure 3. Hysteresis curve of massive iron core.

The saturation point was higher than other one and it is over 8500 1/m corresponding to 167 mT.
After declining the value to zero, we have 24.4 mT as remanence. The same procedure was
repeated in aforementioned experiment; it has 860 1/m as field strength. It almost has 302 A/m
coercive field strength.

Conclusion

To conclude, a comparison of two hysteresis graphs provides an information that massive iron
core coercivity and remanence values are higher that laminated core one. The values of
coercivity and remanence for both iron cores are slightly different than expected values. The
fluctuations, errors may occur due to various reasons: presence of another external magnetic
field, technical issues, etc.
 Hall effect in metals

Objective:
To study the Hall effect in thin zinc and copper and find Hall coefficient

Theory

When a conductor plate or a semiconductor is placed in a magnetic field at 90 °to the direction of
the magnetic flux lines, electrons will move along the crossbar of the plate under the influence of
the Lorentz force. Their direction depends on the direction in which the current strength and the
magnetic flux lines go. In other words, the Hall effect is a special case of the action of the
Lorentz force, that is, the action of a magnetic field on a charged particle.
The Hall effect is used to study the characteristics of semiconductors. It can be used to calculate
the number of charge carriers per unit volume, as well as their mobility. This effect served as the
foundation for the development of Hall sensors. This equipment measures the strength of the
magnetic field. Such sensors are actively used to build motors with a tracking drive. In them,
they act as a feedback sensor. They measure the angle of rotation of the motor shaft.

Experimental

Figure 4. The experimental set-up for studying Hall effect

When every component is connected, the Hall probe will show a voltage even there is no
external magnetic field. By following the procedures, this voltage must be compensated. In the
beginning, we set the transverse current I to the desired value. After that. the field strength B was
put the desired value. Also, we should set the output voltage of the measuring amplifier to about
1.5 V by adjusting the compensation-voltage.
– Using the mains switch on the power supply unit, switch the magnetic field on and off and read
the Hall voltages at each on and off position of the switch (after the measuring amplifier and the
multi-range meter have recovered from their peak values). The difference between the two
values of the voltage, divided by the gain factor 105, is the Hall voltage UH to be determined
Results

f(x) = 0.16 x − 0.1 2

1
I, A

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

-1

-2

-3
𝑈𝐻, 𝜇𝑉

Figure 5. Hall voltage as a function of current I, using a zinc sample

The measurements shown in Fig. 5 confirms UH – I relation. From y = 0,1599x - 0,098 equation
we can derive a slope of the line and it is 0.1599∗10−6 V A .
UH d
RH=
BI
By following the equation, we can find the Hall coefficient:

25∗10−6∗1.16∗10−6 −11 3
RH= −3
=2.27∗10 m / As
160∗10 ∗8

1.2
1
f(x) = 0 x + 0.15 0.8
0.6
0.4
B, mT

0.2
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

𝑈𝐻, 𝜇𝑉

Figure 6. Hall voltage as a function of magnetic induction B, using a zinc sample.

It can be seen from the graph that UH – B relation is not quite straight line. The slope of the graph
is 0.005∗10−6 m2 /s and I =12 A.

25∗10−6∗2.51∗10−6 −11 3
RH= −3
=3.39∗10 m / As
154.3∗10 ∗12

2) Copper
1.2
1
f(x) = − 0.07 x + 0.13 0.8
0.6
0.4
I, A

0.2
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
𝑈𝐻, 𝜇𝑉

Figure 7. Hall voltage as a function of current I, using a copper sample.

Figure 7 depicts the UH – I relation graph of copper sample. Copper sample has d=18∗10−6 m .

18∗10−6∗(−0.59∗10−6 )
RH= −3
=6.23∗10−12 m3 / As
169,7∗10 ∗10,05

f(x) = − 0.01 x − 0.092

1

0
B, mT

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

-1

-2

-3

-4

𝑈𝐻, 𝜇𝑉

Figure 8. Hall voltage as a function of magnetic induction B, using a copper sample

The type of charge carrier can be distinguished from the sign of the Hall coefficient: if it has a
negative sign it has negative charge carrier and vice versa. In our case, copper samples have
negative Hall coefficient and zinc samples possess a positive sign. The last graph represents U H –
B relation of copper sample. From the graph we can calculate RH:
 18∗10−6∗(−1.16∗10−6 )
RH= −3
=3.18∗10−11 m3 / As
164.7∗10 ∗4

Conclusion

In conclusion, in the experiment was successfully conducted. The given two samples were
studied and compared. The graphs were plotted and other needed components were calculated.
Although, the Hall coefficient values were not same as expected values. For example, expected
value for copper the Hall coefficient is R H =−4.31∗10−11 m 3 / As, what we obtained from UH – B
m3
relation graph is 3.18∗10−11 .
As