SPEAKING

MATHEMATICALLY
Sub Topics: Variable
Language of Sets
Language of Relation and Function

Members: Instructor : Maam Myra Leonor Mon

Calderon, Adrian Mendoza, Mae Anne

Castaneda, Abegail Monsalud,Angeline
Driza, Reynalyn Miraflores, Joel
Eslao, Diana Shayne Mortil, Rica
Lorezo, Kisha Nacin, Angelika
Malong, Joseph
Medul, Gemmalyn
 VA R I A B L E S

It defined as the alphabetic character that express a numerical value or a number.

A variable is sometimes thought of as a mathematical “John Doe” because you
can use it as a placeholder when you want to talk about something but either you
imagine that it has one or more values but you don’t know what they are, or you
want whatever you say about it to be equally true for all elements in a given set,
and so you don’t want to restricted to considering only a particular, concrete
values for it.
• These variables can be any alphabets from a to z. Most commonly
‘a’,’b’,’c’,’x’,’y’, and ’z’ are used as variables in equations.

Example:
(In Sentence) Is there a number with the following property doubling it and adding
3 gives the same result as squaring it?
(In Variables) Is there a number x with the property that x + 3 = x²?
 SOME IMPORTANT KINDS OF MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT

A. Universal Statement says that a certain property is true for all elements in
a set. A well-written statement should include one of the universal quantifiers:
all, very and each.
Example: All positive number are greater than zero.

B. Conditional Statement says that if one thing is true then some other thing
also has to be true. The Conditional Statement contain versions of the words
“if-then”.
Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.

C. Existential Statement says that there is at least one thing for which the
property is true. The following are the Existential quantifiers: “for some”, “there
exists”, “there is a”, or “for at least one”.
Example: There is a prime number that is even.
 SYMBOLS USED AND THEIR MEANINGS

∃ - There Exists
∈ - Belongs to
∋ - Such That
N – The set of Natural numbers 1 to Infinity
Z – The set of integers {Infinity…-2,-1,0,1,2…infinity}
∀ - For all values of
Example: There exists natural number n, such that n × n = 36
There exists an integer z, such that z² = 25
There is at least one number n, belonging to a set of natural
numbers, such that a × n = a

D. Universal Conditional Statement

-They can be written in ways that make them appear to be purely
universal or purely conditional.
Example: For all animals a, if a is dog, then a is mammal.
“If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal”.
 SETS

• Well defined collection of objects called elements.

• It usually represented by capital letters.
• The objects of a set are separated by commas.
• It can be represented by listing its elements between
braces.

DEFINITION REGARDING SETS

•A set is finite if the number of elements is countable

Examples:
A= (even numbers less than 10)
B= (days in a week)

•Infinite – A set is infinite if the number of elements cannot be counted.

Examples:
A= (even numbers greater than 20)
B= (stars in the sky)
•Equal sets – Set with exactly the same elements and cardinality.
Examples
A= {c, a, r, e}
B={r, a, c, e}

•Equivalent Sets – Set with the same number of elements or

cardinality.
Example:
A={a, e, I, o, u}
B={1,2,3,4,5}

•Joint sets- Set with common elements.

Example:
A={c, a, r, e}
B={b, e, a, r, s}

•Disjoint Sets – Set with no common elements.

Example:
A={a, b, c} and B={e, f, g}
•Universal Set – (Usually denoted by U)
- Set of all elements
- A set which has elements of all the related sets
without any repetition of elements.
Example:
If A= {1,2,3} B={1,a, b, c} ,then the universal set
associated with these two sets is given by U=
{1,2,3,a, b, c}.

N O TAT I O N

•A variation of notation is use to describe a very large set.

•{1,2,3… 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100.
•{1,2,3… } refer to set of all positive integers.
•The symbol … is called an ellipsis and is read “and so forth”.

Using the Set – Roster Notation

A set may be specified using the set – roster notation by writing elements between braces.
Example:
•Let A={1,2,3}, B={3,2,1}, and C={ 1,1,2,2,3,3}. What are the element of A, B, and C? How are
A, B, and C related?
A, B, and C have exactly the same three elements 1,2,3. Therefore A, B and C are simply
represented in different ways.
•Is {0} = 0?
•How many elements are the set {1,{1}}?

Axiom of Extension
- says that a set is completely determines by what its elements are –
not the order in which they might be listed or the fact that some elements be listed more than
one.

SYMBOLS

Sets : ∪- union ⊆- subset

∩- intersection ⊃ - superset
 N O TAT I O N :

N – natural numbers (counting numbers)

W- whole numbers {0,1,2,3… }
Z- integers {-3-2-1,0-1-2-3… }
Q- rational numbers (terminating or repeating decimals)
R- real numbers (all numbers)
C- complex numbers ex. -5²,-4³
Q′- set of irrational numbers (non terminating or non repeating decimals)
Set– Builder Notation
-the set of all elements x in S such that P(x) is true. We denoted this set as {x ∈ S|P(x)}
Examples:

•Given that R the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers and Z+ the set of all positive
integers , describe the following sets.
a. {x∈R|-2<x<5}
{x∈R|-2<x<5} is the open interval of real numbers between -2 and 5 .
b.{x∈Z|-2<x<5}
{x∈Z|-2<x<5} is the set of all integers (strictly) between -2 and 5. It is equal to the set of {-
1,0,1,2,3,4}.

c.{X∈Z+|-2<x<5}
Since all integers in Z + are positive {X∈Z+|-2<x<5}= {1,2,3,4}
Subset
-Only if every element of A can also be found in Set B .
Example : A⊆B
A={d, a, r, e} B={r, e, a, d}
For this symbol (⊄) means not a subset
Example: A⊄B
A={b, c, d, e} B={c, d, e}

Proper Subset
-Every element of B is in B but there is at least one element of B that is not in
A.
Example:
•Let A=Z+, B ={n ∈ Z|0≤n≤100},and C={100, 200,300,400,500}. Evaluate the truth
and falsity of each of the following statements.
1.B⊆A - false , Zero is not a positive integers.
2.C is a proper subset of A - true because there are elements in A that are not in C
3.C and B have at least one element in common – true
4.C ⊆ B – false, 200 is in C but not in B
5.C ⊆ C – true, every element in C is in C

Distinction between∈ and ⊆

•Which of the following are true statements .

a.2∈{1,2,3}
b.{2} ∈{1,2,3}
c.2⊆{1,2,3}
d.{2}⊆{1,2,3}
e.{2}⊆{{1},{2}}
f.{2}∈{{1},{2}}
Only (a),(d),and (f) are true.

Ordered Pair – Two paired pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if, and only if ;a=c and b=d. Symbolically
(a, b)=(c, d) means that a = c and b=d
Example:
•Is (1,2) =(2,1)?
No. By definition of equality of ordered pairs.
•Is (3 ,⁵/10) = (√9, ½)
Yes, because the √9 is 3 and ⁵/10 is equal to ½.
•Is (0,10)=(10,0)?
No
•Is (4,3³)= (2²,27)?
Yes

Cartesian Product
-The set of all ordered pairs where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically :
A x B ={(a, b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

Example:
•Let A= {1,2,3}, and B={ u, v}
Find A x B.
- A x B ={(1,u), (2,u),(3,u),(1,v),(2,v),(3,v)
Find B x A
-B x A ={(u, 1),(u, 2),(u, 3),(v, 1),(v, 2),(v, 3)}
Find B x B
-B x B ={(u, u),(u, v),(v, u),(v, v)}
How many elements are in A x B, B x A, and B x B?
A x B has 6 elements, B x A has six elements, and B x B has 4
elements

Another example:
•Let Y ={a, b, c} and Z ={1,2}
Find Y x Z
Y x Z ={( a, 1),(a, 2),(b, 1),(b, 2),(c, 1),(c, 2)

Find Z x Y
Z x Y = {(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c)
Find Y x Y
Y x Y ={( a, a),(a, b),(a, c),(b, a),(b, b),(b, c),(c, a),(c, b),(c, c)
How many elements are in Y x Z, Z x Y, and Y x Y?
There are six elements in Y x Z as well as Z x Y , and Y x Y has
nine elements.
 RELATION

• Relations abound in daily life. People are related to each other in many ways as parents
and children, teachers and students, employers and employees, and many others. In
business things that are bought are related to their cost and amount paid is related to the
number of things bought.
• A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range). The elements of the domain can be imagined as
input to a machine that applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs.
• A relation is also a set of ordered pair (x,y). Example:
•
• R = {(1,2,),(2,4),(3,6),(4,8),(5,10)}
• A Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and d

A Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
(x,y) ∈ A x B.
(x,y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
a. State explicity which ordered pairs are in A×B and which are in R.
b. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?

Solution
a. A×B = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)}. To determine explicity the composition of R,
examineeachordered pair in A× B to see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition
for R.
(1,1) ∈ R because = = 0, which is an integer.
(1,2) ɇ R because = , which is not an integer.
(1,3) ∈ R because = = 1, which is an integer.
(2,1) ɇ R because = , which is not an integer.
(2,2) ∈ R because = = 0, which is an integer.
(2,3) ɇ R because = , which is not an integer.
thus
R={(1,1),(1,3),(2,2)}
b. Yes, 1 R 3 because (1,3) ∈ R.
No, 2 R 3 because (2,3) ∈ R.
Yes, 2 R 2 because (2,2) ∈ R.
c. The domain of R is (1,2) and the co-domain is (1,2,3).

THE CIRCLE RELATION

Define a relation C from R as follows: For any (x,y)∈ RxR, (x,y) ∈ C means that ײ + y² = 1.

a. Is (1,0) ∈ C? Is (0,0) ∈ C? is { , ∈ C? is -2 C 0? Is 0 C (-1) Is 1 C 1?

b. What are the domain and co-domain of C?
c. Draw a graph for C by plotting the points of C in the Cartesian plane.
SOLUTION
a. Yes, (1,0) ∈ C because 1² + 0² = 1
No, (0,0) ɇ C because 0² + 0² = 1.
Yes, ɇ C because ² + ² = + = 1.
No, -2 ɇ 0 because (-2)² = 0² = 4 ≠ 1.
Yes, 0 C (-1) because 0² + (-1)² = 1.
No, 1 ɇ 1 because 1² = 2 ≠ 1.
b. The domain and co-domain of C are both R, the set of all real numbers.
c. y

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

-1 1 x

A R R O W D I A G R A M O F A R E L AT I O N

Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B. The arrow diagram for R is obtained as follows:
1. Represent the element of A as points in one region and the elements of B as points in another
region.
2. For each x in A and y in B, draw an arrow from x to y iof, and only if, x is related to y by R,
symbollically:
Draw an arrow from x to y if, and only if, xRy if, and only if, (x,y) ∈ R.
Example: Let A=(1,2,3) and B = (1,3,5) and define relations S and T from A to B as follows: For all
(x,y)∈ AxB.
(x,y) ∈S means that x<y S is a “less than” relation.
T={(2,1),(2,5)}.
Draw an arrow diagrams for S and T.
Solution

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These example relations illustrate that it is possible to have several arrows coming out of the
same element of A pointing in different directions. Also, it is quite possible to have an element of
A that does not have an arrow coming out of it.

Let A={2,3,4} & B={2,6,8} and let R be the “divides” relation from A to B for all (x,y) ∈ AxB, x R y
if and only if x/y.
Question:

1. Roster form of R = { }?
x/y = x divides y
2. Draw an arrow diagram for R.
Question:
1. Roster form of R = { }?
2. Draw an arrow diagram for R.
Let X=(a,b,c) and Y=(1,2,3,4). Which of the relations A,B,C defined below are functions from X to
Y?
a. A={(a,1),(b,2),(c,3)}
b. For all (x,y) ∈ B means that x is a vowel and y is even.
c. C is defined by the arrow diagram.

X Y

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 FUNCTION
Function
A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and co-
domain B that satisfies the following two properties:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B such that (x,y) ∈ F.
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B, if (x,y)∈ F, then y=z.
Properties (1) and (2) can be stated less formally as follows: A relation F from A to B
is a function if, and only if:

1. Every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair of F.

2. No two distinct ordered pair in F have the same first element.
In most mathematical situations we think of a function as sending elements from
one set, the domain, to elements of another set, the co-domain. Because pf the
definition of function, each element in the domain corresponds to one and only
element of the co-domain.
More precisely, if F is a function from a set A to a set B, then given any element x in A,
property (1) from the function definition guarantees that there is at least one element of B
that is related to x by F and property (2) guarantees that there is at most one such
element. This makes it possible to give the element that corresponds to x a special name.
 FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS ON FINITE SETS

Let A={2,4,6} and B={1,3,5}. Which of the relations R,S and T defined below are
functions from A to B?
a. R={(2,5),(4,1),(4,3),(6,5)}
b. For all (x,y)∈ AxB, (x,y)∈ S means that y=x+1
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram.

2. 1.

4. 3.

6. 5.

SOLUTION
a. R is not a function because it does not satisfy property (2). The ordered pairs (4,1) and
(4,3) have the same first element but different second element. You can see this
graphically if you draw the arrow diagram for R. There are two arrows coming out of 4:
One points to 1 and the other points to 3.
 2. 1.

4. 3.

6. 5.

b. S is not a function because it does not satisfy property (1). It is not true that every element of A is the
first element of an ordered pair in S. For example, 6∈ A but there is no y=6+1=7. You can also see this
graphically by drawing the diagram for S.

2. 1.

4. 3.

6. 5.

c. T is a function: Each element in {2,4,6} is related to some element in {1,3,5} and no element in
{2,4,6} is related to more than one element in {1,3,5}. When these properties are stated in terms of the
arrow diagram, they become (1) there is an arrow coming out of each element of the domain, and (2)
no element of the domain has more than one arrow coming out of it. So you can write T(2)=5, T(4)=1,
T(6)=1.
 FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS ON SETS OF REAL NUMBERS

a. In example 2 the circle C was defined as follows:

For all (x,y)∈ RxR, (x,y)∈ C means that x²+y²=1.
Is C a function? If it is, find C(0) and C(1).
b. Define a relation from R to R as follows:
For all (x,y) ∈ RxR, (x,y)∈ L means that y=x-1.
Is L a function? If it is, find L(0) and L(1).

SOLUTION
a. The graph of C, shown below, indicates that C does not satisfy either function
property. To see why C does not satisfy property (1), observe that there are many
real numbers x such that (x,y) ɇ C for any y. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
−1 ξ 3
ቂ , ቃ
2 2

Graph of C

X=2

−1 ξ 3
ቂ , ቃ
2 2
For instance, when x=2, there is no real number y so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 +𝑦 2 = 4 + 𝑦 2
=1

Because if there were, then it would have to be true that 𝑦 2 =-3. which is not the case
for any real number y.

To see why C does not satisfy property (2), note that for some values of x there are
two distinct values of y so that (x,y)∈ C. One way to see this graphically is to observe that
1
there are vertical lines, such as X=
2
, that intersect the graph of C at two separate points:
−1 ξ3 −1 ξ 3
ቂ , ቃand ቂ , ቃ.
2 2 2 2

a. L is a function. For each real number x,y=x -1 is a real number, and so there is a real
number y with (x,y) ∈ L. Also if (x,y) ∈ L and (x,z) ∈ L, then y=x -1 and z=x -1, and so y=z. In
particular, L(0)=0 -1=-1 and L(1)=1 -1=0. You can also check these results by inspecting the
graph of L, shown below. Note that for every real number x, the vertical line through ( x,0)
passes through the graph of L exactly once. This indicates both that every real number x is
the first element of an ordered pair in L and also that no two distinct ordered pairs in L have
the same first element.
 Y=x-1

(x,0)

Graph of L