Project work for Term Test II

1. Two shunt generators A and B operate in parallel and their load characteristics may be
taken as straight lines. The voltage of A falls from 240V at no-load to 220V at 200A,
while that of B falls from 245V at no-load to 220V at 150A. Determine the current
which each machine supplies to a common load of 300A and the bus-bar voltage at this
load. (160A; 131A; 223.1V)

ANS: The equations are:

20 25
240 − ( ) I = 245 − ( )I
200 A 150 B
IA + IB = 300
IB = 300 - IA
20 25
240 – 245 – ( ) IA + ( )I =0
200 150 B
20 25
-5 – ( ) IA + ( ) (300 – IA) = 0
200 150
20 25
-5 – ( ) IA + 50 – ( )I =0
200 150 A
5000
45 – IA (3000 + )=0
30,000
8000
45 – I =0
30,000 A

30,000
IA = 45x
8000

IA = 168.75A

IB = 300 - 168.75
IB = 131.25A

And common voltage of Bus-bar,

20 ( 240 x 200 ) – (20 x 168.75)
V BUS = 240 − ( ) × 168.75 = = 223.125V
200 200
25 ( 245 x 150 )−(25 x 131.25)
or VBUS = 245 − ( ) × 131.25 = = 223.125 V
150 150
2. A 40kVA, 3300/240-v, 50Hz, I-phase transformer has 660 turns on the primary.
Determine
a) The number of turns on the secondary.
b) The maximum value of flux in the core
c) The approximate value of primary and secondary full-load current, internal drops in
the windings are to be ignored. [(a) 48 (b) 22.5mWb (c) 12.1 A; 166.7A]

ANS:
E1 = 3300 V,
E2 = 240 V,
f = 50 Hz,
N1 = 660 turns,
S (=V.I) = 40kVA

E2 V 2 N 2
a) =
E1 V 1
= N
1

240 N 240 x 660

= 2 = N2 = 3300 = 48 turns
3300 660

b) E1 = 4.44  m f N1
E1 3300
m= = = 0.0225 wb
4.44 f N 1 4.44 x 50 x 660

c) V1.I1 = 40 x 103 VA
V2.I2 = 40 x 103 VA

40 x 103
I1 = = 12.12A
3300

40 x 103
I2 = = 166.67A
240
 3. Explain the effects of brush shift, compensating winding.

When current flows through the armature a flux is created which interacts with the main flux and
causes distortions, this is the armature reaction. The armature reaction has two effects,
i) It demagnetizes and weakens the main flux
ii) It cross-magnetizes and distorts the main flux.
The first effect leads to reduced voltage generation and the later leads to sparking at the brushes.
Every time the load on the machines changed the brushes needed to be adjusted to the new
neutral point so as when shifting the brushes the sparking would stop. But brush shifting actually
aggravated the flux-weakening effect of the armature reaction in the machine as the m.m.f of the
rotor will have a new resultant vector and one of its component will oppose the main m.m.f and
exert a demagnetizing influence on the main pole flux and the redistribution of the armature
current crowds the flux at the trailing pole tips and weakens the flux at the leading pole tips. A
slightly different approach was to fix the brushes in a compromised position, say, one that causes
no sparking at two-thirds of full load. But in this approach, motor sparks at no load and
somewhat at full load.
Compensating winding is used to completely cancel armature reaction and eliminate both neutral
plane shift and flux weakening which are serious problems for heavy and severe duty cycle
motors.
This required placing compensating windings in slots carved in the faces of the poles parallel to
the rotor conductors, to cancel distortion effect or armature reaction. The windings are connected
in series with the rotor windings so that whenever load changes in the rotor, the current in the
compensating windings changes too.
The m.m.f due to the compensating windings will be equal and opposite to the m.m.f of the rotor
at every point under the pole faces and the resultant m.m.f is the m.m.f due to the poles therefore
the flux in the machine remains same regardless of the change in load on the machine.
However, compensating windings are expensive as they have to be machined into the faces of
the poles and since it does not cancel Ldi/dt effects,
interpoles must be used too.