NAME : Protyay Ghosh SECTION

:B
ROLL NUMBER :27
EXPERIMENT NUMBER :12019009002053
EXPERIMENT NAME :Study the behaviour of terminated coaxial transmission line
in frequency domain.
SUBMISSION DATE :5thAugust 2021
EXPERIMENT-2: Study the behaviour of terminated coaxial transmission line in
frequency domain.

Aim of Experiment :
This experiment gives the vision by which we can see the voltage wave traveling toward the
load, voltage reflected wave from the load end and the voltage standing wave, by which we
can understand the concept behind the transmission of analog signal in the lossless
transmission line.
About experiment:
In a transmission line operating at high frequency, due to impedance mismatch between the
source, transmission line, and load there is a loss of energy transfer from source to load. The
effects due to mismatch of the load and characteristic impedance is studied here in frequency
domain. This is done by sending a wave on the line with its load mismatched and watching
the reflected wave along with voltage standing wave over transmission line. By varying
various parameters of transmission line their effects can be visualized accordingly.
Theory
For the efficient transmission of power and information the source energy must be directed
or guided. TEM waves are guided by transmission line, the transmission line may be
parallelplate transmission line, two-wire transmission line or coaxial transmission line.
Coaxial transmission line
It is the most common type of transmission line used for signal transfer, pulse generation
stub filters etc. This consists of an inner conductor and a coaxial outer conducting sheath
separated by a dielectric medium of dielectric constant epsilon.
In this experiment at the generator terminal we have AC voltage source, and transmission
line is considered as lossless i.e., R=0, G=0. Therefore the characteristic impedance becomes
pure resistance (R0=√( L/C) ). Since we know that the general solution for the transmission
lines are:
V(z)=V0+ e-γz + V0-eγz (1) I(z)=I0+ e-γz + I0-eγz
(2) where, V0+/I0+ = -V0-/I0- = Z0 (3)
In a finite transmission line having a characteristic impedance Z 0 terminated in an arbitray
load impedance ZL as shown in figure below, the length of the line is l. A sinusoidal voltage
Vg with an internal impedance Zg is connected to the line at z=0.

The incident voltage Vi travels down the line in +z direction.When the finite transmission
line is terminated with its own characteristic impedance (when a finite transmission line is
matched), there is no reflected wave thus, we get 0 voltage reflection in the reflected voltage
plot.
When the transmission line is terminated with an impedance ZL other than its characteristic
impedance there is a reflected wave generated from the load end of the transmission line due
to mismatch. This process continues indefinitely with reflection at the both ends, and the
resulting standing wave V(z') is the sum of all the waves traveling in both directions. This is
illustrated schematically in the fig. below:

Procedure
Step 1: Set the incident voltage (V 0) in volts and frequency (f) of incident wave in Giga
Hertz.
Step 2: Set the number of cycles, number of points in distance scale and location of point
(in meter) at which voltage has to be measured w.r.t. time.
Step 3: Enter the values of properties of transmissionlinei.e. length of transmission
line (L) in meters, Characteristic Impedance of transmission line (R 0) in Ohm and relative
dielectric constant (epsilon) of transmission line.
Step 4: Enter the value of load resistance (RL) in Ohm.
Step 5: In the output you will see three plots, first one showing the incident voltage
travelling along transmission line, second plot shows the reflected voltage wave travelling
along transmission line and the third plot shows the voltage standing wave along the
transmission line.

Step 6: Run the VI to see the results. In case, you wish to see the result for different
values then click stop and repeat steps 1-5 before running the program again. Enter the
source specification
Enter the Observation specification

Enter the load specification

Enter the parameters of transmission line

Results obtained

Simulated Results:
Relative Dielectric Constant of Transmission Line: 2.2
Length of Transmission Line (in meter): 60
S.N. Incident Frequency Characteristics Load Reflection VSWR Phase
Voltage (Giga Impedance Impedance Co-efficient (in
Hertz) Degree)
1 10 0.06 50 80+0i 0.2308 1.6 0
2 15 0.08 50 80+0i 0.2308 1.6 0
3 15 0.08 50 60+0i 0.09091 1.2 0
4 21 0.07 50 60+0i 0.09091 1.2 0
5 21 0.07 50 100+0i 0.3333 2 0
6 12 0.04 50 100+0i 0.3333 2 0
7 12 0.04 50 50+0i 0 1 0
8 16 0.05 120 120+0i 0 1 0
 9 16 0.05 50 90+10i 0.2938 1.832 9.951
10 16 0.05 50 110-10i 0.3794 2.223 -5.886

Graphs For Serial Number: 1[Characteristics Impedance is not equal to Load

Impedance]

Graphs For Serial Number: 7[Characteristics Impedance is equals to Load Impedance]

Graphs For Serial Number: 9[Characteristics Impedance is not equal to Load

Impedance & Load Impedance contains imaginary part]

Conclusion:
This experiment gives a vision to see the high frequency voltage wave
travelling in the transmission-line. This experiment helps in building
concept of waves travelling in transmission line, reflected waves from the
load end and the standing wave generated in case of impedance mismatch.
In a transmission line operating at high frequency, due to impedance
mismatch between the source, transmission line, and load there is a loss of
energy transfer from source to load. The effects due to mismatch of the
load and characteristic impedance is studied here in frequency domain.
By doing this experiment we can conclude some observations –
i)When Characteristics Impedance is not equal to Load Impedance then in
the output, we can observe that if we increase the Load Impedance the
Reflection Coefficient will increase & vice-versa. If Character Impedance is
lesser than Load Impedance the Phase (in degree) will be 0 else the Phase
(in degree) will be 180.
• When Characteristics Impedance is equals to Load Impedance then
in the output, we can observe that the Reflection Coefficient is zero. The
Phase(in degree) will be 0.
• When Characteristics Impedance is not equal to Load Impedance &
Load Impedance contains imaginary part then in the output, we can
observe that if we increase the Load Impedance the Reflection Coefficient
will increase & vice-versa. There is also a certain value in Phase (in degree)
with the increase of Load Impedance the Phase will also increase & vice-
versa. If we give imaginary part as negative the Phase will also negative.