Terminal velocity refers to the maximum speed that an object can attain when falling

through a fluid (such as air or water) due to the opposing force of fluid resistance, also
known as drag.

When an object is initially dropped in a fluid, it starts accelerating downwards due to

gravity. However, as the object picks up speed, the resistance of the fluid it is falling
through also increases, eventually reaching a point where the upward force of drag is
equal to the downward force of gravity.

At this point, the net force acting on the object becomes zero, and the object stops
accelerating, reaching a constant velocity called terminal velocity. The value of terminal
velocity depends on the properties of the fluid, the size and shape of the object, and its
mass.

For example, the terminal velocity of a skydiver falling through the air is around 120
miles per hour (193 kilometers per hour), while the terminal velocity of a small raindrop
falling through the air is only about 20 miles per hour (32 kilometers per hour).

The size and shape of an object have a significant effect on the terminal velocity it can
attain when falling through a fluid.

The shape of the object affects the amount of drag it experiences. Objects with a
streamlined shape, such as a teardrop or an airplane wing, can move through the fluid
more efficiently, reducing the amount of drag and allowing them to reach higher
terminal velocities. In contrast, objects with an irregular shape, such as a flat plate or a
cube, experience more drag, slowing them down and reducing their terminal velocity.

The size of the object also affects terminal velocity. Larger objects experience more drag
than smaller objects due to their greater surface area. This means that larger objects
typically have a lower terminal velocity than smaller objects with the same shape and
mass.

However, as the object gets smaller, it can experience a different type of drag known as
viscous drag, which becomes more significant at small scales. Viscous drag arises from
the interaction of the fluid molecules with the surface of the object and can significantly
affect the object's terminal velocity.

Overall, the size and shape of an object play an essential role in determining its terminal
velocity, and it is important to take these factors into account when calculating the
motion of objects in fluids.
Transverse and longitudinal waves are both types of mechanical waves that involve the
transfer of energy through a medium.

One similarity between transverse and longitudinal waves is that they both travel at a
specific speed through a given medium. The speed of the wave depends on the
properties of the medium, such as its density and elasticity.

Another similarity is that both types of waves have a wavelength and a frequency. The
wavelength is the distance between two successive points on the wave that are in phase
(in other words, that have the same displacement and velocity), while the frequency is
the number of oscillations per unit time.

Finally, both types of waves can exhibit phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and
interference, which are important in many practical applications of wave behavior.

However, there are also significant differences between transverse and longitudinal
waves. In a transverse wave, the direction of wave propagation is perpendicular to the
direction of oscillation of the medium, while in a longitudinal wave, the direction of
wave propagation is parallel to the direction of oscillation.

Additionally, the polarization of a transverse wave can be described as being either

perpendicular or parallel to the direction of wave propagation, while longitudinal waves
do not exhibit polarization in the same way.

In summary, while transverse and longitudinal waves share some similarities in terms of
their properties, they also have significant differences that make them distinct types of
mechanical waves.
Stress and strain are two related concepts in physics that describe how materials deform
and respond to external forces.

Stress is a measure of the force per unit area that is applied to a material. It is defined as
the ratio of the force applied to a material to the area over which it is applied.
Mathematically, stress (σ) is equal to force (F) divided by the area (A):

σ=F/A

Stress can be either compressive (squeezing) or tensile (stretching), and it is usually

measured in units of pressure, such as pascals (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi).

Strain, on the other hand, is a measure of the deformation or change in shape of a

material due to stress. It is defined as the ratio of the change in length (ΔL) of a material
to its original length (L). Mathematically, strain (ε) is equal to the change in length (ΔL)
divided by the original length (L):

ε = ΔL / L

Strain is a unitless quantity, and it is often expressed as a percentage or in parts per

million (ppm).

The relationship between stress and strain is described by the material's elastic modulus
or Young's modulus, which is a measure of the material's stiffness or resistance to
deformation. It is defined as the ratio of stress to strain, and it is expressed in units of
pressure, such as pascals (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi).

The SI units for stress are pascals (Pa), which is defined as the force per unit area.
Alternatively, stress can also be measured in newtons per square meter (N/m²).

The SI units for strain are also unitless, but are often expressed as a percentage or in
parts per million (ppm). Another unit for strain is the microstrain (µε), which is equal to
one millionth of a strain.
Elastic limit refers to the maximum amount of stress or force that a material can undergo
without experiencing any permanent deformation or damage. In other words, it's the point
beyond which a material will no longer return to its original shape or size once the stress is
removed. This limit is determined by the properties of the material and can vary depending on
factors such as temperature and pressure.

Ductile materials are those that can be easily stretched, bent or drawn into wires without
breaking or cracking. Here are three properties of ductile materials:

1. High tensile strength: Ductile materials have a high resistance to tensile stress,
which allows them to be stretched without breaking.
2. High plasticity: Ductile materials have a high level of plastic deformation, which
means they can be easily reshaped or molded without cracking or breaking.
3. High toughness: Ductile materials have a high ability to absorb energy before
fracturing, which makes them resistant to impact or sudden loading. This
property is particularly important in applications where the material may
experience sudden shocks or impacts.

High tensile strength plastics can take the place of metal in

many applications, reducing weight and cost without sacrificing
performance.
 STOKE’S LAW
The law states that the drag force on a small spherical object moving through
a fluid at low Reynolds number is proportional to the velocity of the particle,
the viscosity of the fluid, and the radius of the particle. The formula for the
drag force is given by:

F = 6πrv

where F is the drag force, r is the radius of the particle, v is the velocity of the
particle, and η is the viscosity of the fluid.

This law is often used to study the sedimentation of particles in liquids, as well
as in the design of sedimentation tanks and other devices used for particle
separation. It is important to note that the law applies only to small, spherical
particles moving through a fluid at low Reynolds numbers, where the viscosity
of the fluid dominates over inertial forces.