Sustainability 15 10293

sustainability
Article
Energy Consumption of Retrofitting Existing Public Buildings
in Malaysia under BIM Approach: Pilot Study
Nawal Abdunasseer Hmidah *, Nuzul Azam Bin Haron , Aidi Alias Hizami , Teik Hua Law
and Abubaker Basheer Abdalwhab Altohami
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM),

Serdang 43400, Malaysia
* Correspondence: gs57074@student.upm.edu.my or nawal.aljahmi@yahoo.com
Abstract: Building information modeling (BIM) platforms to enhance design and construction
processes have been rising recently, with BIM-based tools such as Autodesk Revit’s Architecture. The
importance of BIM can be mainly seen in reducing energy consumption by at least 30%, leading to a
huge cut in carbon dioxide, and saving the environment. BIM helps engineers and contractors to use
less material for better benefits for stakeholders, including organizations, governmental offices, and
businesses. This study investigates the reliability and validity of a constructed questionnaire to pre-
determine the applications relevant to a questionnaire to be used in a large-scale study. The literature
has highlighted the connection between BIM and energy-driven retrofits. However, the application
of BIM to the retrofitting of existing structures confronts obstacles, which may be attributable to
the multidisciplinary character of information sharing, the timeliness of communication, and the
large number of technology components required to provide an optimal exchange. A pilot study
was conducted, identifying the sample size of 30 random respondents out of 167 samples. SPSS
was used for estimating the percentages of the demographic attributes for the respondents, the face
validity, internal-consistency validity, the validation of all contracts, and Pearson’s correlation. The
results show that engineers constitute 46%, project managers (20%), contractors (17%), and the rest
(approximately 17%) are divided among other professionals. The validity of internal consistency
Citation: Hmidah, N.A.; ranges from 0.791 to 0.912, which reflects perfect consistency. The internal consistency of each part
Bin Haron, N.A.; Hizami, A.A.;
was recorded at 0.942 (energy), 0.957 (strategies), and 0.979 (framework). The validation for the energy
Law, T.H.; Altohami, A.B.A. Energy
part ranges from 0.610 to 0.912; for strategies (0.451 to 0.884,) and for the framework (0.681 to 0.884).
Consumption of Retrofitting Existing
Pearson’s correlation for all 17 questions showed a minimum value of 0.464, while the maximum
Public Buildings in Malaysia under
value was 0.890. The results show that all questionnaire elements were successfully validated with a
BIM Approach: Pilot Study.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10293.
Cronbach alpha factor mainly higher than 0.6—the threshold accepted by most researchers. Hence,
https://doi.org/10.3390/ the work on the broader scale of testing and analysis could proceed.
su151310293
Keywords: pilot study; retrofitting; BIM; energy consumption; validation
Academic Editor: Antonio
Garcia-Martinez
Received: 27 September 2022

Accepted: 25 November 2022 1. Introduction
Published: 29 June 2023 The term ‘pilot studies’ means mini versions of a full-scale study (also called feasibility
studies) and the specific pre-testing of a particular research instrument such as a question-
naire or interview schedule. Determining the feasibility of the research design could be
approached by conducting a pilot study before starting [1]. The results of the pilot study
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
can guide researchers in testing the methodology before a large-scale investigation could
This article is an open access article
be implemented. Pilot studies might be performed using either qualitative or quantitative
distributed under the terms and methods, or both [2]. Scientific research does not always go as planned; therefore, it should
conditions of the Creative Commons optimize the process to minimize unforeseen events, without possible risk [3]. Risk is
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// disastrous, and expensive mistakes could be discovered and corrected in a pilot study.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Pilot work gives not only a chance to determine whether the project is feasible, but also
4.0/). an opportunity to publish the corresponding results. Pilot studies should be guided by an
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310293 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10293 2 of 29
ethical and scientific obligation to obtain the required information to assist other researchers
in making the most of their resources. This pilot study focuses on the energy consumption
of retrofitting existing public buildings in Malaysia under the BIM approach.
Energy is being used up throughout the world, especially in developing countries.
Consequently, energy-supply challenges, dwindling energy-supplies, and substantial
environmental-repercussions influence global warming, ozone depletion, and climate
change. Non-residential buildings such as educational facilities, offices, or hospitals con-
sume energy more than residential buildings [4]. Environmental comfort is tightly con-
nected to energy efficiency [5]. A building is considered energy efficient when it offers
users an adequate degree of environmental comfort while using low energy [6]. In tropical
regions, public buildings, particularly those with air conditioning, use a significant amount
of energy. One of the goals of researchers is to reduce carbon intensiveness to 4% by
2020, compared with 2005, and decrease energy usage to 40% by 2050 [7]. Malaysia, in
particular, needs more energy, since its capability in terms of economics and technology is
growing quickly.
Public knowledge and concern about the impact of building on the environment,
labour efficiency, and public health, are developing in Malaysia. Thus, the public and
private sectors have begun to demand more energy-efficient, resource-efficient, and high-
quality interior environments. Malaysia’s government and people have raised awareness
and expressed concern about innovative and sustainable housing-developments [7]. The
Malaysian government issued legislation under the CITP 2016–2020, in which the gov-
ernment aimed to create a sustainable construction-industry and improve the life-cycle-
performance of buildings. The importance of this legislation can be seen in the following
quotation: “the construction industry is crucial to the Malaysian economy and its growth.
The construction industry currently contributes 4 per cent to the Malaysian Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and is expected to contribute 5.5 per cent to the Malaysian GDP up to
2020” [8].
There is a need for strategies or approaches to mitigate the negative impacts on the
environment of development, construction, and urbanisation [9]. Retrofitting an existing
structure is one of the most environmentally-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective ways
to maximise an existing building’s energy performance [10,11]. Renovation, on the other
hand, is the most hazardous, complicated, and unpredictable project to manage [12].
The construction industry’s rehabilitation process is fragmented, resulting in the loss of
integration of disparate data [13].
Adopting BIM for retrofitting existing structures is a new research topic, and current
research, particularly in Malaysia, is still premature [14]. Researchers examine the use of
BIM in the retrofitting and maintenance of existing structures [15]. Additionally, the use of
BIM to retrofit existing buildings is a hot research-topic, with researchers emphasising it as
the future approach for energy-retrofit studies [16–18]. As a result, this paper attempts to
fill in this gap. The determinants used for estimating energy are shown in Figure 1.
Furthermore, BIM is a set of technologies, policies and processes assimilated to enable
the management of vital project-data in a digital format through the course of a building
life-cycle [19]. BMI is used to model buildings and run several analyses sequentially, to
estimate the energy performance of various retrofit approaches in existing buildings [20,21].
On the other hand, the AECO sector is currently responsible for a significant portion of
global energy-consumption [22]. As a result, its daily operations have a number of negative
environmental consequences [23]. Consequently, the AECO sector is under tremendous
pressure to reduce polluting emissions [24].
Since buildings require energy for heating and cooling, ventilation, and lighting,
there is an urgent need to limit consumption in existing buildings. Buildings must have
adequate natural aeration and ventilation, natural lighting, and effective and efficient
heating/cooling systems [25]. Nonetheless, the primary impediments to retrofitting are its
complexity and a dearth of proper research and strategy. Regardless of the complexity of
retrofitting, existing buildings should be investigated for their environmental friendliness
and potential to provide a more efficient technique for optimizing energy in less-efficient
buildings [26]. However, there are numerous other obstacles to green-retrofitting exist-
ing buildings, including a lack of models for retrofit methods, an insufficient number of
energy-optimization procedures, a lack of life-cycle cost analysis, and a low return on
investment [27]. Therefore, complete sets of detailed data on the direct and indirect conse-
quences of retrofitting on the environment, are required. The cost efficiency, maintenance
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 2
requirements, impact on end-users, and effectiveness of the renovated building were all
critical considerations [9].
Figure 1. Figure
Energy1.transformation
Energy transformation from traditional
from traditional to modern
to modern energyenergy sources
sources and consumption (Au
and consumption
thor Preparation).
(Author Preparation).
Furthermore,
In this study, a surveyBIM is a set of technologies,
questionnaire policies and
on BIM retrofitting processes
in existing assimilated to ena
government
buildingsblewas thedeveloped,
management of vitalstakeholders’
to extract project-data in a digital format
perspectives and through the course
impressions on BIMof a build
ingThe
retrofitting. life-cycle [19]. BMI
fundamental is used to model
prerequisites buildingsretrofitting
for successfully and run several analyses
government sequentially
build-
to estimate
ings are met, yet there theis energy performance
a scarcity of studies on of BIM
various retrofit
models for approaches
retrofitting inin the
existing
main-building
tenance or [20,21]. On the other
improvement hand, the AECO
of government sector in
buildings is currently
Malaysia.responsible
The current for analysis
a significant por
tion of
demonstrates theglobal
criticalenergy-consumption
need for a framework [22]. As a result,
to promote BIMitsuse
dailyforoperations
upgradinghave a number o
existing
government negative
buildingsenvironmental
effectively. consequences [23]. Consequently, the AECO sector is under tre
mendous pressure to reduce polluting emissions [24].
2. Literature Review
Since buildings require energy for heating and cooling, ventilation, and lighting
2.1. Building
thereInformation
is an urgent Modelling
need to (BIM)
limit consumption in existing buildings. Buildings must have
adequate
Several natural have
professionals aeration and ventilation,
characterized BIM in natural
a varietylighting,
of ways.and effective and
Researchers and efficien
heating/cooling
users review BIM as a software systemstool[25]. Nonetheless,
or as a process for thecreating
primary impediments
and to retrofitting are it
recording information
complexity
about buildings [28].and a dearth ofthere
Meanwhile, proper research andagreement
is widespread strategy. Regardless
that BIM isofathe complexity o
holistic
approachretrofitting,
to facilitate existing
design, construction,
buildings should and be
maintenance.
investigatedAs fordefined by [29], BIM isfriendlines
their environmental a
growing technology
and potential in the architecture,
to provide a moreengineering, and construction
efficient technique (AEC) sector,
for optimizing energy and
in has
less-efficien
been usedbuildings
in a wide[26]. range of academic
However, thereapplications,
are numerous including project planning,
other obstacles structural existing
to green-retrofitting
design, and facility management. As an effective method for collaborative
buildings, including a lack of models for retrofit methods, an insufficient number of enbuilding-design
and construction [30,31], BIM
ergy-optimization could provide
procedures, theof
a lack following:
life-cycle cost analysis, and a low return on in
• vestment
Enhanced [27]. Therefore, including
time-management, complete improved
sets of detailed data on
workflows, the directautomated
completely and indirect conse
quences of retrofitting on the environment, are required.
low-level procedures, and a concentration on high value-added services. The cost efficiency, maintenanc
• Added requirements, impact onvalue
value, i.e., producing end-users,
for theand effectiveness
customer beyondof thethe renovated
minimal building were al
deliverables.
critical considerations [9].
In this study, a survey questionnaire on BIM retrofitting in existing governmen
buildings was developed, to extract stakeholders’ perspectives and impressions on BIM
retrofitting. The fundamental prerequisites for successfully retrofitting government build
ings are met, yet there is a scarcity of studies on BIM models for retrofitting in the mainte
nance or improvement of government buildings in Malaysia. The current analysis demon
• Enhanced cooperation, characterized by a high degree of communication, transparency,

and teamwork, for the overall good of the project.
• Decision making that is holistic across disciplines and design domains.
• The ability to assist its consumers in acquiring a more energy-efficient structure.
• A demonstration of the physical and functional characteristics of the technology that
link project-information databases in each field.
• Faster access to information and relevant documents for all participants of the con-
struction project.
• An increase in employee productivity, financial control and the quality of the documents.
BIM methodology is developed and utilized chiefly for new construction projects.
A centralized digital-model may provide a platform for diverse sectors to collaborate,
exchange information, and communicate, under a common framework [32]. The building-
retrofit optimization task is to identify, develop, and implement the most cost-effective
retrofit solutions to improve energy performance while maintaining adequate service-levels
and acceptable interior thermal-comfort. Existing structures consume the most incredible
energy in the building sector, while new construction replaces around 1.0–3.0% of existing
structures, yearly [33]. However, existing buildings are a significant source of excessive
energy-consumption in Malaysia. Aged buildings require more energy to operate because
their performance level has decreased over time [34]. However, the importance of existing
structures for long-term sustainability should not be underestimated [9]. As a structure ages,
its energy consumption requires more energy for building operations, as its performance
deteriorates over time [35].
On the other hand, demolition generates more garbage, because demolition waste is
twice as large as construction waste [7]. Most garbage is deposited in landfills in Malaysia,
raising economic, environmental, and social concerns [36]. According to [10], retrofitting’s
primary concerns are energy, water usage, and production waste. A light-touch retrofit,
for example, may save up to 30–40% on annual energy-costs by installing energy-efficient
lighting and controls, building-services controls, and management systems.
2.2. Old Building Energy Consumption

Many countries have established their green-rating systems based on their appropri-
ateness for populace benefits, and this progress is seen as the world’s target in greening
the earth. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the building sector con-
tributes to approximately 30% of global carbon emissions, and over 30% of the total
energy-consumption worldwide [37]. Existing buildings consume a large percentage of the
total energy, owing to their poor energy-performance [38]. As Malaysia moves towards a
sustainable lifestyle and development, the need to prepare for the change is imperative.
Sustainability has become an important initiative discussed and undertaken not only by
private buildings, but also by public buildings used for residential, office, and commercial
purposes, as well as hospitals.
Malaysia is one of the South East Asian economies with the fastest growth-rate [39].
With a world-class infrastructure, a significant amount of a country’s investment is allocated
to physical infrastructure. Therefore, it is of primary importance that these facilities, which
include public buildings, are maintained, to serve the architectural and aesthetical functions
for which they are built. Malaysia’s government and people have raised awareness and
concern about innovative and sustainable housing-developments [7]. There is a need for
strategies or approaches to mitigate the negative impacts on the environment of devel-
opment, construction, and urbanization [9]. The physical appearance of public building
institutions constitutes the basis upon which society judges the quality of services offered.
However, despite the heavy investment in public buildings, public institutions allow their
structures to be taken care of with a minimum budget on a sustainable maintenance-plan,
to preserve the quality of the buildings.
Energy retrofitting of older buildings is currently a top priority for developed countries.
Globally, countries invest in effective retrofit-solutions to meet their energy-efficiency
requirements [14]. Because historical structures were constructed according to earlier rules
and regulations, the current structure would require many retrofit assessments to meet
modern standards such as BIM. Retrofitting an existing structure entails incorporating new
technologies or features to enhance the structure’s functionality and efficiency, by inserting
new structural elements [34]. Budget limits, limited information, different uncertainties,
and a lack of understanding and faith in new technology for upgrading, are the primary
impediments [40].
Energy is required in almost all our daily life, including agriculture, transportation,
telecommunications, and industrial activities that influence economic growth. However, the
growth in the economy in Malaysia is dependent on an uninterrupted supply of energy [41].
Since buildings require energy for heating and cooling, and ventilation, and lighting, there
is an urgent need to limit the consumption in existing buildings. The high levels of energy
efficiency in existing buildings can be achieved via green retrofitting; an ideal combination
of multiple solutions is required [32].
Public knowledge and concern about the impact of building on the environment,
labour efficiency, and public health, are developing in Malaysia. Thus, the public and
private sectors have begun to demand more energy-efficient, resource-efficient, and high-
quality interior environments. Malaysia’s government and people have raised awareness
and concern about innovative and sustainable housing-developments [7]. Various energy-
saving and pollution-reduction methods must be used to decrease energy consumption in
buildings and limit negative environmental-consequences.
3. Research Objectives and Questions

The following question is to be explored in this study:
RQ1: What is the current energy-status of BIM retrofitting in public buildings?
RQ2: What strategies will facilitate the analysis of energy consumption in existing
public buildings?
The following objectives are to be achieved in this study:
RO1: To investigate and examine the current energy-status of BIM retrofitting in
public buildings.
RO2: To determine and examine the strategies that will facilitate the analysis of energy
consumption in existing public buildings.
4. Research Methodology
This research adopts quantitative-data-collection techniques. The questionnaire was
selected in this research, to collect data. A questionnaire is commonly used to gather survey
data, which is often numerical, and which tends to be easy to examine [42].
This study aims to determine whether this research was driven by the critical re-
quirement to retrofit government buildings successfully. The key factors comprise (a) the
energy tatus of BIM retrofitting in public buildings; (b) strategies for analysing energy
consumption; (c) the importance of decision-making factors for selecting construction
materials. The questionnaire structure includes multiple-choice and rating questions. The
five-point Likert scale was used for each of the previous sections to be treated statistically,
as follows: strongly agree (5), agree (4), neutral (3), disagree (2), strongly disagree (1).
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS Version 26) is used to analyse
survey data. This questionnaire consists of five parts, as shown in Table 1.
To achieve the objective of this research, a structured questionnaire was projected at
stakeholders (project managers, deputy project-managers, contractors, architects, consul-
tants, and site engineers) working within the organizations. The literature in the study
was used as a guide for developing the questions in the questionnaire. In addition, some
questions in the questionnaire were quoted from other sources [43]. The details of the
questionnaire are available in Table 2.
Table 1. Construction of the questionnaire.
Part Details
A general introduction to the questionnaire and its purpose, in addition to some
1
basic concepts related to the research.
Some questions to gather information about the participant’s background, related to
2
BIM implementation.
Questions regarding the energy status of the processing of BIM models in public
3
buildings. It includes three themes (18 statements).
Questions related to strategies for analyzing energy consumption. It includes three
4
themes (27 statements).
Questions relating to the construction of the proposed framework. It includes three
5
themes (40 statements).
Table 2. Summary of the dimension, code, and number of statements of the questionnaire.
Dimension Code Number of Statements Total no of Statements

Energy Status of BIM Retro Public Buildings
Driver ED01-04 4
Utilization ET01-04 4
18
Barriers EB01-06 6
Expectation EE01-04 4
Strategies for Analyzing Energy Consumption
Benefits SB01-03 3
Obstacles SO01-06 6
Sustainability SS01-03 3
27
Consideration SC01-06 5
Heat Reduction SR01-05 5
Energy Saving SE01-05 5
Construction of Framework
Barriers CB01-06 6
Social CS01-04 4
Economy CE01-03 3
Regulation CR01-05 5 40
Psychology CP01-06 6
Managerial CM01-07 7
Technical CT01-09 9
Total 85
4.1. Testing Sample Size

For this study, assume that a particular problem has a given probability of occurring
in a potential study-participant. If there is a 0.10 probability of encountering unanticipated
reasons for exclusion in a given participant, then there is a 0.90 probability that this problem
does not manifest itself. In a group of n participants with a problem probability (π), there
is then a 0.90n , the probability, (P), that the problem will not occur at all, as depicted in
Equation (1) [44].
P ( x > 0) = 1 − (1 − π ) n (1)
The number of participants, n, is defined in terms of π and the threshold of confidence,

γ, as in Equation (2):
ln(1 − γ)
n= (2)
ln(1 − π )
For a special case, if π is 0.10 (10%) and γ is 0.15 (15%), then n is 29. When these
parameters are applied in Equation (1), the probability, P, is 0.0498, which is below 5%.
One of the key reasons why a pilot study is needed, is to obtain the required prelimi-
nary data for the calculation of a sample size for the primary outcome. Pilot studies are
frequently used to assist researchers to determine the appropriate sample size for the main
experiment [45]. The questionnaire was designed and formulated based on a literature
review. It was distributed to 167 respondents, including project managers, deputy-project
managers, contractors, architects, consultants, and site engineers working within Malaysian
construction companies that have adopted BIM in their projects, by e-mail and sometimes
by visiting the companies directly. A total of 97 responses were obtained, and 30 were
selected randomly as a pilot study. These will be excluded from the total sample. Follow-
ing the pilot survey, it was discovered that two of the questions were unclear, and three
were changed.
4.2. Face Validity

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) package was used for statistical
analysis. SPSs is a revolutionary tool that can be used easily, and it can be characterized as a
comprehensive statistics program which enabled researchers to conduct complex statistical
analyses on big datasets, on their own [46].
The questionnaire requires content validity [47] to ensure that data generated through
the questionnaire truly meets the need of the research work. Before the publication of the
survey, the questionnaire had been reviewed by several academic staff from the research
group and people from the industry. This led the questionnaire to a more professional and
formal version, with improved content-validity [48]. The appropriate and required number
of responses were obtained, some via e-mail as clarification points, and most of them in the
evaluation form attached, with the signature and official stamp as depicted for two typical
cases in Appendix A.
4.3. Feasibility of the Study

BIM produces a green and effective development-approach that is actively demanded
by any industry, to enhance progress and overall performance by decreasing cost and
budget issues, time issues, data-loss concerns, and the challenges associated with behind-
schedule job offers [49]. However, as the BIM model matures, it is always used to optimise
a particular process or stage. The information model becomes a vital element of decision-
making throughout the asset’s design, construction, and management phases; incorporating
this knowledge and data into the BIM process requires a defined strategy [50]. The BIM
collaboration platform establishes a centralized environment in which architects, engineers,
contractors, clients, and other construction-team members may access and communicate
with the BIM model [51,52]. BIM is rapidly gaining favour as a collaborative method for
planning and building structures [53].
BIM methodology is currently being developed, and is being utilised mostly for new
construction projects [32]. Additionally, BIM is a well-established emerging technology in
the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) fields. Given a set of operational
limitations, the building-retrofit optimization task is to identify, develop, and implement
the most cost-effective retrofit solutions to improve energy performance while maintaining
adequate service levels and acceptable interior-thermal comfort. Existing structures con-
sume the greatest energy in the building sector, while new construction replaces around
1.0–3.0% of existing structures each year [33].
5. Methods of Assessment
In this section, the methods of analysis are described, starting with the demography of
the respondents and the descriptions of the relevant businesses.
5.1. Respondents’ Background Information

Table 3 shows the demography of the respondents, and includes the specialization,
age, years of experience, type and sector of the business, qualification of the respondent,
professional field, level of BIM awareness, and the training in BIM.
Table 3. Statistics of demography.
Respondents’ Specialization Construction Sector

Project Manager 6 20% Public 10 33%
Contactor 5 17% Private 20 67%
Architect 2 7% Total 30 100%
Engineer 14 46%
Consultant 3 10% Qualification
Total 30 100% Diploma 2 7%
BSc 11 36%
Age MSc 14 47%
25–30 Years 4 13% PhD 3 10%
31–40 Years 13 43% Total 30 100%
41–50 Years 11 37%
Above 50 Years 2 7% Professional Field
Total 30 100% Architect 3 10%
Construction Manager 10 34%
Years of Experience Civil Engineer 7 23%
fewer than 5 years 5 17% BIM Expert 6 20%
5 to 10 years 11 36% Builder 4 13%
10 to 15 years 6 20% Total 30 100%
15 to 20 years 3 10%
More than 20 years 5 17% Training in BIM
Total 30 100% Yes 19 63%
No 11 37%
Company Business Total 30 100
Construction 15 50%
Design 4 13%
Multidiscipline 11 37%
Total 30 100%
5.2. The Validity of the Internal Consistency and Stability of the Tool
The probability or representative sampling-method was employed as the sampling
method. Probability sampling infers that the units from the population were selected
randomly [54]. The probability-sampling procedure can be categorised into four phases:
detect a suitable sampling frame, based on the research question(s) and objectives; adopt
an appropriate sample size; select the most appropriate technique and sample, and check
that the model is representative of the population. After obtaining responses and opinions
from experts, the questionnaire was developed and revised, with 85 statements.
5.3. Testing for Instrument Reliability and Validity

A questionnaire can be reliable and valid if Cronbach α is more significant than 0.7.
The reliability test was conducted on the questionnaire used in the pilot study. Table 4
shows the results of the reliability of the whole questionnaire in the pilot study.
Table 4. Reliability of questionnaire dimensions.
Dimension Code Cronbach Alpha

Energy Status of BIM Retro Public Buildings
Driver ED01-04 0.791
Utilization ET01-04 0.830
Barriers EB01-06 0.865
Expectation EE01-04 0.845
Strategies for Analyzing Energy Consumption
Benefits SB01-03 0.808
Obstacles SO01-06 0.857
Sustainability SS01-03 0.823
Consideration SC01-06 0.805
Heat Reduction SR01-05 0.831
Energy Saving SE01-05 0.859
Construction of Framework
Barriers CB01-06 0.912
Social CS01-04 0.820
Economy CE01-03 0.728
Regulation CR01-05 0.875
Psychology CP01-06 0.904
Managerial CM01-07 0.915
Technical CT01-09 0.933
0.987
5.4. Reliability of All Constructs

To measure the stability of the study tool (the questionnaire) the researcher used
Cronbach’s alpha to ensure the stability of the study tool on a pilot sample from (30). Table 5
shows the Cronbach reliability of the three main constructs of energy status, strategies, and
framework construction.
Table 5. Reliability of the three parts of the questionnaire.
Construct Number of Statements Cronbach Reliability

Energy Status 18 0.942
Strategies 27 0.957
Framework Construction 40 0.979
TOTAL 85 0.987
It is clear from the table that the general stability-coefficient of the constructs is high,
reaching (0.987) for the total of the eighty-five resolution statements, while the stability
of each construct ranged between 0.942 (minimum) and 0.979 (maximum). These results
indicate that the questionnaire has a significant degree of reliability that can be relied upon
in the field application of the study, according to the Nalny scale, which was adopted
as a minimum of 0.70 for stability. The highest reliability occurred for the framework
construction, while the lowest amongst the three was found to the first construct of the
energy status. It seems that the statements of the last construct were easy for the respondents
to comprehend, as these statements avoided using technical terms as in the first and second
construct. Statistically, the average for the energy-status construct and the framework
construction is 3.25 and 3.29, respectively, while the standard deviation is 0.97 and 1.01,
respectively. This means that the range of answers in the third construct is slightly higher
than its corresponding range in construct 1.
5.5. Internal Consistency Validity

5.5.1. First Construct
Table 6 shows that the internal consistency of the questionnaire was verified by
calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient between the statements of each of the four
constructs and the total score for the construct to which the statement belongs, using the
(SPSS) Statistical Package. The first verification was carried out on the first construct “Energy
Status of BIM Retrofitting in Public Buildings”, as depicted in Table 4, with n = 30. Referring
to Table 2, the first construct consists of four dimensions, with 18 statements. All correlation
coefficients were calculated at p of 5%; however, the two-tailed results were statistically
significant at much lower than the p of 5%. However, the correlation with the highest value
of 0.912 belonged to ET02 (p much smaller than 1) and 0.610 (p much smaller than 1) at
0.610. The raw data of the responses showed that ET02 had a higher average than ET04
(3.4, compared with 3.0). This result means that there was a better understanding of ET02
(the design-development phase), compared with ET04 (post-construction maintenance),
which is subjected to the record and memory available.
Table 6. Validation of the internal consistency (first construct).
Sig. Sig.
Name of Phrases Correlation Coefficient Name of Phrases Correlation Coefficient
(2-Tailed) (2-Tailed)
ED01 0.716 ** 0.000 EB01 0.814 ** 0.000
ED02 0.718 ** 0.000 EB02 0.803 ** 0.000
ED03 0.649 ** 0.000 EB03 0.616 ** 0.000
ED04 0.709 ** 0.000 EB04 0.690 ** 0.000
ET01 0.640 ** 0.000 EB05 0.678 ** 0.000
ET02 0.912 ** 0.000 EB06 0.643 ** 0.000
ET03 0.722 ** 0.000 EE01 0.774 ** 0.000
ET04 0.610 ** 0.000 EE02 0.763 ** 0.000
EE03 0.710 ** 0.000
EE04 0.628 ** 0.000
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
5.5.2. Second Construct

The second verification was carried out on the second construct “Strategies for
Analysing Energy Consumption”, as depicted in Table 5, with n = 30. Referring to Table 2,
the second construct consists of four dimensions, with 27 statements. All correlation
coefficients were calculated at p of 5%; however, the two-tailed results were statistically
significant at much lower than the p of 5%. However, the correlation with the highest
value of 0.884 belonged to SR01 (p much smaller than 1) and SR05 (p much smaller than 1)
at 0.451 as explained in Table 7. The raw data of the responses showed that SR01 had a
higher average than ET04 (3.2,6 compared with 3.03). This result means that there was
better understanding of SR01 (using building-fabric, green-insulation roof, wall, etc.), com-
pared with SR05 (establishing a secondary roof), which reflects the awareness of people
concerning the environment as being greater than adding a secondary roof.
Table 7. Validation of the internal consistency (second construct).
Correlation Name of Sig.

Name of Phrases Sig. (2-Tailed) Correlation Coefficient
Coefficient Phrases (2-Tailed)
SO01 0.524 ** 0.003 SC01 0.642 ** 0.000
SO02 0.786 ** 0.000 SC02 0.458 * 0.011
SO03 0.722 ** 0.000 SC03 0.654 ** 0.000
SA01 0.717 ** 0.000 SC04 0.526 ** 0.003
SA02 0.868 ** 0.000 SC05 0.634 ** 0.000
SA03 0.733 ** 0.000 SR01 0.884 ** 0.000
SA04 0.507 ** 0.004 SR02 0.806 ** 0.000
SA05 0.796 ** 0.000 SR03 0.763 ** 0.000
SA06 0.584 ** 0.001 SR04 0.568 ** 0.001
SS01 0.675 ** 0.000 SR05 0.451 * 0.012
SS02 0.815 ** 0.000 SE01 0.769 ** 0.000
SS03 0.710 ** 0.000 SE02 0.724 ** 0.000
SE03 0.628 ** 0.000
SE04 0.669 ** 0.000
SE05 0.815 ** 0.000
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
5.5.3. Third Construct

The third verification was carried out on the third construct “Construction Framework”,
as depicted in Table 6, with n = 30. Referring to Table 2, the third construct consists of
four dimensions, with 27 statements. All correlation coefficients were calculated at p of 5%;
however, the two-tailed results were statistically significant at much lower than the p of 5%.
However, the correlation with the highest value of 0.879 belonged to CM01 (p much smaller
than 1) and CR05 (p much smaller than 1), at 0.451. The raw data of the responses showed
that DR01 had a higher average than ET04 (3.33, compared with 3.23). This result means
that there was better understanding of CM01 (better management of project requirements
and capacity), compared with CR05 (organizational structure). The dependence of both
items is on the ability of the respondent to just work on managing or organizing the project
structure; however, organizing the structure is only a part of the management, which makes
it difficult for the respondent to reach an appropriate solution. The details are shown in
Table 8.
5.6. Pearson’s Correlation

Pearson’s correlation analysis was used in this study [55]. This correlation is rep-
resented by a single number that establishes a relationship between two variables that
are related in a linear relationship. Pearson correlation ranges between −1 and +1, with
0 indicating no correlation. The positive and negative correlation describe a direct and
inverse relationship between the two variables, respectively. There are two types of cor-
relation: (1) positive, where the two variables are increasing or decreasing together, and
(2) negative, where the two variables are opposing each other. The correlation coefficient
ranges between −1 and +1, where the highest positive correlation appears at +1, the highest
negative correlation appears at −1, and a correlation of zero means there is no effect. The
strength of the correlation was identified based on the following Pearson statistical classifi-
cation: 0.00–0.19 (very weak); 0.20–0.39 (weak); 0.40–0.59 (moderate); 060–0.79 (strong); and
0.80–1.00 (very strong). Based on these suggested values, the correlation values considered
here are between 0.30 and 1.00 [56].
Table 8. Validation of the internal consistency (third construct).
Correlation Name of Sig.

Name of Phrases Sig. (2-Tailed) Correlation Coefficient
Coefficient Phrases (2-Tailed)
CB01 0.801 ** 0.000 CP04 0.681 ** 0.000
CB02 0.689 ** 0.000 CP05 0.715 ** 0.000
CB03 0.666 ** 0.000 CP06 0.821 ** 0.000
CB04 0.800 ** 0.000 CM01 0.879 ** 0.000
CB05 0.746 ** 0.000 CM02 0.848 ** 0.000
CB06 0.811 ** 0.000 CM03 0.866 ** 0.000
CS01 0.784 ** 0.000 CM04 0.697 ** 0.000
CS02 0.662 ** 0.000 CM05 0.756 ** 0.000
CS03 0.655 ** 0.000 CM06 0.702 ** 0.000
CS04 0.767 ** 0.000 CM07 0.682 ** 0.000
CE01 0.774 ** 0.000 CT01 0.758 ** 0.000
CE02 0.762 ** 0.000 CT02 0.766 ** 0.000
CE03 0.715 ** 0.000 CT03 0.620 ** 0.000
CR01 0.803 ** 0.000 CT04 0.756 ** 0.000
CR02 0.781 ** 0.000 CT05 0.814 ** 0.000
CR03 0.670 ** 0.000 CT06 0.821 ** 0.000
CR04 0.792 ** 0.000 CT07 0.660 ** 0.000
CR05 0.607 ** 0.000 CT08 0.619 ** 0.000
CP01 0.782 ** 0.000 CT09 0.781 ** 0.000
CP02 0.777 ** 0.000
CP03 0.748 ** 0.000
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 9 shows the Pearson’s correlation between all seventeen factors that belong to
the three constructs. This test attempts to find whether each factor is either positively,
negatively, or not correlated with any two factors. The results show that the correlation
is positive, which means that any factor could enhance all other factors. However, this
enhancement is not at the same strength. The results show that the highest correlation
occurred between CM (management) and CE (economy) (both belong to the strategies
dimension) at 0.890, while the lowest-strength correlation occurred between SC (consid-
eration) and SB (benefit), at 0.464. The highest correlation between CM and CE could be
attributed to the highest dependency between the management and achieving a better
economy. On the other hand, the consideration seemingly shows a very low correlation
with benefit, probably because of not enough consideration paid by the respondents. Other
than the extreme cases, the correlation between any two factors is positive and greater than
0.3, which is the lowest accepted value.
This result agrees partly with the study results in [57], which dealt with (a pilot
study investigation of the current practices and the feasibility of BIM implementation in Algerian
AEC industry). The study aimed to investigate current practices and the feasibility of
applying BIM in the Algerian AEC industry. The study showed that the survey results
have consistent and reliable content that leads to further study with a sample of architects,
engineers, and contractors.
Table 9. Pearson’s correlation between all factors.
ED ET EB EE SB SO SS SC SR SE CB CS CE CR CP CM CT
ED 1
ET 0.787 1
EB 0.744 0.701 1
EE 0.685 0.732 0.723 1
SB 0.607 0.613 0.703 0.769 1
SO 0.723 0.809 0.729 0.816 0.730 1
SS 0.740 0.738 0.604 0.681 0.663 0.747 1
SC 0.752 0.729 0.534 0.620 0.464 0.686 0.625 1
SR 0.839 0.671 0.755 0.749 0.611 0.774 0.818 0.653 1
SE 0.751 0.677 0.771 0.831 0.759 0.749 0.664 0.608 0.825 1
CB 0.501 0.642 0.633 0.618 0.592 0.811 0.690 0.622 0.608 0.536 1
CS 0.651 0.657 0.712 0.669 0.767 0.704 0.699 0.553 0.656 0.677 0.785 1
CE 0.702 0.828 0.794 0.691 0.599 0.925 0.759 0.728 0.739 0.682 0.883 0.786 1
CR 0.839 0.839 0.749 0.693 0.555 0.803 0.779 0.739 0.838 0.721 0.773 0.764 0.836 1
CP 0.785 0.710 0.713 0.676 0.681 0.870 0.723 0.626 0.803 0.746 0.760 0.818 0.857 0.863 1
CM 0.725 0.731 0.685 0.818 0.773 0.944 0.743 0.708 0.772 0.775 0.821 0.802 0.890 0.796 0.855 1
CT 0.667 0.711 0.781 0.764 0.809 0.768 0.626 0.684 0.653 0.746 0.754 0.768 0.770 0.713 0.748 0.854 1
Based on the results of the Spearman correlation test to measure the internal con-
sistency between the statements and the dimension, the results of the study showed a
positive correlation between each item and the higher axis. The highest correlation was
between statement (Y3_6) (a regulatory framework clarifying rights, responsibilities, and
obligations), and its main axis (best practices for implementing BIM in the Algerian AEC
industry) at 0.752, and this indicates the importance of providing a regulatory framework
for clarifying rights and obligations during the implementation of BIM in the construction
industry in Algeria, from the respondent’ point of view. Meanwhile, there was a lower
correlation between clause (Y2_3) (we lack demand from our customers for BIM adop-
tion), with its main axis (BIM implementation challenges in the Algerian AEC industry)
at 0.409, indicating the respondents’ lack of interest in focusing on customers’ demand for
BIM adoption in the Algerian construction industry. These results differ from the current
study, where the correlation coefficient (CS01) (The social effect such as client demand
and contracts) reaches (0.784), which indicates the importance of social factors for BIM
retrofitting projects.
6. Data Ethics
Data has become an integral part of people’s everyday lives, and a component that
fosters social growth, creating changes in social-economic development, social struc-
ture, and lifestyle. Big data processing and analysis may simplify, organize, and exploit
difficult-to-collect data. Its technology has expanded information gathering. It can rapidly
and correctly retrieve important information from a complicated and large database, to
aid decision-makers.
As a traditional industry of the national economy, building cannot count on quick
growth in the current age. Information technology must be leveraged to transform, improve,
and advance the construction industry, as it continues to grow. BIM technology’s rapid
growth in engineering construction has improved large-scale design, construction, opera-
tion, and maintenance technology. BIM can improve construction projects and enhance the
industry. Long construction-periods, complicated composition, high mobility, and multiple
high-altitude activities contribute to accidents in the construction industry. Engineering

ethics in Malaysia are still at the beginning. It is frequently neglected or undervalued, lacks
the necessary expertise, and has not been the driving force and operational mechanism for
engineering ethical norms. Therefore, technical growth and development which are vital
for engineering ethics in civil engineering, bring new challenges.
Engineering in construction is a significant indicator of societal progress. It is a
representation of both scientific and technical advancement, as well as urban economic
growth. It always has an impact on human survival and advancement. The effectiveness
of civil engineering projects affects social, political, and economic activity significantly,
in addition to the protection of individuals and their personal property. Construction
is increasing, but its difficulties are growing. Firstly, the construction industry has long-
standing problems with safety, quality, and cleanliness. Secondly, as a conventional industry,
construction lags behind in innovation and the application of new technologies, with
solidification thinking and inadequate promotion and breadth of new technologies. On one
hand, the systems and mechanisms in the construction industry need to be reformed and
improved; on the other hand, the engineering ethics of civil engineering is also a factor that
cannot be ignored, so strengthening the construction of civil engineering is also important
for promoting the high-quality development of the construction industry initiatives.
7. The Study Contribution

As the globe faces global warming and climate-change difficulties, the cause of the
problems is a massive rise in energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the
current building stock [58]. Retrofitting existing buildings to reduce energy use is the
best alternative strategy. Retrofitting highlights numerous components that contribute
to excessive energy usage and those features examined by green consultants during the
retrofit. Hence, this research could be helpful for building owners, occupants, and green
consultants who wish to retrofit existing buildings.
Adopting BIM for retrofitting existing buildings is an important research issue, es-
pecially in Malaysia [32]. Retrofitting existing buildings may significantly contribute
to construction sustainability regarding energy performance [10]. The present research
solves energy-related difficulties by leveraging BIM as a retrofit tool for public-building
energy efficiency.
For the choice of public buildings, two elements are mentioned. The first reason
is that government entities work on a tight timetable. Therefore, public facilities are
underutilised. The second reason is that these buildings were built approximately three
decades ago, and have since undergone repair and maintenance, especially in energy-
related concerns such as air conditioning (A/C), which uses the most energy in most public
buildings. As a consequence, retrofitting may improve the building’s energy efficiency.
Furthermore, BIM retrofitting offers sustainable routes in all three areas of sustainability:
environmental, economic, and social. Green retrofitting is more beneficial in certain aspects
than demolishing and rebuilding outdated buildings [59].
This research aims to reduce energy usage while complying with BIM standards
and regulations. Modifying existing structures is one approach to achieving construction
sustainability, by increasing energy-efficiency and enhancing the building’s environmen-
tal performance or lowering energy-usage. It will also help the expansion of the liter-
ature on upgrading existing public buildings. It also assists in obtaining fresh insights
into the environmental consequences of different construction techniques on the overall
energy-efficiency needs of the building and in realising the crucial significance of energy
sustainability for existing buildings.
It is connected to the electrical distribution system, as well. Sustainable retrofits benefit
the environment by increasing the structure’s three-dimensional value; economically, by
increasing rental revenue, cutting running expenses, and prolonging the facility’s life, and
socially, through encouraging general health and well-being, and increasing productivity.
In terms of the environment, the benefit is through lowering carbon dioxide emissions.
The proposed framework would undoubtedly reduce energy usage in public buildings, by
utilising BIM as a retrofit tool for future design, construction, operation, and maintenance.
8. Conclusions
Numerous active research-initiatives investigate using BIM platforms to enhance de-
sign and construction processes. BIM-based tools such as Autodesk Revit’s Architecture
can handle multiple data-input types that deal with 3-D design, energy models, schedules,
and cost estimates. These tools offer rigorous simulation and visualisation options in
an integrated manner, enabling engineers and contractors to track and control projects
effectively. This study investigates the reliability and validity of a constructed question-
naire to pre-determine the logic behind constructing such a questionnaire which will be
used in a large-scale study and the relevant analysis. The literature has highlighted the
connection between BIM and energy-driven retrofits. However, the application of BIM to
the retrofitting of existing structures confronts obstacles, which may be attributable to the
multidisciplinary character of information sharing, the timeliness of communication, and
the large number of technological components required to provide an optimal exchange.
The pilot-study sample was determined based on the number of questionnaires gath-
ered to test the parameters. The number of questionnaires was 167, and out of these only
30 were randomly chosen. SPSS was used for estimating the percentages of the demo-
graphic attributes for the respondents, the face validity, internal-consistency validity, the
validation of all contracts, and Pearson’s correlation.
The results show that engineers constitute 46%, project managers (20%), contractors
(17%), and the rest (approximately 17%) are divided among other professionals. The
validity of internal consistency ranges from 0.791 to 0.912, which reflects perfect consistency.
The internal consistency of each part was recorded at 0.942 (energy), 0.957 (strategies),
and 0.979 (framework). The validation for the energy part ranges from 0.610 to 0.912; for
strategies, (0.451 to 0.884) and for the framework (0.681 to 0.884). Pearson’s correlation for
all 17 questions shows a minimum value of 0.464, while the maximum value is 0.890.
The results show that all questionnaire elements (Table 2) were successfully validated
with mainly an alpha Cronbach factor higher than 0.6—the threshold accepted by most
researchers. Hence, the work on the broader scale testing and analysis could proceed.
The limitations of the research can be seen in collecting enough data within a short
time, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The other limitation came from the nature of the
research, as not many companies are involved in retrofitting.
Author Contributions: Writing—original draft, N.A.H.; writing—review and editing, N.A.H.,

N.A.B.H., A.A.H. and T.H.L.; figures, tables and review, A.B.A.A. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported and partially funded by the research management centre,
University Putra Malaysia.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 28
Appendix A. Questionnaire Survey

Appendix A. Questionnaire Survey
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DATE:
9- 4 -2022
To Dr/Prof:
My name is Nawal Abdunasseer Kamal Hmidah (GS57074), a PhD student in the Civil
Engineering Department of the College of Engineering at UPM. Professor Madya Dr. Nuzul
Azam Haroun is supervising my research entitled “Evaluating BIM Implementation for Energy
Consumption of Retrofitting Existing Public Buildings in Malaysia”. This work requires
monitoring and implementation of expert opinions and advice to validate the questionnaire.
Hence, request your help in determining the suitability of the questions contained in the
attached questionnaire.
Meanwhile, if you have any questions or would like to make an inquiry, please contact me
using the information provided below.
Your help would be greatly appreciated.
Researcher
Nawal Abdunasseer Kamal Hmidah.
Email: GS57074@student.upm.edu.my
Nawal.aljahmi@yahoo.com
H/P: 01128094200
Supervisor
……………………………………………
Prof. Madya Dr Nuzul Azam Haron
Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, UPM
Serdang, 43400, Selangor
H/P: 0129770941
Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
603 - 9769 6262 603- 9769 4488 www.upm.edu.my
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Welcome to My Survey
Welcome to My of
Department Survey
Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Dear Esteemed Respondent,
Dear Esteemed
This survey is Respondent,
about the Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI) using BIM as a tool
This survey is about
to overcome the challengesthe Malaysian Construction
of retrofitting Industry
and reducing (MCI)
energy using BIM as
consumption inaexisting
tool
to overcome the challenges of retrofitting and reducing energy consumption in
public buildings, which is still a challenge in MCI. Overcoming the energy-consumption existing
public buildings,
challenge maywhich
take aislong
still time;
a challenge in MCI.
however, yourOvercoming the energy-consumption
prompt response may shorten the time
challenge may take a long time; however, your prompt response
required to achieve success following these factors time, cost, and may shorten the time
sustainability.
requiredPlease
to achieve success
complete thefollowing these factors
attached survey. Your time, cost,isand
response sustainability.
confidential and will only be
Please complete the attached
used for academic purposes. survey. Your response is confidential and will only be
used for academic purposes.
It may take a significant amount of your valuable time; however, the proper outcome
of construction may be a good reason to spend such a valuable time.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if something is unclear.
Thank you
This questionnaire will take less than 15 min to complete. Your cooperation in the
questionnaire is highly appreciated. Thank you in advance for your participation.
The respondents are asked to select the relevant boxes and select one of number 1 to 5
which reflects quantitative measures. All the individual background and their answers
to the questionnaire will be kept strictly confidential and they are only used for the
research purpose.
Nawal Abdunasseer Kamal.

PhD Candidate, Project Management
GS57074@student.upm.edu.my
+601128094200
2. General Information/Background of Respondents
Name (optional); . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contact (email/phone no) (optional); . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialisation:
# Project Manager
# Contactor
# Architect
# Engineer
# Consultant
Age
# 25–30
# 31–40
# 41–50
# Above 50
Years of experience in line construction projects:
# Fewer than 5 years
# 5 to 10 years
# 10 to 15 years
# 15 to 20 years
# More than 20 years
Company Business
# Construction
# Design
# Multidiscipline
What is the construction sector of your company?
# Public
# Private
Highest Qualification obtained
# Diploma
# BSc
# MSc
# PhD
The professional field in your organisation
# Architect
# Construction Manager
# Civil Engineer
# BIM Expert
# Builder
Level of awareness of BIM
# Totally Familiar
# Familiar
# Moderately Familiar
# Not Familiar
# Totally not Familiar
Have you attended any formal training on BIM?
# Yes
# No
Which of the following BIM software packages does your company/organization
utilize? (Please select all that apply).
# Auto Desk Revit
# Autodesk Navisworks
# Bentley Systems Architecture
# Graph iSOFT ArchiCAD
# VICO Constructor
# Tekla Structures
3. Energy Status of BIM Retrofitting in Public Buildings
The following activities have been identified from the literature as pertinent to the
implementation of BIM. Kindly rate the levels of influence and importance for each BIM
activity and method, using a 5-point Likert scale, with 1. Strongly Disagree (SD) 2. Dis-
agree (D) 3. Neutral (N) 4. Agree (A) 5. Strongly Agree (SA). Please tick the appropriate box.
CODE SD D N A SA
Driver of BIM 1 2 3 4 5
ED01 Improving efficiency and collaboration within the supply chain
ED02 Reducing costs and/or accidents
ED03 Improving client relations and resource allocations
ED04 Making any tangible difference to the running of the project
Utilization of BIM 1 2 3 4 5
Please provide your opinion of the level of BIM utilization in the following phases:
ET01 Predesign or program phase
ET02 Design-development phase
ET03 Construction-documents phase
ET04 Post-construction maintenance
Barriers to BIM 1 2 3 4 5
Specify the importance of the following barriers:
EB01 Cost and time-consuming
EB02 Skills and Training
EB03 Missing residential retrofit-contracts on-site
EB04 Legal issues, including government and municipal regulations
CODE SD D N A SA
EB05 Risks of failure, due to many BIM versions
EB06 Lack of effective collaboration among project participants
Expectation of BIM 1 2 3 4 5
Mention the level of your expectation of implementing BIM in the following items:
EE01 Storing and organizing management-data and records
EE02 Better communication with management and residents
EE03 Better for environment and human well-being
EE04 Suitability of BIM for residential retrofitting
4. Strategies for Analysing Energy Consumption

The following factors have been identified from the literature as pertinent to the implementation
of retrofitting. Kindly rate the levels of effectiveness for each factor, using a 5-point Likert scale with
1. Strongly Disagree (SD) 2. Disagree (D) 3. Neutral (N) 4. Agree (A) 5. Strongly Agree (SA). Please
tick the appropriate box.
CODE SD D N A SA
Outlook and Benefits of Retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
State the level of implementing retrofitting towards the following items:
Retrofitting can effectively achieve outstanding results for upgrading
SO01
the construction in terms of energy and water-consumption
Retrofitting offers significant opportunities for reducing global
SO02
energy-consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions
SO03 Retrofitting provides better adaptability for buildings
Obstacles of Retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
The following issues represent some challenges at various levels; please specify this level to the best of your knowledge:
SO01 Expensive, familiar, and inconvenient
SO02 New construction may include unexpected different internal-space
SO03 Existing heritage buildings may be affected causing possible damage
SO04 New constructions may require a new type of paint or fabric
SO05 The risk may exceed the limit of expectation
SO06 Retrofitting may face legal, social, and economic restrictions
Sustainability Compliance 1 2 3 4 5
Retrofitting aims at making a better environmen; hence, estimate your confidence in such a statement:
SS01 Creating a better environment for employees’ working productivity
SS02 Reducing waste (energy, water, and carbon emission)
Better future investment, due to improving internal and
SS03
external profiles.
Considerations of the Retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
For considering retrofitting, please state the level of judgement on each of the following:
SC01 Retrofitting desires different from building design
SC02 Retrofitting focus on building-envelope
SC03 Concentrating on building energy-consumption
SC04 Choosing material used in existing building
CODE SD D N A SA
SC05 Considering occupant’s behavior
Reduce Heating and Cooling 1 2 3 4 5
The following items are to be included in retrofitting buildings; please provide your assessment:
SR01 Using building fabric, green-insulation roof, wall, etc.
SR02 Modifying building-envelope, including windows, walls, and doors
SR03 Using green building-materials
SR04 Suggesting altering building-orientation.
SR05 Establishing secondary roof
Energy saving (Equipment and Technologies) 1 2 3 4 5
Please select the proper choices that lead to energy saving:
SE01 Upgrading energy control
SE02 Utilizing natural ventilation
SE03 Focusing on energy-efficient equipment and appliances
SE04 Upgrading the window panes
SE05 Relying on natural lighting or upgrading light bulbs and solar energy
5. Construction of Framework
The following factors have been identified from the literature as pertinent to utilizing BIM in
retrofitting. Kindly rate the levels of effectiveness for each factor, using a 5-point Likert scale, with 1.
Strongly Disagree (SD) 2. Disagree (D) 3. Neutral (N) 4. Agree (A) 5. Strongly Agree (SA). Please tick
the appropriate box.
CODE SD D N A SA
Barriers to BIM usage in Malaysia 1 2 3 4 5
The following barriers need to be effectively considered to construct a comprehensive framework:
CB01 The influence of the standards
CB02 The importance of the training
CB03 There is a difficulty in the retrofitting project
CB04 Lack of experience in BIM projects
CB05 The impact of the governmental standards and guidelines
CB06 Lack of collaboration and clear strategies
Social factors in BIM retrofitting projects 1 2 3 4 5
The following items are important in building a framework:
CS01 The social effects, such as client demand and contracts
CS02 Public awareness
CS03 Social safety
CS04 Access to education
Economic factors in using BIM in retrofitting projects 1 2 3 4 5
Assessing the following items could help in fabrication:
The contribution to the economy, such as investment and financial
CE01
support
CE02 High costs of BIM software and tool-implementation
CE03 Adopting energy-saving technologies
CODE SD D N A SA
Regulatory factors in BIM retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
Please assess the following five statements to the best of your knowledge:
CR01 Information accuracy
CR02 Renewable-systems use
CR03 Energy-consumption patterns
CR04 Professionals and manpower
CR05 Organizational structure
Psychological factors in BIM retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
Please assess the following factors for their importance in designing the retrofitting of the building:
CP01 Fear of failure
CP02 Occupant’s attitude
CP03 Comfort requirement
CP04 Access to control
CP05 Occupancy regimes
CP06 Role of disciplines
Managerial factors in BIM retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
Your involvement represents a better way to assess the following managerial factors:
CM01 Better management of project requirements and capacity
CM02 Improved decision-making
CM03 Interdisciplinary coordination and validation
CM04 Better communication among project stakeholders
CM05 Lack of knowledge of managers
CM06 Management, maintenance, and alignment
CM07 Change management
Technical factors in BIM retrofitting 1 2 3 4 5
The following items require some basic information about the technicality of BIM; assess to your best ability:
CT01 Data richness
CT02 Life-cycle views
CT03 Delivery method
CT04 Timeliness/response
CT05 Adopting new technologies
CT06 Compatibility with BIM software
CT07 Information sharing
CT08 Integration tools
CT09 Communication tools
Appendix B. Validation Form

Evaluating BIM Implementation for Energy Consumption of Retrofitting Existing Public Build-
ings in Malaysia
Dear Esteemed Experts:
I am currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Project Management as part of academic research at the
Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM). The title of the research is “Evaluating
BIM Implementation for Energy Consumption in Existing Public Buildings in Malaysia.” I want to take a
moment of your important time to discuss the study’s central theme.
As a part of BIM’s applications and uses is to integrate all aspects of new and existing con-
struction under a very powerful program that started about five decades ago. In addition to all type
of construction phases included in BIM, retrofitting buildings could be classified as the main goal
of BIM. The upmost of BIM regardless its operations are to consider the sustainability, greening,
and save the environment from deterioration. This study is about the class of construction known
as semi-old government buildings aged between 20 and 30 years. In Malaysia, there are quite big
number of these buildings which need retrofitting subjected to minimizing energy consumption
along with exploiting these building in terms of space uses and to benefit the government and the
public. The study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodology to
gather the necessary information. Respondents are broadly chosen from facility management and
all those who are involved in building maintenance, such as electricians, engineers, residents, and
contractors. To achieve this purpose, a questionnaire has been constructed for quantitative research
combined with a short survey to serve the qualitative part. It is expected to achieve better results
than the existing published work by introducing a set of issues such as shadowing, type of wall paint,
better organizing the space needed according to the requirement of the management, and using better
electric equipment, wiring, and lighting.
The linked questionnaire is used to collect the data necessary to complete the thesis. This project
aims to provide a framework for incorporating BIM into retrofitting existing public buildings in
Malaysia. The following objectives must be met:
1- To Investigate and examine the current energy status of BIM retrofitting in Public Buildings.
2- To determine and examine the strategies that will facilitate the analysis of energy consumption
in existing public buildings.
3- To develop a framework for BIM retrofitting to optimize energy consumption in public buildings.
4- To validate and verify the parameters of the proposed framework.
The questions and the questionnaire’s statements are purely for research purposes, and your per-
sonal information will be confidential. Please go through both of them and hopefully find the inquiries
well suited. However, your input will surely provide a higher depth to the information included.
Thank you.
Yours Faithfully,
Nawal Abdunasseer Kamal
Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E, MALAYSIA.
gs57074@student.upm.edu.my
+601128094200
Table A1. Questionnaire Resources.
No Issues Mentioned Reference

BIM Concepts and Implementation; driver,
1 [60]
expectation
2 Performance [61]
3 Barriers [60,62]
4 Consequences; outlook Researcher
6 Challenges; benefits [9]
7 Greening; deliberation [63]
8 Resolution; limitations; proposing; technologies [34]
9 Awareness; barriers [64]
10 Retrofitting; benefits; impact; participant’s size [65]
11 General; technologies; attribute; organization [66]
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Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM),

Received: 27 September 2022

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10293. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310293 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

• Enhanced cooperation, characterized by a high degree of communication, transparency,

2.2. Old Building Energy Consumption

3. Research Objectives and Questions

Table 1. Construction of the questionnaire.

Dimension Code Number of Statements Total no of Statements

4.1. Testing Sample Size

The number of participants, n, is defined in terms of π and the threshold of confidence,

4.2. Face Validity

4.3. Feasibility of the Study

5.1. Respondents’ Background Information

Table 3. Statistics of demography.

Respondents’ Specialization Construction Sector

5.3. Testing for Instrument Reliability and Validity

Table 4. Reliability of questionnaire dimensions.

Dimension Code Cronbach Alpha

5.4. Reliability of All Constructs

Construct Number of Statements Cronbach Reliability

5.5. Internal Consistency Validity

Table 6. Validation of the internal consistency (first construct).

5.5.2. Second Construct

Table 7. Validation of the internal consistency (second construct).

Correlation Name of Sig.

5.5.3. Third Construct

5.6. Pearson’s Correlation

Table 8. Validation of the internal consistency (third construct).

Correlation Name of Sig.

Table 9. Pearson’s correlation between all factors.

high-altitude activities contribute to accidents in the construction industry. Engineering

7. The Study Contribution

Author Contributions: Writing—original draft, N.A.H.; writing—review and editing, N.A.H.,

Appendix A. Questionnaire Survey

Nawal Abdunasseer Kamal.

4. Strategies for Analysing Energy Consumption

Appendix B. Validation Form

Table A1. Questionnaire Resources.

No Issues Mentioned Reference

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10293 23 of 29

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