EXAMINATION IN SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Duration: 90 minutes
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A. Choose the correct option in each of the following sentences.
1. In imperative mood, the unmarked Theme is ………………………...
a. the Predicator b. the Subject c. the Finite d. the Wh-word
2. ……………………….. includes two aspects: the arrangement of words (syntax) and the
internal structure of words (morphology).
a. Grammar c. Lexis
b. Semantics d. Phonology
3. Cases, where one unit is used as a constituent of another unit at the same or a lower rank,
are known as ………………………....
a. classifying b. paraphrasing c. describing d. embedding
4. Which of the following sentences has an interpersonal Theme?
a. Unhappily, he passed way. c. Jean, she hasn’t got a key.
b. In fact, he is a liar. d. As for the salad, I’d prefer to have olives.
5. Which of the following sentences has an existential process?
a. There came a knock at the door. c. We often come to the theater.
b. They come from England. d. This came true.
6. ………………………. which perform the function of referring normally come first in the
noun group. They provide information about the scope of reference of the Thing.
a. Referrers b. Demonstratives c. Quantifiers d. Inclusives
7. Which of the following sentences is known as middle voice?
a. The branch broke yesterday. b. The ball was kicked by a boy.
b. The truck hasn’t gone away yet. c.The girl opened a new shop.
8. The distinction between declarative and interrogative moods depends on the ordering of
Subject and ………………………..
a. Predicator b. Finite c. Nonfinite d. Complement
9. Which modal auxiliary is not used for deduction?
a. must b. may c. can’t d. will
10. ………………………. refers to different levels of organization within grammar.
a. Group b. Rank c. Class d. Phrase
11. Which of the following sentences has a postponed Carrier?
a. It is hot to live here. c. It is you who I want to meet.
b. It is sunny today. d. it is said that he is an engineer.
12. ………………………. are labels for the kinds of things we are doing when we act upon
one another through language. They are not labels for grammatical structures.
a. Moods b. Speech acts c. Predicators d. Finites

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 13. ………………………. verbs refer only to those verbs which allow the three-voice option
of active, middle, or passive.
a. Ergative b. Lexical c. Modal d. Delexical
14. Which of the following verbs can be used as a de-lexical verb?
a. work b. make c. eat d. buy
15. One clause may ………………………. the message in another clause by restating it in
different words, giving more details, being more specific, giving an example, or
otherwise clarifying it in some way.
a. elaborate b. extend c. enhance d. alter
16. Which of the following verb groups has a relative past tense?
a. has worked b. will be working c. was working d. is working
17. Which of the following noun groups contains a classifier?
a. an English teacher b. a fallen statue c. a few books d. each bear
18. ………………………. indicate that the reference is to a complete group of things either
positively or negatively.
a. Quantifiers b. Partitives c. Describers d. Inclusives
19. Which of the following sentences has a participant as a Range?
a. They gave me some money. c. He takes a cold bath every day.
b. My children look healthy. d. He took some books from the library.
20. .……………………. themes aren’t participants or circumstances in the clauses, stand
outside the clauses to provide the framework for the whole clause, and are usually
introduced with phrases such as as for or concerning etc. to mark a transition to a new
topic.
a. Absolute b. Picked up c. Textual d. Interpersonal

B. State whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true statements and F for
false statements in the spaces provided

1. .…F… The combination of present continuous and other so-called continuous tenses with
action processes often carries the sense of beginning to. (mental)
2. ….T… Both likelihood and requirement belong to the area of interpersonal meaning
called modality.
3. ….F… Binding is a relationship of equality. This means that the messages in the clauses
are presented as more or less of equal significance. (Linking)
4. ….T… The verb break is an ergative verb.
5. ….F… Must and can’t are typically used for predictions, while will, should, and won’t
are typically used for deductions. May, might, and could are freely used for both.
(deductions – predictions)

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 6. …T… In existential clauses, the Theme is typically there or a Circumstantial Adjunct,
while the Existent occurs in the Rheme and is typically the unmarked Focus of
information.
7. ….F… Reference which points beyond the text is called backward-pointing reference.
(outward-pointing)
8. …F… Relative tense locates a process in time relative to here and now. (absolute)
9. …T… Objects in the position of marked Themes express a contrastive effect or carry a
strong emphasis.
10. …F… When a constituent is moved from its unmarked position to the front of the clause
to form a unmarked Theme, the constituent is thematized. (marked)

C. Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word

1. When a constituent is moved from its unmarked position to the front of the clause to form
a marked Theme, the constituent is …………………… (thematized)
2. ………………….. involves the division and repackaging of the information in a clause
into two parts. (Clefting)
3. A nonfinite verb groups consists only of a …………………… (Predicator)
4. In ………………….., the clauses are in a relationship of equality. (linking)
5. When Conjunctive Adjuncts, such as however, thus, in fact, are thematic, they express
the textual meaning of the clause by relating clause logically with what has gone before.
They are called .………………….. Themes. (Textual)
6. Articles, demonstratives, and possessives are mutually ………………….. (exclusive)
7. The only kind of phrase is the ………………….. phrase. (prepositional)
8. ……………… tell us something about a quality of the Thing represented by the head
noun or about the speaker or writer’s attitude toward the Thing. (Describers)
9. A sentence which consists of only one ……………… (i.e., non-embedded) clause is a
simple sentence. (ranking)
10. …………….. includes processes: wanting, needing, intending, desiring, hoping, and
wishing. (Volition)
D. Identify the types of the reference of the underlined and bold words /expressions. Write G for
generic, D for definite or I for indefinite in the spaces provided.
1. __I___ I’ve got friends in London.
2. __G___ Gases have no mass.
3. __I___ We always hire bicycles during our holidays.
4. __D___ The Don was a real man at the age of twelve.
5. __D___ Although not the party leader, he greatly influenced the party’s policies.
6. __I___ He has got some money to buy a new machine.
7. __G___ Official information is usually difficult to obtain.
8. __D___ I stood at the backdoor and looked up at the moon.
9. __I___ A John wanted to meet you.
10. __D__ One of my brothers is good at playing foodball.

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E. Analyze the transitivity of the following clauses:

1. He [Senser] recognized [Mental Cognition process] a group of fellow Americans

[Phenomenon] by their accent [Circumstance].

2. The horse show [Goal] was cancelled [Action process] on account of the epidemic
[Circumstance].

3. In every classroom [Circumstance] is [Existential process] an overhead projector

[Existent].

4. Food [Identified] is [Identifying Relational process] the supreme national symbol

[Identifier].

5. He [Sayer] is trying to tell [Verbal process] us [Addressee] the truth [Saying].

6. I [Senser] prefer [Mental Affection process] ballet to opera [Phenomenon].

7. We [Carrier] were [Attributive Relational Pprocess] delighted with the news [Attribute].

8. She [Sencer] has forgotten [Mental Cognitive process] to leave us a key. [Phenomenon]

9. That can [Possessor]contains [Possessive Relational process] petrol [Possessed].

10. Bill’s father [Actor] has lent [Action Process] us [Recipient] his car. [Goal]

F. Identify which meaning (likelihood or requirement) is expressed in each case. Write L for
likelihood or R for requirement in the spaces provided.
1. …L… If you are in trouble, please call me.
2. …R….. All competitors in the Games shall wear a number
3. …L…. He should have reached York by now
4. …R….. I’ve got to go now.
5. …R…..You really ought to cut down on smoking.
6. …L… Their Dad would be coming home the next day
7. …R.. They were supposed to be here by eight
8. …L…. He’s likely to be there by now.
9. …L…. I doubt if anyone who knew Meng in school ever visited him at home.
10. …R….. I forbid you even talk to her again.

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G. Underline the Themes in the following clauses and identify what kinds of Themes they are

1. Oh, actually I have to do some shopping.

Interpersonal Theme ………………………………………………………………..
2. We ’ll reach Toledo, but not Seville, before noon.
Unmarked Theme……………………………………………………………………
3. Besides, it’s starting to rain.
Textual Theme ……………………………………………………………………..
4. Technologically, though, the new model hasn’t been a success.
Interpersonal Theme ………………………………………………………………..
5. That letter, was it from Bruce?
Picked up Theme…………………………………………………………………………….
6. Are we going to Toledo?
Unmarked Theme……………………………………………………………………
7. Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5% of the hotel’s visitors rated its
customer service as excellent.
Absolute Theme ……………………………………………………………………
8. Surely you could find yourself a job somewhere?
Interpersonal Theme ………………………………………………………………..
9. First, identify the topic entities.
Textual Theme ……………………………………………………………………..
10. The woman who died in New York, that’s obviously affecting her colleagues who work
in the hospital.
Picked up Theme…………………………………………………………………………….

TEST 1
FOR FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

H. MULTIPLE CHOICE
21. ………………………. which perform the function of referring normally come first in the
noun group. They provide information about the scope of reference of the Thing.
b. Referrers b. Demonstratives c. Quantifiers d. Inclusives
22. ………………………. limit the scope of reference of the Thing. They indicate a quantity
somewhere between all and none. They include inexact Quantifiers and exact Quantifier.
a. Referrers b. Demonstratives c. Quantifiers d. Inclusives
23. ………………………. refers to different levels of organization within grammar.
b. Group b. Rank c. Class d. Phrase

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 24. ………………………. has to do with the ways language represents our experience (actual
and vicarious) of the world as well as the inner world of our thoughts and feelings.
a. Interpersonal meaning c. Experience meaning
b. Textual meaning d. Semantic meaning
25. There is an additional rank between group and sentence. That is ………………………..
a. word b. clause c. paragraph b. phrase
26. Cases, where one unit is used as a constituent of another unit at the same or a lower rank,
are known as ………………………..
a. embedding b. paraphrasing c. describing d. classifying
27. Articles, ………………………., and possessives are mutually exclusive.
a. describers b. inclusives c. demonstratives d. referrers
28. ………………………. has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is organized
in relation to its context.
c. Interpersonal meaning c. Experience meaning
d. Textual meaning d. Semantic meaning
29. Which of the following noun groups cannot be interpreted as generic reference?
a. the lions b. tigers c. a cat d. love
30. Sometimes it is necessary to look forward for the information necessary to indentify the
referent. This is called ……………………….. reference.
a. unique b. forward-pointing c. backward-pointing d. outward-pointing

EXAMPLE: We [Actor] sat down [Action Process:Doing].

1. Ted hit Bill. => Ted

2. An accident happened outside the school this morning.
=>
3. The porter is carrying our baggage. ->
4. The ball was kicked by Pelé. =>
5. The volcano erupted. =>
6. Jordan slipped on the ice. =>
7. The vase fell off the shelf. =>
8. Paul opened the door. =>
9. Her grandfather died last night. =>

10. His weight broke the branch he was sitting on.

=>

11. The government developed the economy very fast in the 1980s .
=>

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 11.1 Pat boiled the water. =>
12. The door opened. =>
13. The water boiled. =>
14. Everybody remembered his face. =>
Underline the Themes in the following clause

1. Before noon we’ll reach Toledo but not Seville.

2. When will we get there?
3. Have your tickets ready!
4. Let’s go for a swim instead.
5. We did a lot of sightseeing in London last year.
6. In London last year, we did a lot of sightseeing.
7. So did I.
8. Never have I seen such a mess!
9. Under no circumstances must medicines be left within reach of children.
10. Only then did I realise what he really meant
11. Now Manchester United, their players have been holding up a banner.
12. The woman who died in New York, that’s affecting her colleagues who work in the hospital.
13. That letter, was it from Bruce?
14. Ben, his sister, she has disabling osteo-arthritis.
15. The white house opposite, the woman who lives there, her dog, he’s had to be put down.
16. Well, we’ll see you later, then.
17. Well now, Mrs Jones, what can I do for you?
18. As you weren’t at home, I left a message on your answer-phone.
19. As she stepped off the kerb, a cyclist crashed into her.
20. If you don’t like it, you can probably change it for something else.
21. To cure stress, try a Jacuzzi whirlpool bath.
22. Taking advantage of his present popularity, the Prime Minister called an election.
23. Thwarted in the west, Stalin turned east.
24. Moussaka you ordered.
25. This I did.
26. A complete waste of time it was.
27. Fantastic I call it!
28. A Saxon princess, she was born at Exning near New market around AD 630.
29. We are going where?
30. Do hurry up, all of you!
31. You keep quiet!
32. Before noon we’ll reach Toledo but not Seville.
33. Have your tickets ready!
34. Let’s go for a swim instead.
35. We did a lot of sightseeing in London last year.
36. In London last year, we did a lot of sightseeing.
37. So did I.

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38. Never have I seen such a mess!
39. Under no circumstances must medicines be left within reach of children.
40. Only then did I realise what he really meant
41. Now Manchester United, their players have been holding up a banner.
42. Ben, his sister, she has disabling osteo-arthritis.
43. The white house opposite, the woman who lives there, her dog, he’s had to be put down.
44. Well, we’ll see you later, then.
45. Well now, Mrs Jones, what can I do for you?
46. As you weren’t at home, I left a message on your answer-phone.
47. As she stepped off the kerb, a cyclist crashed into her.
48. If you don’t like it, you can probably change it for something else.
49. To cure stress, try a Jacuzzi whirlpool bath.
50. Taking advantage of his present popularity, the Prime Minister called an election.
51. Thwarted in the west, Stalin turned east.
52. Moussaka you ordered.
53. This I did.
54. A complete waste of time it was.
55. Fantastic I call it!
56. A Saxon princess, she was born at Exning near New market around AD 630.
57. Do hurry up, all of you!
58. You keep quiet!
Xác định Theme:

11. Besides, it’s starting to rain.

Textual Theme ……………………………………………………………………..
12. Technologically, though, the new model hasn’t been a success.
Interpersonal Theme ………………………………………………………………..
13. That letter, was it from Bruce?
Picked up Theme…………………………………………………………………………….
14. Are we going to Toledo?
Unmarked Theme……………………………………………………………………
15. Looking at the positive responses first, in 2005 only 5% of the hotel’s visitors rated its
customer service as excellent.
Absolute Theme ……………………………………………………………………
16. Surely you could find yourself a job somewhere?
Interpersonal Theme ………………………………………………………………..
17. First, identify the topic entities.
Textual Theme ……………………………………………………………………..
18. The woman who died in New York, that’s obviously affecting her colleagues who work
in the hospital.
Picked up Theme…………………………………………………………………………….

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I. What kinds of Themes are the underlined units? Circle the correct choice

1. Inside every university will be an electronic virtual university.

a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Marked Theme
2. Meet me at eight at the Café de Paris.
a. Absolute Theme b. Unmarked Theme c. Textual Theme
3. Unfortunately, he passed away.
a. Interpersonal Theme b. Textual Theme c. Picked up Theme
4. As for the dog, he’ll have to go to a kennel for a month.
a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Picked up Theme
5. Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats. The coach will depart in five minutes.
a. Interpersonal Theme b. Picked up Theme c. Non-experiential Theme
6. We ’ll reach Toledo, but not Seville, before noon.
a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Unmarked Theme
7. Before noon we’ll reach Toledo but not Seville.
a. Marked Theme b. Unmarked Theme c. Textual Theme
8. Toledo, but not Seville we’ll reach before noon.
a. Absolute Theme b. Marked Theme c. Textual Theme
9. Are we going to Toledo?
a. Picked up Theme b. Unmarked Theme c. Textual Theme
10. When will we get there?
a. Unmarked Theme b. Interpersonal Theme c. Textual Theme
11. Have your tickets ready!
a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Unmarked Theme
12. Let’s go for a swim instead.
a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Unmarked Theme
13. We did a lot of sightseeing in London last year.
a. Unmarked Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Marked Theme
14. In London last year, we did a lot of sightseeing.
a. Absolute Theme b. Marked Theme c. Textual Theme
15. So did I.
a. Absolute Theme b. Non-experiential Theme c. Marked Theme
16. Never have I seen such a mess!
a. Absolute Theme b. Marked Theme c. Textual Theme

J. What kinds of Themes are the underlined units?

1. Under no circumstances must medicines be left within reach of children.

2. Only then did I realise what he really meant.

3. Now Manchester United, their players have been holding up a banner.

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4. The woman who died in New York, that’s obviously affecting her colleagues who work in the
hospital.

5. That letter, was it from Bruce?

6. Ben, his sister, she has disabling osteo-arthritis.

7. The white house opposite, the woman who lives there, her dog, he’s had to be put down.

8. Oh, actually I have to do some shopping.

9. Well, we’ll see you later, then.

10. Surely you could find yourself a job somewhere? Honestly, I’ve tried.

11. Technologically, though, the new model hasn’t been a success.

12. Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats. The coach will depart in five minutes.

13. Besides, it’s starting to rain.

14. Ladies and gentlemen, this afternoon we are going to visit the cathedral.

15. Well now, Mrs Jones, what can I do for you?

16. As you weren’t at home, I left a message on your answer-phone.

17. As she stepped off the kerb, a cyclist crashed into her.

18. If you don’t like it, you can probably change it for something else.

19. To cure stress, try a Jacuzzi whirlpool bath.

20. Taking advantage of his present popularity, the Prime Minister called an election.

21. Thwarted in the west, Stalin turned east.

22. Moussaka you ordered.

23. This I did.

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 24. A complete waste of time it was.

25. Fantastic I call it!

26. A Saxon princess, she was born at Exning near New market around AD 630.

27. We are going where?

28. Do hurry up, all of you!

29. You keep quiet!

K. MULTIPLE CHOICE
31. There is an additional rank between group and sentence. That is ………………………..
b. word b. clause c. paragraph b. phrase
32. The thing which does the action is called ………………………..
a. Causer b. Affected c. Actor d. Addressee
33. ………………………. limit the scope of reference of the Thing. They indicate a quantity
somewhere between all and none. They include inexact Quantifiers and exact Quantifier.
b. Referrers b. Demonstratives c. Quantifiers d. Inclusives
34. Cases, where one unit is used as a constituent of another unit at the same or a lower rank,
are known as ………………………..
b. embeddingb. paraphrasing c. describing d. classifying
35. ………………………. processes include processes like thinking and believing, seeing and
hearing, and wanting and hoping.
a. Mental b. Action c. Verbal d. Happening
36. Articles, ………………………., and possessives are mutually exclusive.
b. describers b. inclusives c. demonstratives d. referrers
37. ………………………. refers to different levels of organization within grammar.
c. Group b. Rank c. Class d. Phrase
38. ………………………. has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is organized
in relation to its context.
e. Interpersonal meaning c. Experience meaning
f. Textual meaning d. Semantic meaning
39. Which of the following noun groups cannot be interpreted as generic reference?
b. the lions b. tigers c. a cat d. love
40. In the sentence I always appreciate her, its mental process belongs to ……………………….
a. perception b. affection c. cognition d. volition

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 41. ………………………. limit the scope of reference of the Thing. They indicate a quantity
somewhere between all and none.
a. Partitives b. Referrers c. Demonstratives d. Quantifiers
42. ………………………. tell us something about a quality of the Thing or about the speaker or
writer’s attitude toward the Thing.
a. Inclusives b. Describers c. Demonstratives d. Quantifiers
43. ………………………. includes processes: seeing, hearing, noticing, feeling, tasting, and
smelling.
a. Volition b. Perception c. Affection d. Cognition
44. The second possible participant is the thing, idea, or fact which is thought, seen, liked,
wanted, and so on. It is called ………………………..
a. Sensor b. Affected c. Phenomenon d. Causer
45. Sometimes it is necessary to look forward for the information necessary to indentify the
referent. This is called ……………………….. reference.
b. unique b. forward-pointing c. backward-pointing d. outward-pointing

L. Decide whether each of the statements is true or false. If it is true, write T in the in the blank; and if it
is false, write F in the blank.

1. …T…. An approach sees language as a system of communication and analyzes

grammar
to discover how it is organized to allow speakers or writers to make and exchange
meanings. The focus is usually on the appropriateness of a form for a particular
communicative purpose in a particular context. This approach is called
functional.
2. …T… The usual term used for reference to a whole class of things is generic reference.
3. …T… The functions Subject and Finite are crucial to the structural realization of mood in
English.
4. …F… The primary aim of a formal grammatical analysis is to understand how the
grammar of a language serves as a resource for making and exchanging meanings.
(functional)
5. …T… Existential processes have only one participant.
6. …F… Relative tense locates a process in time relative to here and now. (absolute)
7. …T… Articles, demonstratives, and possessives are mutually exclusive.
8. …T… Inclusives indicate that the reference is to a complete group of things either positively or
negatively.
9. …T… When a Finite verb group consists of only one word, the single word realizes both
Finite and Predicator functions.
10. …F… A nonfinite verb groups consists only of a Finite. (Predicator)
11. …F… Affection includes processes: wanting, needing, intending, desiring, hoping, and
wishing. (Volition)

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 12. …F… Reference which points beyond the text is called backward-pointing reference.
(outward-pointing)
13. …T…….The sentence “Water evaporates” is known as middle voice.
14. ……T…….. Mental processes include processes like thinking and believing, seeing and
hearing, and wanting and hoping.
15. ……F……. Attribute relational clauses can be reversed. cannot
ii.
M. Identify the types of the reference of the underlined words /expressions. Write G for generic, D for
definite or I for indefinite in the spaces provided.

11. __I___ I bought a new car.

12. __G___ Frogs have long hind legs.
13. __I___ It would be better to meet on a Monday.
14. __G___ They say exercise keeps you healthy.
15. __D___ Although not party leader, he greatly influenced the party’s policies.
16. __D___ The kidney transplant in 104 is asking for a glass of water.
17. __G___ A female kangaroo carries its young in its pouch.
18. __G___ Gases have no mass.
19. __I___ I have official information for you.
20. ___D__ We always hire bicycles during our holidays.

N. Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word.

1. The thing which is on the receiving end of the action is called ……GOAL……….. .
2. …INTERPERSONAL………………….. meaning has to do with the ways in which we act
upon one another through language - giving and requesting information, getting people to do
things, and offering to do things ourselves – and the ways in which we express our judgments
and attitudes – about such things as likelihood, necessity, and desirability.
3. The Actor-Goal type of analysis of action process clauses can be called a
…MANUFACTURING……………………….. process in which something is produced
through the actions of human beings or machines.
4.
5. The ……PREDICATOR………………… is everything in the verb group except the Finite.
6. when a clause with a linking verb can be reversed, it is called an
…IDENTIFYING…………………….process clause.
7. ………COUNT…………… nouns represent discrete entities which can be counted such as
names of things which occur in individual units (e.g., cat, tree, box) and names of parts of a
whole (e.g., bit, slice, inch..
8. In ………FUNCTIONAL……………….. approach, language is considered as a system of
communication and analyzes grammar to discover how it is organized to allow speakers and
writers to make and exchange meanings.
9. One unit which is used as a constituent of another unit at the same or lower rank is known as
…EMBEDDING……………………..
10. . Only …FINITES………………. are marked for tense.

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O. Identify the constituents in the following sentences according to experience meaning

11. The trees [AFFECTED] fell down [PRO: HAPPENING] yesterday.[CIR]

12. We [ACTOR] avoided meeting [PRO: DOING] our manager [GOAL] last week [CIR].
13. I [CARRIER]’m [PRO: REL: ATRIBUTE]very afraid of dogs [ATTRIBUTE].
14. I [SAYER] can explain [PRO: VERBAL] the problem [SAYING] to you [ADRESSEE] tomorrow
[CIR].
15. the program [GOAL] is developed [PRO: DOING] every year [CIR] by the young people
[ACTOR].
16. After the dinner [CIR], we [ACTOR] began to take [PR:DOING] a walk [RANGE].
17. The building [CARRIER] stands [PR:REL:ATTRIBUTIVE] one hundred high [ATTRIBUTE] in
this town [CIR].
18. The ballet performance [PHENOMENON] delighted [PR:MENTAL:AFFECTION] the public
[SENSER]
19. Below the castle [CIR] stretches [PR:EXISTENTIAL] a vast plain [EXISTENT].
20. You [POSSESSOR] deserve [PR:REL:POSSESSIVE] a prize [POSSESSED]

21. Unfortunately [CIR], the low temperature [CAUSER] has frozen [PR:HAPPENING] the milk
[AFFECTED].

22. We [RECIPIENT] were left [PR:DOING] a legacy [GOAL] by our grandparents [ACTOR] three
year ago [CIR].

23. The dog [SENSER] was excited [PR:MENTAL:AFFECTION] by the stranger

[PHENOMENON].

24. The robber [ADDRESSEE] was requested [PR:VERBAL] to lay down his arms [SAYING] by
the policeman [SAYER].

25. This year [CIR] the company [CAUSER] has doubled [PR:HAPPENING] its sales [AFFECTED]

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