MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MODULE 1
I. PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE
PATTERNS
Define as:
- Regular
- Repeated
- recurring forms or designs
- Identify relationships
- Find logical connections to form generalization

II. SYMMETRY
- Indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are
mirror images of each other.
[Examples]
- Butterfly
- Leonardo da Vinci’s Virtuvian Man
- Starfish
SYMMETRY
• There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or faces that are
symmetrical.
• Note that if you rotate the starfish, you can still achieve the same appearance as the
original position. This is known as rotational symmetry.
• The smallest measure of angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the
original position is called the angle of rotation

III. ORDER OF ROTATION

• A fugure has a rotational symmetry oforder n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a
complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.

ANGLE OF ROTATION
360°
=
n

Computation of Percentage
Area of the circles
= × 100 %
Area of the squares
2
π cm
= 2
×100 %
4 cm
= 78.54%

THE AREA OF EACH TRIANGLE IS GIVEN BY

2
side ∙ √ 3
A=
4
 MODULE 2
NUMBER SEQUENCE

What is a SEQUENCE
• Set or collection of number arranged in an orderly manner such that the preceding and
the following numbers are completely specified

• INFINITE SEQUENCE. Function whose domain is the set of positive integer. If the domain of
the function consists of the first n positive integers only, then it is said to be a FINITE
SEQUENCE
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 → FINITE SEQUENCE

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ... → INFINITE SEQUENCE

ELEMENT
→ Term used to describe the numbers in a given sequence. An element is sometimes called
term.

SERIES
→Sum of the terms in a sequence

ALTERNATING SERIES
→ Positive and negative terms arranged alternately

CONVERGING AND DIVERGING SERIES

→If an infinite series has a finite sum, it is referred to as convergent series and divergent
series if it has no sum at all.

PROGRESSION
→Simply another term for a sequence, common types of progression are as follows.
1. Arithmetic Progression
→Common Difference
2. Geometric Progression
→Common Ratio
3. Harmonic Progression
→Reciprocal of A.P
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
• A sequence is said to be an arithmetic progression if its succeeding terms
have a common difference. The corresponding sum of all the terms in the
arithmetic progression is called as arithmetic series.
FORMULA
-Last term (nth term)
a n = a 1 + (n – 1) d

-Sum of all terms

n n
S = (a 1 + a n) or S = [2a 1 + (n – 1) d]
2 2

Where:
a1 = first term
d = common difference
an = last term (nth term)
n = number of terms
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
→A sequence is said to be geometric progression if its succeeding
terms have a common ratio.
→The corresponding sum of all the terms in geometric progression is
called geometric series.
Last term(nth term)
a n =a 1 r n−1

Sum of all terms

n n
a (r −1) a (1−r )
S= 1 or S = 1
r–1 1−r

INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

→ This type of progression is a geometric progression only that the
number of terms (n) is extremely large or infinity.
If r > 1, sum of all terms is infinite
If r < 1, sum of all terms is
a1
S=
r–1
Fibonacci Sequence
• The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
• 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
• The next number is found by adding up the two
numbers before it:
• the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it
(1+1),
• the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it
(1+2),
• the 5 is (2+3),
MODULE 3
(Sets and Subsets)

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 SET
- a well defined collection of distinct objects
- CAPITAL LETTERS are used to represents set
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = { M, A, T, H}
C = { all even numbers}
 ELEMENT
- pertains to each object in a set
- denoted by the symbol ______which is read as "element of set ____” while the
symbol____means “NOT an element of set _____”
Example:
A ={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
3 ____ of set A
7 _____ of set A
 BRACES { }
- are used to enclose the elements of a given set
Example:
A = { x | x is an even integer}
Set is read as “the set of all elements x, such that x is an even integer”
B = { x | x is a letter in the word Math}
“the set of all elements of x, such that x is a letter in the word Math”
A SET MAY BE DESCRIBED IN TWO-WAYS:
RULE METHOD ROSTER/LISTING METHOD
A = {x | x is a multiple of 3 between 3 and 18 } A = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 }
B = { x | x is a letter in the word Algebra} B = {A, L, G, E, B, R }
C ={ x | x is a positive odd number } C = {1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ....}

Kinds of Sets:
FINITE SET
- a set whose number of elements can be counted
Example:
A = { -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 }
B = { x | x is a multiple of 5 between 10 and 50}
C = { x | x is a letter in the Philippine alphabet}
INFINITE SET
- a set whose number of elements CAN NOT be counted
Example:
A = { -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, . . . }
B = { x | x is a multiple of 5 }
C = { x | x is a name of a person}
NULL / EMPTY SET
- a set that has NO element
- denoted by { } or O
Example:
A={}
B=O
RELETIONSHIPS OF SETS:
EQUIVALENT SETS
- two or more sets that have the same number of elements
Example:
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
B = { a, b, c, d, e}
Sets A and B are equivalent sets.
EQUAL SETS
- two or more sets that have the same elements
Example:
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
Sets A and B are equal sets.
UNIVERSAL
SET
- the TOTALITY of ALL the elements in two or more given sets
- denoted by “U”
Example:
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
B = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}

A = { a, b, c, d, e }
B = { a, e, i, o, u }
U = { a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u}
SUBSET
- Set B is a subset of Set A if and only if ALL the elements in set B is in Set A
Example:
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
B = { 2, 4, 8 }
→Set B is a subset of Set A
A = { a, b, c, d, e }
B = { a, e, i, o, u }
→Set B is NOT a subset of Set A

Mathematical Language and Symbols

LANGUAGE
 Facilitates communication and clarifies meaning
 allows people to express themselves and maintain their identity.
Characteristics of the language of Mathematics
The language of mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of thoughts that
mathematicians like to express. It is:
 precise (able to make very fine distinctions);
 concise (able to say things briefly);
 powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease)
ENGLISH: nouns versus sentences
In English, nouns are used to name things we want to talk about (like people, places, and
things); whereas sentences are used to state complete thoughts.
 A typical English sentence has at least one noun, and at least one verb. For example,
consider the sentence: Anne hates mathematics.
Here, ‘Anne’ and ‘mathematics’ are nouns; ‘hates’ is a verb.
MATHEMATICS: expressions versus sentences
The mathematical analogue of a ‘noun’ will be called an expression
 Thus, an expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. Whereas
in English we need to talk about people, places, and things, we’ll see that
mathematics has much different ‘objects of interest’.
 The mathematical analogue of a ‘sentence’ will also be called a sentence
 A mathematical sentence, just as an English sentence, must state a complete
thought.
MATHEMATICS: EXPRESSIONS VERSUS SENTENCES
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
name given to an object of NOUN (person, place, thing) EXPRESSION
interest Examples: Carol,Idaho, book Examples: 5 , 2 + 3 ,
1/2
a complete thought: SENTENCE SENTENCE
Examples: Examples:
The capital of Idaho is Boise. 3 + 4 = 7
The capital of Idaho is 3+4=8
Pocatello.
Numbers have lots of different names
For example, the expressions
 5
 2+3
 10 ÷ 2
 (6 − 2) + 1
 1+1+1+1+1
All look different, but are all just different names for the same number.