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BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (4TH YEAR)

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION 425 (ETP820S)

EXAMINATION 2 (MEMO)

TOTAL MARKS: 80

DURATION: 150 MINUTES (2.5 HOURS)

DATE: 7TH MARCH 2013

EXAMINER: Mr. Kalaluka Kanyimba

MODERATOR: Dr. Peter Olabisi Oluseyi

STUDENT NAME: STUDENT NUMBER:

Instructions to candidates:

1. Read the questions very carefully.

2. Attempt all questions.
3. All writing must be in ink.
4. For calculations, approximate all your solutions to three significant figures after the decimal
point.
5. Use the given lined paper for your solutions and use only one side of the answer sheet.
6. This is a closed book examination, no notes or books are allowed in the examination room.
7. For questions requiring calculations, all working and all steps must be shown clearly, marks
will be lost for ‘skipped’ steps.
8. All cell phones must be switched off during the examination, 10% will be deducted from the
total mark in penalty for disturbances caused by cell phones.
9. You may not leave the room after the examination has started.
10. All consultations with and copying from fellow students will lead to automatic disqualification
from the examination.
11. Attach all your answer scripts to this question paper.

Permissible material: Non-programmable Scientific Calculators only.

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 1 35BEEP

QUESTION 1 [26]
(a) Draw the distance/time characteristics showing a Zone 1 extension (Z1X) scheme. (4 marks)
Solution:

NB: The marks are indicated on the elements. Total = 4.0 marks
Figure Q1.1.

(b) With reference to your diagram in (a) above, discuss the salient features of the distance relay
used in this scheme and the operation of the scheme. (16 marks)
Solution:
Salient features:
The Zone 1 elements of the distance relay have two settings: One is set to cover, say, 80% of the
protected line length as in the basic distance scheme and the other, known as 'Extended Zone 1'or
‘Z1X’, is set to over-reach the protected line, a setting of 120% of the protected line being common.
(3.0)
Operation:
(i) The Zone 1 reach is normally controlled by the Z1X setting and is reset to the basic Zone 1 setting
when a command from the auto-reclose relay is received. (2.0)
(ii) On occurrence of a fault at any point within the Z1X reach, the relay operates in Zone 1 time, trips
the circuit-breaker and initiates an auto-reclosure. (2.0)
(iii) The Zone 1 reach of the distance relay is also reset to the basic value of 80%, prior to the auto-
reclose closing pulse being applied to the breaker. This should also occur when the auto-reclose
facility is out of service. (2.0)
(iv) Reversion to the Z1X reach setting occurs only at the end of the reclaim time of the auto-reclose
cycle. (2.0)
(v) For inter-connected lines, the Z1X scheme is established (automatically or manually) upon loss of
the communications channel by the selection of the appropriate relay setting (setting group in a
numerical relay). (2.0)
(vi) If the fault is transient, the tripped circuit-breakers will reclose successfully, otherwise further
tripping during the reclaim time is subject to the discrimination obtained with normal Zone 1 and Zone
2 settings. (3.0)

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 2 35BEEP

(c) With reference to the diagram of
Figure Q1.2, discuss the main
disadvantage of the ‘Z1X’ scheme.
Re-draw the diagram to illustrate your
point. (6.0)

Figure Q1.2.
Solution:
The main disadvantage of the Zone 1 extension scheme is that external faults within the Z1X reach of
the relay result in the tripping of circuit-breakers external to the faulted section increasing the amount
of breaker maintenance needed and causing needless transient loss of supply to some consumers.
(3.0)
The above disadvantage is
illustrated in Figure Q1.3:

For a single-circuit line

where three circuit-breakers (CBs)
operate and for the fault shown in
the diagram :
- CB-A operates instantaneously
due to Z1extA,
- CB-B operates due to Z1B2 and
- CB-C operates due to Z1extC.
(3.0)
Ordinarily only CBs B and C
(with communication) were Figure Q1.3.
supposed to operate.

QUESTION 2 [28]
(a) Design a typical differential protection system of the ‘Biased Electro-mechanical Balanced-
Voltage system – Translay’, for the protection of a long transmission line. For simplicity, draw the
single-phase equivalent of the three-phase system and label your diagram completely.(10 marks)
Solution:
The design:
Labels:
10 and 10a: Current transformers. (1.0)
11 and 11a: Summation winding. (1.0)
12 and 12a: Secondary winding. (1.0)
15 and 15a: Upper electro-magnets.(1.0)
16 and 16a: Lower electro-magnets and
their coils (13 and 13a). (1.0)
18 and 18a: Bias loop. (1.0)
Pilot wires. (1.0)
Transmission line. (1.0)
• The secondary windings of the
conjugate relays are inter-connected, as a
balanced-voltage system over the pilot
channel, the lower electro-magnets of
Figure Q2.1. Biased electro-mechanical balanced- both relays being included in this circuit.
voltage system – Translay. (2.0)

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 3 35BEEP

(b) Briefly explain the operation of the scheme for an internal fault and for a through (external)
fault. (18 marks)
Solution:

Operation:
• This electro-mechanical design derives its balancing voltages from the ‘transactors’
(summation transformers) incorporated in the measuring relay at each line end. The latter
are based on an induction-type meter electro-magnet. (2.0)
• The upper magnet carries a summation winding to receive the output of the CT’s and
also a secondary winding which delivers the reference electro-magnetic force. (2.0)
• Whilst the feeder is healthy, the line CT’s at each end carry equal currents. (2.0)
• Equal and opposite voltages are induced in the secondary windings 12 and 12a and no
current flows in the pilots. (2.0)
• No magnetic flux is set up in the bottom magnets 16 and 16a so the relays do not
operate. (2.0)
• Under heavy through-fault conditions there may be a small circulating current due to line
CT mis-match. (2.0)
• A reverse restraint torque is produced by bias loop 18, which also stabilises the relay
against pilot capacitance currents. This torque is proportional to the square of the upper
coil’s magnetic flux. (2.0)
• A fault fed from one end causes current to circulate in the pilots and the relay at that end
will operate to trip. (2.0)
• A fault fed from both ends will cause a current reversal in the remote CT’s, making the
circulating current additive so that both ends operate to trip. (2.0)

QUESTION 3 [26]
Consider the 13.8 kV system shown in Figure Q3.1. Assume all sequence reactances are the
same for each component. Determine CT ratios, tap settings and time-dial settings (TDS) for
the relays R1 and R2 operating circuit-breakers B1 and B2.
Possible CT ratios are: 50:5, 100:5, 150:5, 200:5, 250:5, 300:5, 400:5, 450:5, 500:5, 600:5,
800:5, 900:5, 1000:5, 1200:5.
Possible Tap settings are: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Use the characteristic curves of the IFC-53 electro-mechanical relay shown in Figure Q3.2. The
line reactances are in ohms. The co-ordination time is specified to be equal to 0.3 s.
Apply a safety factor of 3 for reliability of operation.
Indicate the actual pick-up currents in the lines.
Summarise your settings in tabular form.
NB:
(i) Use the principle that a back-up relay must operate for the smallest current in the zone of the
relay it is backing-up.
(ii) A breaker opens all three lines when tripped by its relay.

Figure Q3.1.

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 4 35BEEP

 Figure Q3.2. Characteristic curves of type IFC-53 time over-current relays.

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 5 35BEEP

Solutions:
1. Settings for R2:
Generally a line-to-line fault gives the minimum fault current.
For a line-to-line fault: The positive- and negative-phase sequence networks are:
1.1. Positive-sequence network:

(1.0)
1.2. Negative-sequence network:

(1.0)
1.3. Sequence network connection for a line-to-line fault:

(1.0)

13.8 7967 7967

Phase voltage = 7.967 kV … (1.0) I a1 Ia2 j154.399 A
3 j 2(5 8 12.8) j51.6
… (2.0)

Ia a 2 I a1 aI a 2 1 240 ( j154.399) 1 120 ( j154.399) 267.4 180 … (2.0)

This is the minimum fault current. Call it Ifmin. Applying the reliability (safety) factor of 3:

I f min 267.4
I p ,desired 89.1 A … (1.0)
3 3

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 6 35BEEP

[Alternative approach:
It is generally the case that the maximum fault current is for a three-phase or a SLG fault.
Assume that it is a three-phase fault and to get maximum fault current for a fault at Bus 3.
VL L / 3 13.8 103 / 3
I3 fault j 308.815 A … (4.0)
j( X G 1 X1 2 X 2 3 ) j (5.0 8.0 12.8)
3 3
I fault min I3 fault j 308.815 j 267.442 A … (4.0)]
2 2

1.4. Relay Tap Setting:

5
Selecting a CT ratio of 100/5: … (1.0) I p 89.1 4.455 A … (1.0)
100
Choose a Relay Tap Setting of 5.0 A … (1.0)
100
The actual pick-up current (in the line) with this tap setting is 5 100 A … (1.0)
5
1.5. Time-dial Setting:

Since this relay is at the end of the radial feeder, no co-ordination with any other relay is
necessary. Consequently the fastest possible operation is desirable.
The Time-dial Setting is therefore chosen to be ½ (the curve at the bottom of the
characteristics) … (1.0)

2. Settings for R1:

2.1. Relay Tap Setting:

R1 must serve as the back-up for R2. It must operate for the smallest current in R2’s zone
(267.4 A), therefore the selection of CT ratio and Tap must be based on the line-line fault at the
far end of line 2 – 3 (the R2 zone).
The selection of CT ratio and Tap will therefore be the same as for R2, i.e. a CT ratio of 100/5
and a Relay Tap Setting of 5.0 A … (1.0)

2.2. Time-dial Setting:

The back-up relay, R1, must operate 0.3 s after the time R2 should have operated.
R1 must be provided a delay of 0.3 s for the highest fault current seen by R2. Therefore, R1
will operate in no less than 0.3 s after R2 should have operated for every possible fault seen by
R2.
It is generally the case that the maximum fault current is for a three-phase fault or for a
single-line-ground (SLG) fault.
Assume that it is a three-phase fault and to get the maximum fault current, choose the
‘closest in’ location in the secondary zone of R1, which would be just to the right of R2. See the
Figure below … (1.0)

7967
I f ,max I a1 j 613.1 A … (2.0)
j13.0
5
The relay current of both R1 and R2 is then 613.1 30.655 A … (1.0)
100
ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 7 35BEEP
 For a Relay tap Setting of 5, the Ratio-of-Relay-Current-to-Tap-Setting for both relays is
30.665
6.131 … (1.0)
5
From Figure Q3.2 the operating time for R2 is 0.135 s since the Time-dial Setting for R2 is ½
(this is given by the intersection point where the ½ TDS meets a vertical line drawn at 6.131)
… (2.0)
So in the event of failure of R2, relay R1 must operate in 0.135 + 0.3 = 0.435 s … (1.0).
From Figure Q3.2, the required Time-dial Setting for R1 is 2.0 (this TDS is determined by the
intersection point of the vertical line from 6.131 and the horizontal line from 0.435 s) … (2.0)

3. Setting design summary:

Relay CT Ratio Relay Tap Setting Time-dial Setting

(TS) (TDS)
R1 100:5 5 2
R2 100:5 5 ½

(1.0)

ETP820S EXAM 1 Page 8 35BEEP