Jimma University

Jimma institute of technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Electrical Machines I (ECEG 3141)

Chapters 1 and 2
Solved problems

Shewit Tsegaye
1
 Example 1:
1. Figure 1- 8a shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean
path length is 40 cm. There is a small gap of 0.05 cm in
the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 12 cm2, the relative
permeability of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire on
the core has 380 turns. Assume that fringing in the air
gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of the
air gap by 5 percent.
Given this information, find
(a) the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap)
(b) the current required to
produce a flux density of 0 .5 T in the air gap.

Shewit T. 2
 Example 2:
2. A simplified rotor and stator for a dc
motor. The mean path length of the
stator is 50 cm, and its cross-sectional
area is 12 cm2. The mean path length of
the rotor is 5 cm, and its cross-sectional
area also may be assumed to be 12 cm2.
Each air gap between the rotor and the
stator is 0.05 cm wide, and the cross-
sectional area of each air gap (including
fringing) is 14 cm2 . The iron of the core
has a relative permeability of2000, and
there are 200 turns of wire on the core.
Solution
To determine the flux density in the air gap, it is
necessary to first calculate the mmf applied to the
core and the total reluctance of the flux path.
With this information, the total flux in the core can
be found.
Finally, knowing the cross-sectional area of the air
gaps enables the flux density to be calculated.
The reluctance of the stator is

If the current in the wire is adjusted to be

I A, what will the resulting flux density in
the air gaps be?
Shewit T. 7
Example 3:

3. A transformer on no-load has a core-loss of 50 W, draws a current of

2 A (rms) and has an induced emf of 230 V (rms). Determine the no-
load power factor, core-loss current and magnetizing current. Also
calculate the no-load circuit parameters of the transformer. Neglect
winding resistance and leakage flux.
 Example 4:

4. Three 1𝝫, 50kVA 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer are connected to form a 3𝝫 4000/230V

transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to low voltage is
0.012+j0.016Ω. The 3𝝫 transformer supplies a 3𝝫, 120kVA, 230V, 0.85 power factor lagging
load.
a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection.
b) Determine the transformer winding currents.
c) Determine the primary voltage(line-to-line) required.
d) Determine the voltage regulation.
 Example 5:

5. A 3𝝫,230V, 27kVA, 0.9 power factor lagging load is supplied by three 10kVA,
1330/230, 50 Hz transformers connected in Y-∆ by means of common 3𝝫 feeder whose
impedance is 0.003+j0.015Ω per phase. The transformer are supplied from a 3𝝫 source
through a 3𝝫 feeder whose impedance is 0.8+j5.0Ω per phase. The equivalent
impedance of the one transformer referred to low voltage side is 0.12+j0.25Ω.
Determine the required supply voltage if the load voltage is 230V.
 Exercises
3. The equivalent circuit impedances of a
20-kVA, 2000/200-V, 50-Hz transformer
are to be determined. The open-circuit
2. A 50-kVA 2200:220-V 50-Hz distribution test and the short-circuit test were
transformer has a leakage impedance of 0.72+j0.92Ω performed for the transformer, and the
in the high-voltage winding and 0.0070+j0.0090Ω in
following data were taken:
the low-voltage winding. At rated voltage and
frequency, the impedance Z𝜑 of the shunt branch Test Performed Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter
(equal to the impedance of Rc and jXm in parallel) Reading Reading Reading
accounting for the exciting current is 6.32 + j43.7 Ω OC Test HV Open 200 4 120
when viewed from the low-voltage side. Draw the Circuited
equivalent circuit referred to (a) the high-voltage side SC Test LV Short 60 10 300
and (b) the low-voltage side, and label the Circuited
impedances numerically.
Find the impedances of the
approximate equivalent circuit referred
to the primary side and secondary side,
and sketch those circuits.

4. A 50 kVA,2200/110 V
transformer when tested
gave the following result:
 OC Test(LV Side):
400W, 10A, 110V
 SC Test(HV Side):
808W, 20.5A, 90V
Compute all the parameters
of the equivalent circuit
referred to HV and LV sides
of the transformer.
Also calculate percent
voltage regulation and
efficiency at full load and 0.8
pf lagging.
5. A 1000 VA 230/115 V transformer has been tested to
determine its equivalent circuit. The results of the tests are
shown below. All data given were taken from the primary side of
the transformer .
a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the
low-voltage side.
b) Calculate the transformer voltage regulation at 0.8 lagging
power factor , 1.0 power factor, and at 0.8 leading power
factor.
c) What is the efficiency of the transformer at rated condition
with a power factor of 0.8 lagging?
6. A 1Φ, 100kVA, 2000/200V two winding
transformer is connected as an auto transformer
as shown below, such that more than 2000 V is
obtained at the secondary. The portion ab is
200V winding , and the portion bc is the 2000V
winding. Compute the KVA rating as an
autotransformer.
7. A 600-kVA, single-phase transformer with
0.012 pu resistance and 0.06 pu reactance is
connected in parallel with a 300-kVA
transformer with 0.014 pu resistance and
0.045 pu reactance to share a load of 800
kVA at 0.8 pf lagging.
Find how they share the load
(a) when both the secondary voltages are 440
V and
(b) (b) when the open-circuit secondary
voltages are respectively 445 V and 455 V.

8. Two 100-kW, single-phase
transformers are connected in parallel
both on the primary and secondary.
One transformer has an ohmic drop of
0.5% at full-load and an inductive drop
of 8% at full-load current.
The other has an ohmic drop of 0.75%
and inductive drop of 4%.
Show how will they share a load of 180
kW at 0.9 power factor.
9. A 500kVA, 1-phase transformer having 0.015 pu
resistance , 0.05 pu leakage reactance is to share a
load of 750kVA at 400V and 0.8 pf lagging with
another 250 kVA, 1-phase transformer having 0.01
pu resistance and 0.05 pu leakage reactance.
Their secondary no-load e.m.f.s are 405V and
415V respectively.
Find
(a)Circulating Current at no load
(b)Current supplied by each transformer and
(c)kVA, kW and pf of each transformer
10. Two 1-phase transformer A and B having the following data:
Transformer A: leakage impedance referred to secondary Za=0.4+j2.2Ω, no-load
secondary e.m.f. Ea=510V
Transformer B: leakage impedance referred to secondary Zb=0.6+j1.7 Ω, no-load
secondary e.m.f. Eb=500V
These two transformers, operate in parallel, are connected to a load of impedance 5+j3Ω.
Calculate the reactance to be connected in series with transformer B so that load current is
shared equally between the two.
13. The exciting current of a 1Φ, 10 kVA , 2200:220 V, 50 Hz transformer is 0.25 A when
measured on the high-voltage side. Its equivalent impedance is 10.4+j31.3Ω when referred to
the high-voltage side. Taking the transformer rating as base,
a) Determine the base values of voltages, currents, and impedances for both high-voltage and low-
voltage sides.
b) Express the exciting current in per-unit form for both high-voltage and low-voltage sides.
c) Obtain the equivalent circuit in per-unit form.
d) Find the full-load copper loss in per-unit form.
e) Determine the per-unit voltage regulation (using the per-unit equivalent circuit from part c) when
the transformer delivers 75% full load at 0.6 lagging power factor .
14. A simple power system is shown below. This system contains a 480- V generator
connected to an ideal 1:10 step-up transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down
transformer, and a load. The impedance of the transmission line is 20 + j 60 Ω, and the
impedance of the load is 10<30oΩ. The base values for this system are chosen to be 480 V and
10 kVA at the generator.
a) Find the base voltage, current, impedance, and apparent power at every point in the power system.
b) Convert this system to its per-unit equivalent circuit.
c) Find the power supplied to the load in this system.
d) Find the power lost in the transmission line.
 Home Works

15. Using the Per Unit system and taking into account the transformer percent impedances, solve for
the current in each part of the three-phase system shown below. Assume both transformers are either
delta – delta or wye – wye connected and that there is no phase shift between primary and secondary
current and voltage.
16. A 250 A/5 A, 50 Hz current transformer has the following parameters as seen on 250A side

a) The primary is fed a current of 250 A with secondary shorted. Calculate the magnitude and phase of the
secondary current.
b) Repeat part (a) when the secondary is shorted through a resistance of 200 mΩ .

17. A 6000 V/100 V, 50 Hz potential transformer has the following parameters as seen from HV side.

a) The primary is excited at 6500 V and the secondary is left open. Calculate the secondary voltage, magnitude
and phase.
b) The secondary is loaded with 1 kΩ resistance, repeat part (a)
c) The secondary is loaded with 1 kΩ reactance, repeat part (a)

Reading Assignments
• Transformer Inrush Current
• Harmonics in transformer
References
• Dr. P.C. Sen, “Principles of Electric
Machine and Power Electronics” 3rd
Edition
• D.P. Kothari, “ Electric Machines”, 4th
edition
• Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, &S.D. Umans,
“Electric Machinery”, 6th Edition
• Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery
Fundamentals” 4th edition