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Trigonometry

Since ancient times trigonometry has existed in diverse way to help finding distances, height of
mountains, distance of celestial bodies and many real-life problems. To understand the
trigonometry first we have to understand the concept of Similar triangles.

The similar triangles are those triangles in which all the angles are same and the proportion of the
corresponding sides are equal.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
For ex.:- there are 2 triangles ABC & XYZ, if the ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷, ∠𝐸 = ∠𝐸 & ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹, then 𝑋𝑌 = = 𝑍𝑋
𝑌𝑍
and vice-versa.

For Example: (Figure Below)

Let make a triangle of 40°, 50°& 90° and name it ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and its measures are ∠𝐴 = 50°, ∠𝐵 =
90° & ∠𝐶 = 40° and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦 & 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑧 . Now make another triangle of double size of ABC
but the angles are same and name it ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅. Now ∠𝑃 = 50°, ∠𝑄 = 90° & ∠𝑅 = 40° and 𝑃𝑄 =
2𝑥, 𝑄𝑅 = 2𝑦 & 𝑃𝑅 = 2𝑧

50°

A 2𝑧
2𝑥
50°
𝑧
𝑥

90° 90° 40°

40°
B 𝑦 C Q 2𝑦 R

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So , as the similar triangles property says if the angles are same the proportion of corresponding
sides are equal.
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 𝐵𝐶 𝑦 𝐴𝐶 𝑧 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 1
= 2𝑥 = 𝑄𝑅 = 2𝑦 = 𝑃𝑅 = 2𝑧 , = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 = 2,
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄

And this proportionality of sides is applicable in all similar triangles

Now let define all the ratio a triangle can create. Let’s take a right-angle triangle of sides measure
𝑝, 𝑏 & ℎ (named as perpendicular, base and hypotenuse respective)

Point to remember: Perpendicular and base can be interchanged with concerned non right angles.
In the case below Perpendicular and base are chosen with respected to 𝜃.

ℎ
𝑝

𝜃
𝑏

𝑝 𝑏 𝑝 ℎ ℎ 𝑏
Ratios are = ℎ , 𝑝 , 𝑏 , 𝑝 , 𝑏 , ℎ only these ratios are possible. We cannot make other ratios with this
triangle.

Now, names of these ratios as,

𝑝 𝑏
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠,
ℎ ℎ

𝑝 ℎ
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛, = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐,
𝑏 𝑝

ℎ 𝑏
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐, = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡.
𝑏 𝑝

Now in any right-angle triangle the corresponding sides ratios are 6 and those all 6 ratios are fix
(given above).

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𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

90°
𝜃
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

In this right-angle triangle name any one angle other than 90° is 𝜃. Now the side opposite to 𝜃 is
called perpendicular, side adjacent to 𝜃 is called base (important)

We can find the ratio of triangles by another method. Let’s make another right-angle triangle ∆𝑅𝑆𝑇
with two sides are equal.

45°
√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

90°
45°
𝑆 𝑇
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Now in this triangle angles are as90°, 45°, 45° because is right angled triangle so one angle is 90°
and as the two sides of this triangle is equal then, the other two angles are also equal (Isosceles
triangle property). And measurement of sides is 𝑅𝑆 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, 𝑆𝑇 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. So, by Pythagoras
theorem[(𝑅𝑆)2 + (𝑆𝑇)2 = (𝑅𝑇)2 ] 𝑅𝑇 = √2.

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√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

90°
45°
𝑆 𝑇
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Now,

𝑝 1 ℎ √2
sin 45° = ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 45° = 𝑝 = = √2
√2 1

𝑏 1 ℎ √2
cos 45° = ℎ = sec 45° = 𝑏 = = √2
√2 1

𝑝 1 𝑏 1
tan 45° = 𝑏 = 1 = 1 cot 45° = 𝑝 = 1 = 1

Let’s understand it by taking a real time example

Place a ladder with a wall in a way that the ladder make 45° angle with ground. And if the distance
between foot of ladder to the foot of wall is 10 unit. Now find the length of ladder.

45°

10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Sol. = Now as we know that the ladder make 45° angle with ground then it also make same 45°
angle with wall also. So the height of wall and the distance between the foot of ladder to the foot of
wall is same =10 unit (Isosceles triangle). As we see this triangle is similar as 1, 1 , √2 triangle. So,
as the distance of foot of wall to foot of ladder is 10 unit then the length of ladder is 10√2.

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𝑅
𝑷𝒚𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒔 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎

𝑅𝑆 2 + 𝑆𝑇 2 = 𝑅𝑇 2

102 + 102 = 𝑅𝑇 2
10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
100 + 100 = 200 = 𝑅𝑇 2

90° 𝑅𝑇 = √200 ⇒ 10√2

45°
𝑆 𝑇
10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

To solve these types of questions we even don’t have to use trigonometry ratios. We can solve
these without trigonometry ratios.

Just remember one thing that if in a right-angle triangle one angle is 45° then another one is also
45°other than right angle triangle, and the side opposite to 45° are 1 and the side opposite to 90°
is √2.

And if side opposite to 45° is 10unit then other side opposite to another 45° angles is also 10unit
and the side opposite to 90° is 10√2.

Now, draw an equilateral triangle ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁. So, all angles in it are 60° and suppose the sides lengths
is 2unit (you can take any no.). now draw a perpendicular bisector on side MN from vertex L cut
MN at D. So, as ∠𝐿 = 60°the perpendicular bisector divides it into two equal parts as each 30° and
side MN also divided into two equal parts 𝑀𝐷 = 𝐷𝑁 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. To get this integer value we take
side equal to 2 unit. Through, this perpendicular bisector a new triangle ∆𝐿𝐷𝑁 is formed. Measure
of ∆𝐿𝐷𝑁 are ∠𝐿 = 30°, ∠𝐷 = 90° & ∠𝑁 = 60° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑁 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, 𝐿𝑁 = 2𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 and by Pythagoras
theorem 𝐿𝐷 = √3.

𝐿 𝐿

60°
30° 30°
2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
⇒
√3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
60° 60° 60° 60°

𝑀 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑁 𝑀 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐷 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑁

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In ∆𝐿𝐷𝑁 take reference of 30° angle, then our p,b,h according to the angle(DLN) shall be like this
perpendicular = ND, base = LD & hypotenuse = LN.
Now,
𝑝 1 ℎ 2
sin 30° = ℎ = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 30° = 𝑝 = 1 = 2

𝑏 √3 ℎ 2
cos 30° = ℎ = sec 30° = 𝑏 =
2 √3

𝑝 1 𝑏 √3
tan 30° = 𝑏 = cot 30° = 𝑝 = = √3
√3 1

In ∆𝐿𝐷𝑁 take reference of 60° angle, then perpendicular = LD, base = ND & hypotenuse = LN.
Now,
𝑝 √3 ℎ 2
sin 60° = ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 60° = 𝑝 =
2 √3
𝑏 1 ℎ 2
cos 60° = ℎ = 2 sec 60° = 𝑏 = 1
𝑝 √3 𝑏 1
tan 60° = 𝑏 = = √3 cot 60° = 𝑝 =
1 √3

So, with above data we find out trigonometry ratios of 30°, 45° & 60°.
Now, What about 0° & 90°?
With the help of these given below derivation we find out these two angles’ ratios also.
Consider a right-angled triangle ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 measure of angle side opposite to perpendicular is 𝜃(fig).
Now decrease the angle 𝜃 to 0°.

𝐷
𝐷

𝐷
𝜃
𝐸 𝐹 𝐸 𝐹 𝐸 𝐹

𝜃 = 0°
𝐷
𝐸 𝐹 𝐸 𝐹

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When angle reaches to 0°, what we have seen that the length of perpendicular reaches to 0 unit
and the hypotenuse side completely lay on the base side (adjacent side of 𝜃 angle).

As, we see side 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 & 𝐷𝐹 = 0𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 or ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹/∠𝜃 = 0°.

So, the trigonometry ratios of 0° are

𝑝 𝐷𝐹 0 ℎ 𝐷𝐸 1
sin 0° = ℎ = 𝐷𝐸 = 1 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐0° = 𝑝 = 𝐷𝐹 = 0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑏 𝐸𝐹 1 ℎ 𝐷𝐸 1
cos 0° = ℎ = 𝐷𝐸 = 1 = 1 sec 0° = 𝑏 = =1=1
𝐸𝐹

𝑝 𝐷𝐹 0 𝑏 𝐸𝐹 1
tan 0° = 𝑏 = 𝐸𝐹 = 1 = 0 cot 0° = 𝑝 = 𝐷𝐹 = 0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

To derive the 90° trigonometry ratios we do the similar method we do to derive for 0°𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 but
this time instead to decreasing we have to increase the angle 𝜃 and reach to 90°

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

𝜃
𝐸 𝐸 𝐹 𝐸 𝐹
𝐹
𝐷

𝜃 = 90°

𝐸 𝐹 𝐸 𝐹

Now, sides 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐹 = 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 & 𝐸𝐹 = 0𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 and angle 𝜃 became 90°.

So, the trigonometry ratios of 90° are

𝑝 𝐷𝐹 1 ℎ 𝐷𝐸 1
sin 90° = ℎ = 𝐷𝐸 = 1 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 90° = 𝑝 = 𝐷𝐹 = 1 = 1

𝑏 𝐸𝐹 0 ℎ 𝐷𝐸 1
cos 90° = ℎ = 𝐷𝐸 = 1 = 0 sec 90° = 𝑏 = = 0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝐹

𝑝 𝐷𝐹 1 𝑏 𝐸𝐹 0
tan 90° = 𝑏 = 𝐸𝐹 = 0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 cot 90° = 𝑝 = 𝐷𝐹 = 1 = 0

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As we seen above that when we were increasing or decreasing the angles(𝜃) the value of
perpendicular line was changing on every angle. On decreasing 𝜃 𝑡𝑜 0° perpendicular reached to
0𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. And on increasing 𝜃 base start decreasing and perpendicular start increasing, reached to
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 0𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. This whole process runs on a quadrant of a circle.
If some ask you which value is greatest cos 40 ° or cos 75°, what is your answer?
𝑏
As we seen above that the ratios for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 is ℎ, so when numerator is greater, then the value of whole
fraction is greatest because the denominator is same on both case 𝑐𝑜𝑠40° & cos 75°. And as we
seen above when we increasing the angle the value of base is decreasing and vice-versa. So, it
implies that the trigonometry ratios of cos 𝜃 (𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 90°) respectively, varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 0
decreasing order. (𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 1, cos 90° = 0)
Note: - The value of cos 𝜃 not be greater than 1.
The same function is happened in the sine function also but in a different way, as the trigonometry
𝑝
ratios of sine function is ℎ. So, cos function is depended upon the base and sine function is depends
upon the perpendicular. When the value of perpendicular is changed then it’s ratios will change.
On 0°, sin 0° = 0 and on 90° sin 90° = 1. So, its value varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1 increasing order.
Additional Information
1. Consider 30°, 60° & 90° triangle. And the sides are as follow, side opposite to 30° = 𝑎, and side
opposite to 60° = 𝑏 and side opposite to 90° = 𝑐. So, the ratios of side are 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 1: √3: 2.
Explanation: -
Consider an equilateral triangle of each side equal to 2 unit. And draw a
perpendicular bisector from any angle to that angle’s opposite side. This perpendicular bisector
divides it into two right angle triangle of angles measure 30°, 60° & 90°. And the perpendicular
bisector also divides the angle opposite side into two equal parts =1unit each.
𝐿 𝐿

60°
30° 30°
𝑐
2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
⇒ 𝑏 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
√3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
60° 60° 60° 60°

𝑀 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑁 𝑀 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐷 𝑎 𝑁
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Now, consider side opposite to 30° = 𝑎, and side opposite to 60° = 𝑏 and side opposite to 90° = 𝑐.
Given 𝑎 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, 𝑐 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. So, by Pythagoras Theorem (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 ) value = √2.

So, the ratios of side are 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 1: √3: 2.

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Note: - Ratios of 30°, 60° & 90° triangles are always 1: √3: 2 respectively.

2. In 45°, 45° & 90° angle, right angled- triangle, the ratios of sides is equal to 1: 1: √2.

Explanation: -

𝑐 = √2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑎 = 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

90°
45°
𝑆 𝑇
𝑏 = 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Consider a isosceles right angled triangle of sides 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, angle 45°, 45° & 90° and
sides measure are as follows, similar side opposite to 45° angle equal to 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 and by
Pythagoras Theorem(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 ), 𝑐 = √2 .

So, the ratios of side are 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 1: 1: √2.

Note: - Ratios of 45°, 45° & 90° triangles are always 1: 1: √2 respectively.

Trigonometry Identities
1. Taking a right-angled triangle (shown in fig.). If we want to know the result when we add
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃, what is it??

ℎ
𝑝

= sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃

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𝑝2 𝑏2 𝑝2 +𝑏 2 ℎ2
= ℎ2 + ℎ2 ⇒ ⇒ , as we know by Pythagoras Theorem 𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = ℎ2
ℎ2 ℎ2
So, the value of sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜃
And this is our first trigonometry identity 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
2. In above figure by Pythagoras Theorem 𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 = ℎ2
ℎ2
We can write above equation as ℎ2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑝2 , and now divide this whole equation with 𝑝2 , 𝑝2 −
𝑏2 𝑝2 ℎ2 𝑏2
= 𝑝2 , which is equal to ⇒ 𝑝2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃, 𝑝2 = cot 2 𝜃. After putting the value of the ratios in the
𝑝2
𝑝2
above equation we get, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 𝑝2 ⇒ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1.
And this is our next identity 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜃
3. Now write the above Pythagoras Theorem as ℎ2 − 𝑝2 = 𝑏 2 , and now divide the whole with 𝑏 2 . We
ℎ2 𝑝2 𝑏2 ℎ2 𝑝2
got − = which is equal to ⇒ = sec 2 𝜃, = tan2 𝜃,
𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑏2
⇒ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 𝑏2 , ⇒ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 .
And this is our third trigonometry identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜃.

Let’s understand some more trigonometry identity with the figure given below.
90° − 𝜃

ℎ
𝑎

𝜃
𝑏

A right-angled triangle gives two non 90° angles if one is 𝜃 then the second is 90° − 𝜃.
𝑎
With respect to the angle 𝜃, the ratio ℎ equals to sin 𝜃 and with respect to angle 90° − 𝜃 it equals
to cos 90° − 𝜃.
𝒂
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽
𝒉
𝒃 𝒂
Similarly, 𝒉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽.

Note:- These all trigonometry identities or ratios only valid in right-angled triangle.

Consider another right-angled triangle as shown in figure.

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ℎ
𝑝

𝑝 ℎ
So, now as we know ℎ × 𝑝 = 1 ⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = 𝟏,

𝑏 ℎ 𝑝 ℎ
Similarly, ℎ × 𝑏 = 1 ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 × 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ × 𝑝 = 1 ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 × 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟏 .

Trigonometry Identities
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1 sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1

sin 𝜃 = cos 90° − 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 90° − 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = cot 90° − 𝜃

sin 𝜃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 1 cos 𝜃 × sec 𝜃 = 1 tan 𝜃 × cot 𝜃 = 1 .

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