Chapter

1 Transformers

Objective Practice Questions 03. The peak voltage across A and B, with S open
is (GATE–09)
400
1.1 EMF Equation of a Transformer (a) V (b) 800 V

4000 800
(c) V (d) V
01. A 400/200 V, 50 Hz transformer operates at a  
flux density of 1.2 T when energized from its
H.V. side. For this transformer, linear 04. If the waveform of i(t) =10sin(100t)A, the
dimensions of core are doubled while the peak voltage across A and B with S closed is
numbers of turns are halved on both its H.V. (a) 400 V (b) 240 V
and L.V. sides. If this transformer is now (c) 320 V (d) 160 V
connected to 800V, 50 Hz on its H.V. side,
then its flux density would be 05. The core of a two-winding transformer is
(a) 0.6 T (b) 1.2 T subjected to a magnetic flux variation as
(c) 3.6 T (d) 4.8 T shown in the figure.

q 
02. A single phase 50 Hz, core-type transformer r

+
has square core whose circumscribing circle epq 200 500 ers
diameter of 40 cm. The permissible flux density +
p 
is 1 Wb/m2. If the stacking factor is 0.9, the s
voltage induced per turn is
(a) 6 V (b) 11 V
(c) 16 V (d) 8 V (Wb)

Common data Questions 03 & 04

The circuit diagram shows a two-winding, lossless 0.009
transformer with no leakage flux, excited from a
current source, i(t), whose waveform is also shown. t(s)
0 0.06 0.1 0.12
The transformer has a magnetizing inductance of
400/ mH. 1:1 A
S The induced emf (epq) in the primary winding
will be of the form
i(t)
30Ω epq(V)
(a)
B 30

i(t) 0.1 0.12

0 t(s)
10A 0.06
0 15ms 20ms 25 ms 30 ms
5 ms 10 ms
10A
90
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07. A 100 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz single phase
epq(V)
(b) transformer has an No load current of 0.64 A
225 and a core loss of 700 watts, when its high
voltage side is energized at rated voltage
and frequency. If the transformer supplies a
0.06
0 t(s) load current of 40 amperes at 0.8 power
0.1 0.12 factor lag on its L.V side, then the primary
current and its power factor are (Ignore
75
leakage impedance drops.)
(c) epq(V) (a) 5.58A, 0.866 lag
90 (b) 4.584 A, 0.762 lag
(c) 6.754 A, 0.658 lag
(d) 7.68 A, 0.816 lag
0.06 t(s)
0
0.1 0.12 08. A single-phase power system consists of a 480
V 60 Hz generator supplying a load
30
Zload =4 + j3 Ω through a transmission
line of impedance Zline. = 0.18 + j0.24 Ω.
(d) epq(V)
ILine 0.18 j0.24

IG ZLine ILoad
75 +
Zload
+ V=4800 V Vload
0.1 0.12 t(s)  
4+j3
0
0.06
Fig. a

225 If the power system is exactly as described

above (Figure-a), what will be the voltage
at the load and transmission line losses?
1.2 Equivalent Circuits (a) 440 V, 1400 W (b) 400 V, 1440 W
(c) 454V, 1484 W (d) 470 V, 1400 W
06. When the primary of a transformer is
energized at rated voltage of 11,000 V and at
1.3 Transformer Losses
rated frequency of 50 Hz, it takes 3.2 A and
2400 watts at no load. Another transformer
09 A 200 V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has
has all its core dimensions 2 times the
hysteresis and eddy current losses of 250 watts
corresponding core dimensions of the first
and 90 watts respectively. If the transformer is
transformer. The Number of primary turns,
now energized from 230 V, 50 Hz supply, its
type of core material and lamination
core loss is
thickness is the same in both the transformers.
(a) 475. 35 W (b) 467.83 W
If the primary of the second transformer is
(c) 535.45 W (d) 398.68W
energized from 22,000 V, 50 Hz supply, the no
load current and power drawn by it are
(a) 5.56A, 5760 W (b) 6.789A, 6750W
(c) 4.557A, 6788 W (d)7.456A, 5678W
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10. In a test for the determination of loss of a 440
V, 50 Hz transformer, the total iron losses were
found to be 2500 watts at normal voltage
and frequency. When the applied voltage
and frequency were 220 V and 25 Hz, the iron
losses were found to be 850 watts. The eddy
current and hysteresis losses at normal
voltage and frequency are
(a) 1600W, 900W (b) 2400W, 300W
(c) 1600W, 800W (d) 2400W, 900W
11. In a transformer the total iron losses are
equally divided at rated voltage and
frequency. If the transformer is operated at
same frequency and at 90% rated voltage,
the percentage reduction in iron loss when
compared to rated iron loss is (Stienmetz
exponent 1.6)
(a) 18.5% (b) 17.3%
(c) 16.5% (d) 14.5%
12. The ohmic, hysteresis and eddy current losses
in a transformer at 50Hz are 1.6%, 0.9% and
0.6% respectively. For a steinmetz’s coefficient
of 1.6.
The output at 60Hz, for the total losses to
remain the same as on 50Hz is
(a) 1.028 output at 50Hz.
(b) 1.28 output at 50Hz.
(c) 1.036 output at 50Hz.
(d) 1.36 output at 50Hz.
1.4 Transformer Tests
13. When a 20 kVA, 3300/220 V, 50 Hz transformer
is operated on rated voltage at no load, its
power input is 160 watts at a pf of 0.15. Under
rated load conditions, the voltage drops in
the total resistance and total leakage
reactance are, respectively, 1 and 3 percent
of rated voltage. The input power when the
transformer delivers 14.96 kW at 220 V at 0.8
pf lagging to a load on the LV side is
(a) 15432.49 W (b) 15134.85 W
(c) 15272.49W (d) 15294.85 W
14. A 50 Hz, single-phase transformer draws a
short circuit current of 30 A at 0.2 pf lag when
connected to 16 V, 50 Hz source. What will
be the short circuit current and power factor
when the same transformer is energized from
16 V, 25 Hz source?
(a) 56.65 A, 0.3778 lag
(b) 65.65A, 0.5678 lag
(c) 56.65 A, 0.5678 lag
(d) 65.65A, 0.3778 lag
15. A 10 kVA, 400/200V Transformer has open
circuited wattage of 100 W at rated voltage
on LV side. The Mutual Inductance between
primary and secondary windings is 2 H, If the
Open circuit test is conducted on HV side at
rated voltage, the No load current of the
transformer is
(a) 0.404 A (b) 0.213 A
(c) 0.85 A d) 0.24 A
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16. A 1 kVA, 200/100 V, 50 Hz, single-phase Statement for Linked Answer Questions 20 & 21
transformer gave the following test results on A 10 kVA, 2500/250 V, single – phase transformer
50 Hz: gave the following test results:
OC (LV side) : 100 V, 20 watts Open – circuit test: 250V, 0.8 A, 50 W
SC (HV side) : 5 A, 25 watts Short – circuit test: 60 V, 3 A, 45 W
It is assumed that no-load loss components
are equally divided. The above tests were 20. Calculate the load kVA output at which
then conducted on the same transformer at maximum efficiency occurs.
40 Hz. Test results were. (a) 5.8 kVA (b) 7.5 kVA
OC (HV) : 160 V, W1 watts (c) 6.8 kVA (d) 7.9 kVA
SC (LV) : 5 A, W2 watts
Neglecting skin effect, W1 and W2 will be 21. Find the value of maximum efficiency at 0.8
(a) W1 = 16 watts, W2 = 6.25watts p.f
(b) W1 = 25 watts, W2 = 12.5 watts (a) 98.360% (b) 97.890%
(c) W1 = 20 watts, W2 = 25 watts (c) 98.443% (d) 98.194%
(d) W1 = 14.4 watts, W2 = 6.25 watts.
22. A 1000/200V, single-phase transformer has
primary and secondary resistance 0.25 and
1.5 Efficiency 0.014 respectively. The iron loss in the
transformer is equal to 240W. What is the value
of secondary current at which the efficiency
17. A 4 kVA, 200/400 V, 50 Hz, single phase will be maximum?
transformer gave the following test figures: (a) 20A (b) 31A
No load: (low voltage data) 200 V, 0.7 A, (c) 100A (d) 63A
60W. Short circuit: (high voltage data)
9V, 6A, 21.6 W. The efficiency of transformer 23. A Transformer has Maximum efficiency of 98%
on full load at unity power factor is at 15 kVA, UPF. The all day efficiency of the
(a) 98.08% (b) 97.08% Transformer, when FL of 20kVA at UPF for 12
(c) 96.08% (d) 95.08% hours and rest of the day No load on the
Transformer is
Common data Questions 18 & 19 (a) 94.5% (b) 95.5%
A Transformer has efficiency of 98% at Full load as (c) 97.2% (d) 96.5%
well as at half full load. Power factor is unity in both
the cases 24. A 100 kVA, 11 kV/231 V transformer has HV
and LV winding resistances of 8.51ohms and
18. The efficiency of the Transformer at 3/4th full 0.0038 ohms respectively. It gave the
load, UPF is following test results
(a) 98.5% (b) 98.3% OC test (LV side)231 V, 15.2 A, 1.25 kW
(c) 98.1% (d) 98.8% SC test (HV side) 440 V, 9 A, Not measured
The efficiency of the transformer at FL, 0.85
19. The Maximum possible efficiency of the lagging is
Transformer is (a) 97.5% (b) 96.5%
(a) 98.15% (b) 98.25% (c) 98.7% (d) 95.6%
(c) 98.96% (d) 98.65%
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1.6 Regulation
Common data for Questions 25 & 26
The maximum efficiency of a 1–phase, 1100/400 V,
500 kVA transformer is 98% and occurs at 80% full
load, unity power factor. The percentage
impedance is 4.5%. Load power factor is now
varied while load current and the supply voltage
are held constant at their rate values.
25. Determine the load power factor at which
the secondary terminal voltage is minimum
(a) 0.1687lagg (b) 0.1687 lead
(c) 0.286 lagg (d) 0.3373 lead
26. Find the voltage relating to the above case.
(a) 380.4 V (b) 382 V
(c) 416.96 V (d) 538.8 V
27. A 5 kVA 2200/220 V, single phase transformer
has the following parameters:
H.V. side – r1 = 3.4 , x1 = 7.2 
L.V. side – r2 = 0.028 , x2 = 0.060 
The transformer is made to deliver rated
current at 0.8 lagging power factor, to a load
connected on the LV side. If the load
voltage is 220 V, the terminal voltage on the
HV side is
(a) 2229.26 V (b)2193.27 V
(c) 2236.45V (d) 2215.45 V
Common Data for Questions 28 & 29
A 6600/440 V, single – phase transformer has an
equivalent resistance of 0.02 p.u. and an
equivalent reactance of 0.05 p.u. if the primary
voltage is 6600 V then compute the following.
29. The power factor of load at which transformer
voltages are maintained at nominal values
(a) 0.958 lead (b) 0.928 lead
(c) 0.958 lag (d) 0.928 lag
30. A Single phase Transformer has resistance
and leakage reactances of 1 % & 5%
respectively. If the applied voltage to the
Transformer is 600V, the terminal voltage at FL,
0.8 pf lag is observed to be 230 V, the turns
ratio of the transformer is
(a) 3.5 (b) 4.5
(c) 2.5 (d) 1.5
31 A 5 kVA, 400/80 V transformer has equivalent
resistance and reactance referred to HV side
are 0.25 ohms and 5 ohms respectively and a
lagging load is being supplied by it resulting in
the following meter readings (meters placed
on HV side)
I1=16 A V1=400V P1=5 kW
For this condition what a voltmeter would
read if connected across the load terminals.
Assume excitation current to be zero
(a) 75.4 V (b) 73.4 V
(c) 70.4 V (d) 76.4 V
Common Data for Q. 32 & Q. 33
A single-phase power system is shown in Figure. The
power source feeds a 100-kVA 14/2.4-kV
transformer through a feeder impedance of 40.0
+ j150 Ω. The transformer’s equivalent series
impedance referred to its low-voltage side is 0.12
+ j0.5Ω. The load on the transformer is 90 kW at 0.80
PF lagging and 2300 V.
40 j150 0.12 j0.5

+
28. Find the secondary terminal voltage at full Vsource + VS
load, 0.8 pf, lag. 
(a) 460.25 V (b) 419.75 V
(c) 427.68 V (d) 423.28 V
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32. The voltage regulation of the transformer is
_________ (in %) 1.7 Three Phase Transformers

33. The efficiency of the overall power system is 37. Three single-phase transformers are
__________ (in %) connected to form a 3-phase transformer
bank. The transformers are connected in the
Common Data for Q. 34 & 35 following manner.
A 15-kVA 8000/230-V distribution transformer has an
impedance referred to the primary of 80 + j300 Ω.
A2 a1
The components of the excitation branch referred A1 a2

to the primary side are RC = 350 kΩ and XM = 70 kΩ. b2 b1

B1 B2
If the primary voltage is 7967 V and the load c2 c1
C1 C2
impedance is ZL = 3.2 + j1.5 Ω, Secondary
Primary

34. The secondary voltage of the transformer is

________ V The transformer connection will be
represented by
35. The voltage regulation of the transformer is (a) Yd0 (b) Yd1
_________ (in %) (c) Yd6 (d) Yd11

36. A 60Hz transformer is rated 30 (kVA), 38. A 6.6/0.4 kV, 100 kVA distribution Transformer
4000(V)/120(V). The short circuit impedance is has 1.2% resistance and 5% reactance. The
0.0324 (pu) and the open circuit current is voltage to be applied to primary to maintain
0.0046 (pu). The rated core losses are 100 (W) secondary terminal voltage at 0.4 kV at FL, 0.8
and the rated winding losses are 180 (W). Pf leading is
Calculate the efficiency and the necessary (a) 6.465 kV (b) 6.756 kV
primary voltage when the load at the (c) 6.685 kV (d) 6.565 kV
secondary is at rated voltage, 20 (kW), and at
0.8 pf lagging.
(a) 98.6%, 4050 V (b) 97%, 4020 V 39. In the given figure, a delta-star Dy 1
(c) 97.6%, 4050 V (d) 98.6%, 4020 V transformer is supplied from a star-connected
alternator. The secondary voltage Vcn will be

A A2 A1 a1 a2
a
B B2 B1 b1 b2
b
C C2 C1 c1 c2
c

N n
3 ph supply Delta star Dy 1 transformer

(a) in phase with VCB

(b) in phase with VBC
(c) 300 lagging VCB
(d) 300 leading VCB
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40. Primary 42. A 50-hp, 440 V, 3-phase induction motor with
an efficiency of 0.9 and a power factor of
VCA
H1 H2 0.85 on full load is supplied from a 6600/440 V,
A
delta/star connected transformer. Ignoring
I III the magnetizing current, the currents in the
B H2 VBC
H1 high and low-voltage transformer phases
H1 II H2
when the motor is running at full load are
C
VAB (a) 2.46 A, 64 A (b) 3.46 A, 75 A
(c) 4.5A, 86 A (d) 5.6 A, 90 A
Secondary Vab

X1 a 43. The primary windings of two single phase

X2
transformers are connected as shown in fig. 1.
X2 I III X1 b
X2 c Vbc R
X1 II +
+
vca E0 7N turns
VRS
A normal two-winding 3-phase delta-delta –
transformer connection together with the – N/2 turns N/2 turns
Y
corresponding primary and secondary + S
voltage phasor diagrams are shown above. E–120
The magnitude of each of the symmetrical
–
secondary voltages Vab, Vbc and Vca is E. If B
Figure 1
while connecting the secondary side, the
terminals X1 and X2 of the transformer II are
The voltage VRS marked in the figure is
interchanged by mistake, the resultant
(a) E/20o (b) E0o
voltage around the secondary closed delta
would be 3
(c) E  30o (d) 7 3E  30o
(a) E (b) 1.5E 2
(c) 3 E (d) 2 E 44. The primary windings of a 3-phase core type
transformer are connected as shown in fig.1.
41. A 3-phase delta/star transformer is supplied at It is given that there is no circulating current in
6000V on delta connected side. The phases b and c. E =
terminal voltage on the secondary side when + –
supplying full load at 0.8 lagging power factor E

is 415V. the equivalent resistance and

reactance drops for the transformer are, 1% & +
ph a ph b ph c
5% respectively. The turns ratio of the V0 N turns N turns N turns
–
transformer is (GATE–00)
(a) 14 (b) 24 S

(c) 42 (d) 20
Figure. 1

(a) V0o (b) 2V0

3
(c) 0 (d) V0
2
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45. A bank of 3 identical single-phase 47. If their voltage ratings are 11,000/400V, the
transformers is being operated in delta-delta, secondary terminal voltage at the load given
receiving a balanced supply and delivering in above question is
power to a balanced load. Now one of the (a) V2  375.12 volts
transformers is disconnected and the (b) V2  378.18 volts
remaining two are in open delta with supply
(c) V2  356.82 volts
and load unchanged. The secondaries are
(d) V2  388.182 volts
shown in figure 1.
R2
I– A +
Common Data for Questions 48 & 49
V0
Three 400 kVA, 11,000/6600 V, 50 Hz single – phase
3-phase
Y2 – transformer gave the following data, when
balanced
IY
Y2 +
I 2 load operated at rated current with their l.v. windings
V–120
short circuited.
– Transformer 1 : 360 V, 3025 watts
B2
Figure.1 Transformer 2 : 400 V, 3200 watts
Transformer 3 : 480 V, 3250 watts.
I Y2 and I are respectively, These three transformers are operating in parallel
with their primary voltage held constant at 11 kV.
(a) I–  – 120, I–  +120
(b) I–  – 120, I–  – 60
48. What is the greatest load at unity p.f. that can
(c) I–  , 2 I– 
be put on these three transformers in parallel
(d) I–  +120, I–  + 60
without overloading any of them?
(a) 1080 kVA (b)1150 kVA
(c) 1060 kVA (d) 1250 kVA
1.8 Parallel Operation of Transformer
49. What is the secondary terminal voltage under
the above condition?
46. The short circuit tests on two single phase
(a) 6575 V (b) 6660 V
transformers gave the following results.
(c) 6550 V (d) 6328 V
200 kVA: 3% rated voltage, rated current at
0.25 p.f. lag.
500 kVA : 4% rated voltage, rated current at
0.3 p.f.lag.
These two transformers are connected in
parallel. How do they share a load of 560kW
at 0.8 p.f lag?
(a) S1 190 kW at 0.776 pf lag
S2  372 kW at 0.808 lag
(b) S1  180 kW at 0.906 pf lag
S2  345 kW at 0.776 pf lag
(c) S1  170 kW at 0.8 pf lag
S2  380 kW at 0.7 pf lag
(d) None of the above
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55. A single-phase 480kVA, 480 V/8 kV two-
1.9 Auto Transformer
winding transformer has an efficiency of
97.8% at full load unity power factor. If it is
50. A single-phase transformer has a rating of 15 connected as an 8000V/8400V
kVA, 600/120V. It is reconnected as an auto- autotransformer, then what are the values of
transformer to supply at 720 V from a 600 V its rated kVA and its efficiency at full load
primary source. The maximum load it can unity power factor?
supply is (a) 10.125 MVA, 86.9% (b) 9 MVA, 99.8%
(a) 90 kVA (b) 18 kVA (c) 8 MVA, 88.9% (d) 8.4 MVA, 99.87%
(c) 15 kVA (d)12 kVA
56. A 3-phase, star connected auto transformer
Common Data for Questions 51 & 52 supplies 610 hp Induction Motor at 0.8 pf. The
A 2000/1000/500 V, single – phase, three – winding FL efficiency of Induction Motor is 88.2% If
transformer is to be used as an auto – transformer, Auto Transformer having a ratio of 440/500 V,
with supply voltage of 3000 V. Two loads, one of the current in the common part of Auto
1050 kVA at 3500 V and the other of 180 kVA at Transformer is (Neglect voltage drops and all
1500 V are to be energized from this auto- losses in the transformer also the magnetizing
transformer output. Assume the loads to have the current.)
same power factor. (a) 100 A (b) 110 A
51. The total current taken from the supply is (c) 90 A (d) 70 A
(a) 440 A (b) 410 A
(c) 485 A (d) 460 A 57. An ideal autotransformer with number of turns
of various sections as N = 100, N = 60 and
AB CB

52. The amount of current taken by 180 kVA load N = 80. The current drawn from the supply
DB
is?
and the input power factor when the supply
(a) 180 A (b) 120 A
voltage is 400V, 50Hz and load resistance
(c) 135 A (d) 148 A
across BC R = 20 ohms, across BD- R = 60 ohms
are
Common Data for Questions 53 & 54
(a) 11.465A, upf (b) 12.459 A, upf
A 10 kVA, 2500/250 V, single – phase, two – winding
(c) 100A, 0.8 lag (d) 150 A, 0.8 lag
transformer is used as an auto – transformer to raise
the supply voltage of 2500 V to an output voltage
58. An ideal transformer has its secondary
of 2625 V. The l.v. winding of the two – winding
winding labeled as A, B, C. The primary has
transformer consists of two equal parts of 125 V
100 turns. The number of turns on the
each. If both parts of the low voltage winding are
secondary side are 400 between A, B and 200
used, then
between B, C so that total turns between A, C
53. Find the auto–transformer kVA output
are 600. The transformer supplies a resistive
(a) 105 kVA (b) 150 kVA
load of 6 kW between A and C. In addition,
(c) 210 kVA (d) 180 kVA
a load of impedance 1000450  is
connected between A and B. For a primary
54. Find the amount of kVA transformed and
voltage of 1000 V, the primary current is
conducted.
(a) 22.56A (b) 32.45A
(a) 10 kVA; 200 kVA (b) 8 kVA; 215 kVA
(c) 20.69A (d) 34.56A
(c) 5 kVA; 175 kVA (d) 12 kVA; 138 kVA
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1.10 Three Winding Transformer
59. A single phase ideal transformer has 400
primary and 600 secondary turns. The primary
is connected to 800V source. The full
secondary has a resistive load of 24 kW. The
secondary is tapped at 500 turns across which
there is a pure inductive load of 20 kVA. The
primary current and its power factor are
(a) 39 A, 0.85 lag
(b) 39 A, 0.76 lag
(c) 42A, 0.85 lag
(d) 42A, 0.76 lag
60. The ratio of the numbers of turns per phase in
the primary, secondary, and tertiary windings
of a transformer is 10: 2: 1. With lagging
currents of 45 A at power factor 0.8 in the
secondary, and 50 A at power factor 0.71 in
the tertiary winding, the primary current and
power factor are
(a) 15.0A, 0.808 lag
(b) 14.0 A, 0.77 lag
(c) 18.5A, 0.707 lead
(d) 16.5A, 0.65 lag
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1.11 Miscellaneous
61. A transformer with a turns ratio of 4000/120,
with a primary coil resistance R1 = 1.6 (Ω), a
secondary coil resistance of R2 = 1.44 (mΩ),
leakage flux that corresponds to Ll1 = 21 (mH),
and Ll2 = 19 (μH), and a realistic core
characterized by Rc = 160 (kΩ) and Lm = 450
(H). The low voltage side of the transformer is
at 60 (Hz), and V2 = 120 (V), and the power
there isP2 = 20 (kW) at pf = 0.85 lagging.
Calculate the voltage at the high voltage
side and the efficiency of the transformer.
(a) 4066 V, 98.95% (b) 4066 V, 97.34%
(c) 4022 V, 98.9% (d) 4022 V, 97.34%
62. A single phase core type transformer has the
following data: Number of turns of the primary
winding = 500. core cross section = 100 cm2.
Mean length of the core flux path = 40  cm.
Relative permeability of the core iron = 1000.
Magnetizing inductance of the primary is
(a) 2.5 mH (b) 2.5 H
(c) 25 H (d) 0.25 H
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Objective Key
01. (b) 02. (c) 03. (d) 04. (a) 05. (a)

06. (c) 07. (b) 08. (c) 09. (b) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a)

16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)

21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c)

26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c)

31. (c) 32. 0.74 33. 97.1 34. 218.8

35. 4.7 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d)

40. (d) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (d)

45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (c)

50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a)

55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b)

60. (b) 61. (a) 62. (b)