Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

Chapter 8

Work, Energy and Power

(b) The KE of the block increases.

Checkpoint
(c) The mechanical energy of the block increases.
Checkpoint 1 (p.194) (d) The total work done on the block increases.

1. (a) Yes
Checkpoint 3 (p.208)
(b) No. The displacement of the bag is perpendicu-
lar to the force exerted on it. 1. dummy
(c) Yes

2. Work done = F s cos θ = (50)(30) cos 30° ≈ 1300 J . position gravitational PE / J KE / J

3. (a) The component of the weight along the slope A 300 20

F ∥ = 10 sin 30° = 5N . B 120 200

(b) Work done by the weight C 120 200

W = F∥ s = 5 × 1 = 5J . D -30 350
(c) Since the block slides down at constant speed,
the work done by the weight is used as the 2. (a) C The marbles lose the same amount of

work done against friction. So, the work done gravitational PE when they reach the ends
against friction is 5 J . of the tracks, and hence by conservation of
energy, both gain the same amount of KE .

Checkpoint 2 (p.204) (b) B As Y slides along a steeper slope, its

gravitational PE is converted into KE faster
1. (a) dummy than X does. Hence, Y gains its speed faster
and reaches the end irst.
speed v / m s−1 kinetic energy / J
3. (a) Work done = mg h = 500 × (1000 − 500) =
1 0.005 2.5 × 105 J .

2 0.02 (b) (gravitational) PE of the skydiver → internal

energy of the air and the skydiver
3 0.045

(b) dummy
Checkpoint 4 (p.218)

height h / m gravitational PE / J
1. By conservation of energy,
0 0
gain in PE = loss in KE
0.5 0.0491
1
1.0 0.0981 mg h = mv 2
2
1.5 0.147 v2 82
∴h= =
2g 2 × 9.81
2. The net force on the block = 50 − 30 = 20 N. Hence, the = 3.26 m
block accelerates upwards.
The ball rises 3.26 m.
(a) The gravitational PE of the block increases.
2| Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

2. By conservation of energy, 5. The net work done = Fnet s = (5 − 2) × 3 = 9J .

the work done by the resistive force 6. (a) The work done by the pulling force
= loss in (gravitational) PE = F ∥ s = (20 cos 45°)(50) = 707.1 ≈ 707 J .
= mg h = 5000 × (20 + 2) = 1.1 × 105 J
(b) The work done against friction
Average resistive force = f s = (8)(50) = 400 J .

W 1.1 × 105 (c) The energy gained by the suitcase

F= = = 55 000 N
s 2 = 707.1 − 400 ≈ 307 J .

7. By W = F s , we have
Checkpoint 5 (p.224)
energy gained = area under the F –s graph
1. Work done by the crane 5×2
= =5J
2
W = F ∥ s = 20 000 × 20 = 4 × 105 J
So the energy gained by the block is 5J .
Power of the crane 8. (a) Since the dumbbell is lifted at a constant
W 4 × 105 speed, the force exerted by Carol is equal to
P= = = 8000 W
the weight of the dumbbell.
t 50
The work done by Carol is
Alternative Solution:
W = F s = mg s = (10)(9.81)(0.3) ≈ 29.4 J
Speed of the load

s 20
v= = = 0.4 m s−1 (b) When the dumbbell falls, the only force acting
t 50
on the dumbbell is the gravitational force
Power of the crane exerted by the Earth.
P = F v = 20 000 × 0.4 = 8000 W The work done by the Earth is

2. B Let a be the acceleration of the car. W = F s = mg s = (10)(9.81)(0.8) ≈ 78.5 J

Power of the car

( )
9. (a) The work done against friction is
v2
F∥ s mas m 2 mv 2 ( )
P= = = = 1
t t t 2t W = f s = (0.3) 2π × 0.2 × ≈ 0.0942 J
4

(b) The work done by the gravitational force is

Exercise
W = mg s = (0.1 × 9.81)(0.2) ≈ 0.196 J
Exercise 8.1 (p.194)

Exercise 8.2 (p.204)

1. B W = F s = mas
⇒ [J] = [kg][m s−2 ][m] = [kg][m2 s−2 ] 1. (a) The gain in PE = mg h = (120)(9.81)(2) ≈ 2350 J .
1 2 1
( 2)
2. B If the length of the barrel is longer, the cannon- (b) The KE = 2 mv = 2 (0.43) 8 ≈ 13.8 J .
ball is acted on by the force for a longer distance (i.e.
2. C By KE = 21 mv 2 , we have KE ∝ v 2 . If v is doubled,
larger s ). By W = F s , a larger s leads to a larger work
then the KE is 4 times of the original value.
W to be done on the cannonball, which hence gains
a larger KE . 3. A Since KE = 12 mv 2 , the slope of the graph is m2 . If
the mass m is doubled, then the slope is doubled.
3. B

4. C The change in the height of the marble is the

4. A The normal reaction exerted by the ground is
same no matter it slides down rails A or B .
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the crate.
Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Exercise |3

5. D Note that work has to be done to stretch the The speed of the cannonball is 51.4 m s−1 .
spring. The spring does not gain any gravitational
OR: The work done on the cannonball is equal to
PE since it (more precisely, its c.g.) does not have
the sum of its KE and gravitational PE , and so
any vertical motion.
1
Fs = mv 2 + mg h
6. (a) The KE of the car is 2
1
(20 000)(1) = (15)v 2 + (15)(9.81)(1)
1 1 2
KE = mv 2 = (2000)(122 ) = 1.44 × 105 J
2 2 ∴ v ≈ 51.4 m s−1

(b) When the car comes to a stop, the KE of the

car must have been transformed into the work 9. The y -intercept of the graph represents the initial
done against friction. Given that the braking gravitational PE of the block. Thus
force is 3500 N, we have
grav. PE = mg h
KE = F s 1000 = (10)(9.81)h
5
1.44 × 10 = 3500s ∴ h = 10.19 ≈ 10.2 m
∴ s ≈ 41.1 m < 50 m
The vertical distance travelled by the block is
Yes. The car can stop before the lock of sheep. 10.2 m .

7. The gravitational PE of John is given by Consider the igure below.

gravitational PE = mg h
= (70)(9.81) (6 sin 38°)
≈ 2540 J

8. (a) If the cannonball is ired horizontally, the work Therefore, we have

done on the cannonball is equal to the gain in 10.19
its KE , and hence sin θ = ⇒θ≈ 11.8°
50
1
F s = mv 2 10. (a) Take the initial gravitational PE of the box as
2
1 zero. The work done on the box is
(20 000)(1) = (15)v 2
2
∴ v ≈ 51.6 m s−1 W = F s = (8)(20) = 160 J

The speed of the cannonball is 51.6 m s−1 . (b) The gain in KE is

(b) Free body diagram of the cannonball when it 1 1

KE = mv 2 = m(22 ) = 2m
reaches the end of the barrel: 2 2

The gain in gravitational PE is

PE = mg h = m(9.81) (20 sin 30°) = 98.1m

Combining the equations, we have

Since the net work done on the cannonball is work done = KE gain + PE gain
equal to the gain in its KE , we have 160 = 2m + 98.1m
1 160
(F − mg )s = mv 2 ∴m= ≈ 1.60 kg
2 100.1
1
(20 000 − 15 × 9.81)(1) = (15)v 2
2
∴ v ≈ 51.4 m s−1
4| Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

Exercise 8.3 (p.218) (c) By conservation of energy, we have

1. C Without friction, the mechanical energy of the KE loss = PE gain + work done
( )
child is conserved. 4.5 × 105 = 3.679 × 105 + W

2. C Even though the rod changes the motion of the ∴ W = 8.213 × 104 J
string and the bob, the system still obeys the law of
By W = F s , we have
conservation of energy. Unless there is energy lost
to the surroundings, the bob will inally returns to
8.213 × 104 = f (50 + 25 sin 50°)
the same height at R .
∴ f ≈ 1190 N
3. D

Therefore, the friction acting on the roller

4. B PE = mg h ⇒ PE ∝ h .
coaster is 1190 N .
The PE of the object increases linearly with its
9. (a) The initial height of the bob above the lowest
height h . Since the mechanical energy of the object
point is
is conserved, its KE decreases linearly with the
height h .
h = 1 − cos 30° = 0.1340 m

5. His idea is impractical. According to the law of

conservation of energy, no device, including the (b) Take the gravitational PE of the bob at the
torch, can create energy. That is why the torch can lowest position as zero. By conservation of
never output more energy than the energy input. energy, we get

6. (a) When the block falls in the air, its gravitational initial PE + initial KE = inal KE
PE is converted to its KE . When it presses 1 1
mu2 = 
mg h + 
 mv2
against the spring, both its KE and gravitational 2 2
PE are converted to the elastic PE of the spring.
Rearranging the equation, we have
(b) The elastic PE gain = the gravitational PE loss
√ √
= mg h = (1)(9.81)(1 + 0.08) ≈ 10.6 J. v= 2g h + u 2 = 2(9.81)(0.1340) + 12
The elastic PE stored in the spring when the = 1.9049 ≈ 1.90 m s−1
block is at the lowest position is 10.6 J .
When the bob is given a slight push, its speed
7. (a) By conservation of energy,
at the lowest position is 1.90 m s−1 .
KE gain = gravitational PE loss (c) By conservation of energy, we have
1
mv2 =
 mg h KE loss = PE gain
2
1
The speed of the skateboarder when he is at mv2 =
 mg h
2
the end of the ramp is
Rearranging the equation, we have
√ √
v= 2g h = 2(9.81)(2) ≈ 6.26 m s −1
v2 1.9052
h= = ≈ 0.185 m
2g 2(9.81)
(b) The speed of the heavier skateboarder will
be the same as the lighter skateboarder, The bob reaches a height of 0.185 m on the
because the speed at the end of the ramp is other side of the pendulum.
independent of its mass.
10. (a) The gravitational PE loss = mg ∆h =
8. (a) Loss in KE = 12 (m)(u 2 − v 2 ) = 12 (1500)(252 − 52 ) = (70)(9.81)(120 − 20) = 68 670 J .
4.5 × 105 J (b) Suppose the man bounces up to the highest
(b) Gain in PE = mg h = (1500)(9.81)(25) = position of height h ′ above his lowest position.
3.679 × 105 = 3.68 × 105 J By conservation of energy, the gravitational
PE loss in the jump is equal to the gravitational
Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Exercise |5

PE gain after the bounce plus the energy lost in Alternative Solution:
the cord. Mathematically, we have Take the downward direction as positive. By
KE = 12 mv 2 , the speed of David when he just
h = 
mg
 h ′ +
mg mgh(0.3) reaches the cushion is
′ √ √
∴ h = 0.7h = 0.7 × 100 = 70 m 2KE 2 × 4807
u= = = 11.72 m s−1
m 70
He is 70 + 20 = 90 m above the river.
By v 2 − u 2 = 2as , we have
(c) The energy is lost to the surroundings in the
form of heat and sound. 0 − 11.722 = 2a(2) ⇒ a = −34.34 m s−2

11. (a) By conservation of energy, the mechanical The average deceleration of David during the
energy loss of the weight (of mass M ) is equal impact with the cushion is 34.34 m s−2 . By
to the energy gain of the water (of mass m ). So, Newton’s second law, we have
we have
mg − f = ma

M g h = mc∆T (70)(9.81) − f = (70)(−34.34)

(6)(9.81)(0.8) = (0.5)(4200)∆T ∴ f ≈ 3090 N

∴ ∆T ≈ 0.0224 ◦C So the average force acting on David by the cushion

is 3090 N.
The water temperature increases by 0.0224 ◦C .
(b) The energy is lost to overcome the friction 13. By conservation of energy, we have
between the rope and the pulley.
PE loss = KE gain + work done
12. (a) By conservation of energy, the loss in PE equals 1
mg h = mv 2 + W
the gain in KE . Hence, we have 2
1 ( )
(60)(9.81)(800) = (60)v 2 + 432 × 103
KE = mg h = (70)(9.81)(10 − 3) = 4807 ≈ 4810 J 2
∴ v = 36 m s−1
The KE of David is 4810 J when he just
reaches the cushion. The terminal speed of the skydiver is 36 m s−1 .
(b) By conservation of energy, the sum of the 14. (a) (i) KE of the athlete → elastic PE of the pole +
losses in KE and PE is equal to the work done gravitational PE of the athlete
by the cushion. Hence, we have
(ii) Elastic PE of the pole → gravitational PE of
the athlete
mg h = f s
(70)(9.81)(10 − 1) = f (2) (b) Assume that no energy is lost to the surround-
ings. By conservation of energy, we have
∴ f ≈ 3090 N
1
mv2 =
 mg h
Therefore, the average force acting on David by 2
the cushion is 3090 N .
Rearranging the equation, we have

v2 9.52
h= = ≈ 4.60 m
2g 2 × 9.81

The maximum the athlete can reach is (4.60 +

1) = 5.60 m .

Exercise 8.4 (p.224)

1. D kW h is a unit of energy.
6| Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

2. C By W = F s cos θ and P = Wt , we have The gravitational PE gain of the passengers is

F s cos θ (s)
P= = (F cos θ) = F v cos θ E = mg h = (70n)(9.81)(30) = 20 601n
t t

The gravitational PE gain of the lift is

3. C The work done on the box is

E = M g h = (1000)(9.81)(30) = 294 300 J

W = F s = F (*+0 1 at 2 ) = 1 F at 2

ut
2 2
The lift provides the energy to lift itself and the
The power developed by the force is
passengers to the 10th loor. By P = Et , we have
( ) ( 2)
W Fa F
P= = t= t 20 601n + 294 300
t 2 2m 60 × 103 = ⇒ n = 9.014
8
Since both F and m are constants, a graph of P
Therefore, the lift can carry a maximum number of
against t is a straight line passing through the origin.
9 passengers each time.

4. The power developed by Maggie is

9. (a) For process 1, the energy transferred is
mg h (50)(9.81)(0.2 × 10)
P= = ≈ 196 W 1 1
t 5 E 1 = mv 2 = (0.008)(3502 ) = 490 J
2 2
5. The gain in gravitational PE by the volcanic ash is For process 2, the energy transferred is
( ) ( )
E = mg h = 3 × 109 (9.81) (20 000) = 5.886 × 1014 J 1 1 100 2
E 2 = mv 2 = (1500) = 5.787 × 105 J > E 1
2 2 3.6
The power of the eruption is
So the car transfers more energy.
14
E 5.886 × 10 (b) For process 1, the average power is
P= = = 9.81 × 1012 W
t 60
E 490
P1 = = = 8.167 × 105 W
6. The carrier travels at a constant velocity of t 6 × 10−4

45 For process 2, the average power is

45 km h−1 = = 12.5 m s−1
3.6
E 5.787 × 105
P2 = = = 1.157 × 105 W < P 1
By P = F v , the driving force of the carrier is t 5

P 150 × 106 So the pistol has a larger average power.

F= = = 1.2 × 107 N
v 12.5
10. The displacement of the car is given by the area
As the net force acting on the carrier is zero, the under the graph, and hence
water resistance acting on it is also 1.2 × 107 N . 10 × 12
s= = 60 m
7. (a) The gain in gravitational PE of each package is 2

The power developed by the car is

E = mg h = (2)(9.81)(10 sin 20°) = 67.10 ≈ 67.1 J

F s (2500)(60)
P= = = 15 000 W
(b) Since the speed of the package is constant t 10
throughout the motion, its gain in KE is 0
. Chapter Exercise
(c) The power of the conveyor belt is

E 67.10 × 10 Multiple-choice Questions (p.227)

P= = ≈ 11.2 W
t 60
1. A Statement (3) is incorrect. The track has
8. Let n be the maximum number of passengers that friction, and so extra work has to be done to
the lift can carry each time. overcome it.
Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise |7

2. B Note that the tram moves at a steady speed. Thus, the bullet will be embedded in the 5th block.

3. D The steel ball moves at its terminal speed, and so 10.
its speed remains unchanged.
For an object moving at a constant speed, s ∝
t .Hence, its gravitational PE decreases linearly with
time.
4. C Falling in midair: gravitational PE → KE
Bouncing at the racket: KE → elastic PE (by
changing its shape) 11.
Bouncing off the racket: elastic PE → KE
5. D Statement (1) is correct. By Fnet = ma , if the
mass m is doubled, the net force Fnet needed to 12.
reach the same acceleration a is doubled. Hence,
the driving force needed by the car is doubled.
Statement (2) is correct. By KE = 12 mv 2 , if the mass
m is doubled, the KE required is doubled to reach
13.
the same speed v .
Statement (3) is correct. By P = Et , since the
acceleration lasts for the same time interval t for
both cars and the energy needed by the massive car
14.
is doubled, the average input power required by the
massive car is doubled.
6. C Let E K be the initial KE . When the speed of the
marble is decreased by half, we have
( )
1 ( v )2 1 1 1 The distance travelled by the block on the incline
EK ′ = m = mv 2 = E K
2 2 4 2 4 planes is
By conservation of energy, the gravitational PE =
3E
4 . Hence, the ratio is 1 : 3.
7. B The bob has vertical displacement due to the
weight W , and so it does a positive work.
The bob always moves in a direction perpendicular
to the tension T , and so it does not work. Structured Questions (p.229)
D Option A is incorrect. If the block slides along
an incline with constant friction, the mechanical
energy is not conserved.
Option B is incorrect. If the block falls at a constant
velocity, its KE remains unchanged.
Option C is incorrect. If the block accelerates on a
lat surface, its PE remains unchanged.
A Since friction is negligible, all of the work W
done on the mass becomes the KE E K of the mass.
Hence, E K increases linearly with W .
A Statement (3) is incorrect. Note that the ball
has KE at P , and so it is possible for the ball to reach
T if the KE is greater than the change in PE from P
to T .
B The output power of the motor is
E mg h (0.5)(9.81)(2.5)
P= = = ≈ 8.2 W
t t 1.5
D As both blocks slide down along frictionless
surfaces for the same height H , all the gravitational
PE they have lost are converted into KE , and so they
have the same speed at the bottom of the inclined
plane, i.e. v 1 = v 2 .
√
s =*+0 1 at 2 ⇒ t =

ut
2s
2 a
In Fig. Q14(1), the sliding distance is shorter and
the acceleration is greater, and hence we can
conclude that t 1 < t 2 .

8. D The feather reaches the terminal speed because

15. (a) The speed of the bead is maximum when it is at
air resistance does a negative work on it and
C . By conservation of energy, we have
induces a loss in energy. By conservation of energy,
we have 1
mv2 =
 mg h
PE loss = KE gain + energy loss 2
1 2
⇒ PE loss > KE gain v = (9.81)(0.14) (1M)
2
9. C Assume that the bullet passes through n blocks. ∴ v ≈ 1.66 m s−1
By conservation of energy,
The maximum speed of the bead throughout
1
mv 2 = F s the motion is 1.66 m s−1 . (1A)
2
1
(0.02)(4802 ) = (10 000)(0.05n)
2
∴ n = 4.608
8| Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

(b) Let h be the vertical distance between A and D . So the average braking force is 642 N

. (1A)
1
mv2 =
 mg h (ii) Part of the PE is converted into the
2
1 2 internal energy of the brake pads. (1A)
(1 ) = 9.81h (1M)
2
17. (a) (i) Take the forward direction as positive. By
∴ h = 0.05097 ≈ 0.0510 m
v 2 − u 2 = 2as , we have

D is 0.0510 m below A . (1A)

802 − 0 = 2a(100) (1M)

(c) Since E is (0.08 − 0.05097) = 0.029 03 cm above

∴ a = 32 m s−2
A , where the KE of the bead is zero, the bead
cannot pass E . (1A)
So the required acceleration is 32 m s−2
By conservation of energy, we have (forwards). (1A)

1 (ii) By Newton’s second law, we have

mv2 =
 mg h
2
1 2 F net = ma
v = (9.81)(0.02903) (1M)
2 90 000 = 20 000a (1M)

∴ v ≈ 0.755 m s−1 −2 −2
a = 4.5 m s < 32 m s (1M)

The bead must be projected at A with a speed Hence, the jet ighter cannot take off on the
of at least 0.755 m s−1 in order to pass E . (1A)
aircraft carrier successfully.
(d) The bead must be projected at a higher (iii) Given that the jet ighter needs to reach
speed. (1A)
80 m s−1 to take off.
The friction exerted by the rail will take energy ( )
1 1
away from the bead, i.e. work has to be done to E = mv 2 = (20 000) 802 = 6.4 × 107 J
2 2
overcome the friction. Therefore, the bead has
to possess more KE at A in order to pass E . (1A) The energy needed for the jet ighter to
take off is 6.4 × 107 J. (1M)

16. (a) (i) When Sandy freewheels down the slope, The total power developed during take-off
her gravitational PE is converted into is
KE and thus she gains speed. (1A)
E 6.4 × 107
(ii) By conservation of energy, we have P= = = 3.2 × 107 W (1M+1A)
t 2
1 2
mg h = 
 mv (b) When the jet ighter is caught by the cable, its
2
1 remaining KE is converted to the elastic PE of
(9.81)(10 sin 30°) = v 2 (1M)
2 the springs attached to the cable. (1A)

∴ v ≈ 9.90 m s−1
18. (a) (i) Energy can change from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or
After travelling for 10 m, her speed is
destroyed. (2A)
9.90 m s−1 . (1A)

(ii) When the hammer falls, its gravitational

(b) (i) In the whole journey, the gravitational
PE is converted into its KE . (1A)
PE lost by Sandy is equal to the KE gained
When the hammer hits the baseplate and
by her plus the work done by the braking
drives it deeper into the ground, the KE of
force f on the level road. So we have
the hammer is converted into the KE of
1 the baseplate, but some KE may be lost
mg h = mv 2 + f s
2 to the surroundings after converting into
1
(75)(9.81)(20 sin 30°) = (75)(52 ) + 10 f (1M) internal and sound energy. (1A)
2
∴ f = 642 N
Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise |9

(b) (i) The KE of the hammer is given by If the speed of the car has to be limited
to 27 m s−1 , the required average braking
1
KE = mv 2 (1M) force would be 1180 N . (1A)
2
1 (ii) Any of the following: (1A)
= (1500)(82 )
2 • Work has to be done against friction.
= 48 000 J (1A)
• Part of the mechanical energy is
transformed into internal energy and
(ii) By conservation of energy, the initial PE of
sound energy.
the hammer equals its KE just before it
hits the baseplate. (1A)
• The car may become more massive if
Hence, the initial PE of the hammer is more passengers take the ride.
48 000 J . (1A)
(iii) Since the total mass of the car increases,
(iii) Considering the gravitational PE of the the car has more KE even though it moves
hammer, we have at the same speed. (1A)

More work has to be done by the braking

PE = mg h (1M) system to take the KE away from the car
and stop it. (1A)
48 000 = (1500)(10)h
In other words, the system has to apply a
∴h= 3.2 m (1A)
greater braking force on the car. (1A)

Quality of written communication: 1A

(c) (i) The motor uses more energy because
there is energy loss due to the friction of 20. (a) The increase in PE when the gymnast ascends
the moving parts of the motor. (2A) is
When the hammer is moving up, the rope
and the other moving parts also gain KE , PE = mg h
and so the motor needs to provide more = (55)(9.81)(4.2) (1M)

energy for such motions. (2A)

= 2266 ≈ 2270 J (1A)

(ii) Any of the following: (1A)

• Release the hammer from a higher (b) (i) Her KE at the instant she just touches the
position. trampoline is
• Use a more massive hammer. 3.2
KE = 2266 ×
4.2
19. (a) By conservation of energy, we have
= 1727 ≈ 1730 J (1A)

1
mg h = mv 2 (1M)
2 By conservation of energy, the amount of
√
∴ v = 2g h KE gained by the gymnast depends on the amount
√ of gravitational PE converted, which in turn depends
= 2(9.81)(60 − 10) (1M)

−1
on her vertical position.
= 31.32 ≈ 30 m s
(ii) By KE = 12 mv 2 , we have
Hence, the speed of the car at Q is approxi- √
2(KE )
mately 30 m s−1 . (1A) v=
m
(b) (i) The gravitational PE loss of the car equals √
2(1727)
its KE gain at Q and the work done on the = (1M)
55
road by the braking force. Mathematically,
= 7.924 ≈ 7.92 m s−1
1
mg h = mv 2 + f s (1M)
2 At that instant, her vertical speed is
1
(750)(9.81)(50) = (750)(272 ) + 80 f (1M) 7.92 m s−1 . (1A)
2
∴ f = 1181 ≈ 1180 N (c) dummy
10 | Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

where L is the length of the rod. The longer the

rod is, the higher the pendulum bob reaches
and the greater the energy it possesses. (1A)

(b) In both cases, the gravitational PE of the

pendulum bob is converted into its KE . For
Correct diagram: 1A the pendulum of length ℓ, we have
(d) Take the upward direction as positive. By 1
mg ℓ(1 − cos θ) = mv S 2
v = u + at , we have 2

For the pendulum of length 2ℓ, we have

7.924 = 0 + a(0.26) (1M)

∴ a ≈ 30.5 m s−2 1
2mg ℓ(1 − cos θ) = mv L 2 (1A)
2
So the average acceleration of the gymnast is
Combining the two equations, we have
30.5 m s−2 (upwards). (1A)

(e) If the gymnast tries to reach a higher position, v L2 vL p

=2 ⇒ = 2 (1A)
she must do more work by exerting a greater v S2 vS
force on the trampoline.
(c) The starting height of the longer pendulum
When she makes contact with the trampoline,
has to be the same as that of the shorter one
her gravitational PE and the work she does to
in order to for the two pendulums to reach the
the trampoline are converted into the elastic
same speed at the bottom of the swing. (1A)
PE of the trampoline.
Consider the igure below.
Nonetheless, some of the energy may be lost
as internal energy and sound energy due to
friction.
When the trampoline lifts her up, the elastic
PE of the trampoline is converted into the KE of
the gymnast.
After she leaves the trampoline, the KE of
the gymnast is converted gradually into her
gravitational PE , and all of the KE is converted
ℓ 1
when she reaches the highest point. cos θ = = ⇒θ= 60° (1A)
2ℓ 2
Candidate must state that:
22. (a) dummy
• elastic PE is converted into KE .
• KE is converted into gravitational PE . h/m v / m s−1 v 2 / m2 s−2
• the gymnast must do work/consume chemical energy
to reach higher. 0.1 0.949 0.901

On the other hand, candidate must: 0.3 2.214 4.902

• use appropriate writing style and accurate technical 0.5 2.966 8.797
words. 0.7 3.578 12.80
• organize his answer clearly, logically and coherently.
Refer to the igure below.
For those who can fulfill the above requirements will get 5
to 6 marks.

21. (a) The longer pendulum has the greater energy.

(1A)

The height of a pendulum bob is given by

h = L(1 − cos θ)
Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise | 11

+ power loss
= (8000 − 7000)(2) + 4000 = 6000 W . (1M+1A)

(ii) Less output power is required to lift the lift

car. (1A)

(iii) The claim is incorrect .

If a drum with frictionless surface is used,
the cable cannot be ixed on the drum. (1A)
The lift will fall. (1A)

24. Stick the paper strip on BC . (1A)

Put the toy skier on an certain position along AB ,

and measure its height h above the bench. Release
the toy skier and measure the stopping distance s
from B when it stops. (1A)

Repeat the experiment by setting different initial

heights and measuring the corresponding stopping
• Correct axes and labels: 1A
distance. (1A)
• Correct scale: 1A
Plot a graph of h against s . (1A)
• Correct data points: 1A
• Correct best- it line: 1A By conservation of energy,

(b) (i) By conservation of energy, the gravita- mg h = F s ⇒ h ∝ s

tional PE loss equals the KE gain, i.e.
where F is the friction acting on the strip. Therefore,
1
mv2 =
 m g (h − h 0 ) a straight line passing through the origin should be
2
∴ v 2 = 2g (h − h0 ) (1A)
obtained. (1A)

25. (a) From t = 0 to 5 s, Bolt accelerates from rest. (1A)

(ii) From (b)(i),
After t = 5 s, Bolt runs at a constant speed of
v 2 = 2g (h − h 0 ) ⇒ v 2 = 2g h − 2g h 0 12 m s−1 . (1A)

(b) During the race, the chemical energy of Bolt’s

So the slope of the graph is 2g . (1M)
body is converted into his KE and the work
From the graph, we have done against air resistance. (2A)

10 − 3.7 (c) Let f be the average resistive force acting on

2g = = 19.6875
0.56 − 0.24 Bolt during the race. By the results in (b), (1M)

∴ g ≈ 9.84 m s−2
f s + 0.078E = E
The value of gravitational acceleration is ( )
f (100) + (0.078) 81.58 × 103 = 81.58 × 103 (1M)

9.84 m s−2 . (1A)

∴ f = 752.2 ≈ 752 N
(c) To reduce the effect of air resistance on the
ball. (1A) The average resistive force acting on Bolt
during the race is 752 N . (1A)
23. (a) (i) The mechanical power delivered by the
motor is (d) The inal speed of Bolt remains unchanged at
12 m s−1 . His new average acceleration is
P = F v = (8000)(2) = 16 000 W (1M+1A)
v − u 12 − 0
a= = ≈ 1.28 m s−2
t 9.4
(ii) Power loss = 20 000 − 16 000 = 4000 W (1A)

(1M+1A)
(b) (i) Total mechanical power output of the
motor
= useful power to lift up the lift car
12 | Chapter 8 Work, Energy and Power Chapter Exercise Active Physics Full Solutions to Textbook Exercises

Shoot-the-stars Questions (p.233) work is done to rotate the block until its c.g. is just
vertically above X as shown.
1. A

The vertical distance that the c.g. raises is 2 cm.

Therefore, the minimum work done required is 2W .

4. (a) The volume of the asteroid is

4
V = πr 3
3
4
= π(500 × 103 )3
When the tap is opened, half of the water (of mass 3
M H
2 ) lows downwards for a vertical distance of 2 .
= 5.236 × 1017 m3

So the PE loss is
) ( ( ) The mass of the asteroid is
M H MgH
E P = mg h = (g ) =
2 2 4 M = ρV
( )
= (2500) 5.236 × 1017
2. D Take the upward direction as positive. Let v 0 be

the initial speed of the stone. ≈ 1.31 × 1021 kg (1A)

By v = u + at , we have
(b) Assuming that all the energy released by the
v0 nuclear bomb is converted into the KE of the
0 = v0 − g T ⇒ T =
g asteroid fragments. By conservation of energy,
we have
At time t = T2 , the speed of the stone is
2.4 × 1018
KE = = 1.2 × 1018 J (1M)
T v0 v0 2
v = v0 − g ( ) = v0 − g ( ) =
2 2g 2
The speed v of each segment is
The KE loss of the stone equals the gravitational 1
PE gain, and hence KE = mv 2
2
( )
1 1.309 × 1021
1 1 ( v 0 )2 18
1.2 × 10 = vy2 (1M)
mg h 1 = mv 02 − m 2 2
2 2 2
3 1 2 ∴ v y = 0.060 56 ≈ 0.0606 m s−1
= × mv 0
4 2
3E Therefore the maximum speed of each segment
=
4 in the y -direction is 0.0606 m s−1 . (1A)

When KE of the stone is decreased by half, it reaches (c) The displacement in the y -direction is
the height h2 . Therefore half of its KE is converted to
its PE , so y = v y t = (0.060 56)(3 × 60 × 60)
E
mg h 2 = = 654.0 m ≪ 6.37 × 106 m (1M)
2

Therefore, h1 : h2 = 34
E :
E2 = 3 : 2. Yes, the Earth will be hit. (1A)

3. B When the c.g. of the block is at the right hand

side of X , it will topple without any energy input. So,