Polytechnic of Namibia http://www.polytechnic.edu.

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School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
HOME ASSIGNMENT 2 TOTAL MARKS: 62

Voltage and Current transformers

Question 3 (6 marks)

A voltage transformer rated at 14400 V/115 V and a current transformer rated at 75/5 A are used to
measure the voltage and current in a transmission line. If the voltmeter indicates 111 V and the
ammeter reads 3 A, calculate the apparent power in the line.

Solution:
14400 75
The voltage in the line is 111  13899.13 V … (2.0) The current in the line is  3  45 A … (2.0)
115 5
Apparent power, SL = VL × IL = 13899.13 × 45 = 625460.85 VA … (2.0)

Question 4 (23 marks)

A toroidal current transformer has a ratio of 1000 A/5 A. The line conductor in the circuit in which it is connected
carries a current of 600 A.

(a) Draw a well-labelled circuit diagram of the connections (6.0 marks)

(b) Calculate the voltage across the secondary winding if the ammeter has an impedance of 0.15 ohm
(5.0 marks)
Ip 1000 Np Is 1
The current ratio is   200 … (1.0) The turns ratio is   … (1.0)
Is 5 Ns I p 200
Ip 600
The secondary current is I s    3 A … (1.0)
200 200

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The voltage across the secondary terminals is

Vs  VL  I L Z b I s Zb (for negligible Ie )  3  0.15  0.45 V … (2.0)

(c) Calculate the voltage drop the transformer produces on the line conductor (5.0 marks)

Es Vs  0.45 V … (1.0) V p  E p … (1.0)

E p Vp N p Np 1
Therefore,   … (1.0)  V p  Vs  0.45   2.25 mV … (2.0)
Es Vs N s Ns 200

(d) If the primary conductor is looped four times through the toroidal opening, calculate the new current ratio
(7.0 marks)
With a current ratio of 1000/5 A, N s  200 turns and N p  1 turn … (1.0)
and with I p = 600 A and N p = 4 turns (N s has not changed), N p Ip = Ns Is … (2.0)
600  4
 600  4 = 200Is  Is = = 12 A … (2.0)
200
I p 600
Therefore,  , giving a current ratio of 50 /1 or 250/5 … (2.0)
Is 12

Question 5 (11 marks)

Assume that a CT with a ratio of 2000/5 is available, having a steel core of high permeability, a cross-sectional
area of 3.25 x 10-3 m2 and a secondary winding with a resistance of 0.31 Ω. The impedance of the relays,
including connections, is 2 Ω. Determine whether or not the CT would be saturated by a fault of 35 000 A at 50
Hz.

Solution:

- If the CT is not saturated, then the secondary current, I L = If x IS/Ip = 35 000x 5/2000 = 87.5 A … (3.0)

- The turns ratio, n (or Ns) = 2000/5 = 400 turns … (1.0)

- Es ≈ Vs = 87.5 x (0.31+2) = 202.1 V … (2.0)

- Using transformer voltage equation: Bmax = 202.1/(4.44 x 50 x 3.25x10-3 x 400) = 0.7 T … (3.0)

- Assuming that the transformer in this problem has a steel core of high permeability, this relatively low value of
flux density should not result in saturation … (2.0)

Question 1 (18)
“Whenever the values of voltage or current in a power circuit are too high to permit convenient direct
connection of measuring instruments or relays, coupling is made through transformers known as instrument
transformers comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs). Such ‘measuring’
transformers are required to produce a scaled down replica of the input quantity to the accuracy expected for
the particular measurement; this is made possible by the high efficiency of the transformer”

(a) Draw well-labelled phasor diagrams of a VT and CT, respectively, based on the following requirements:

(i) VT: Equivalent circuit of a loaded VT referred to the secondary side with the parallel branch connected at the
input terminals. (7.0 marks)
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Figure Q1.1. Equivalent circuit of a loaded VT referred to the secondary side with the parallel branch connected
at the input terminals.

Figure Q1.2. Voltage and current phasor diagram of the equivalent circuit of a loaded VT referred to the
secondary side with the parallel branch connected at the input terminals.
(ii) CT: Approximate equivalent circuit. What are the errors in this approximation? (4.0 marks)

Figure Q1.3. Approximate equivalent circuit of a CT referred to the secondary side.

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Figure Q1.4. Voltage and current phasor diagram of the approximate equivalent circuit of a CT referred to the
secondary side.

CT Errors: There are no phase and magnitude errors in this approximation since in CTs, errors arise because of
the shunting of the burden by the exciting impedance. Without this impedance both errors are non-existent.

(b) A CT with a rated burden of 10 VA and a CT ratio of 300/5 is connected in an 11 kV system with line
impedance of 21.2 Ω. Draw a well-labelled equivalent circuit of the CT referred to the secondary side if the line is
operating at its rated current and voltage. Assume excitation current to be negligible. The impedance of the CT
and its connecting leads is 0.2 Ω. (7.0 marks)

Solution:

CT turns ratio:
Np Is 5 1
   … (1.0)
Ns I p 300 60

Line voltage referred to the secondary side:

N s 11000
V p'  V p    60  381051 V or 381 kV … (1.0)
Np 3

Line impedance referred to the secondary side:

2
N 
Z  Zp  s   21.2  60  76320  or 76.32 k … (1.0)
' 2
p  Np
 
Burden equivalent impedance:
With the line operating at rated voltage and current the burden should be 10 VA giving the rated CT
secondary current of 5.0 A … (1.0).

Therefore,
10 VB 2.0
VB  Vs   2 V … (1.0) and ZB    0.4  … (1.0)
5 I L 5.0

The equivalent circuit is as follows:

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(1.0)