Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.1 States of matter

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 6
General Average distance Arrangement of Movement of
properties between particles particles particles
solid fixed shape, touching regular pattern vibrate on the
incompressible spot
liquid no fixed shape, most particles irregular, slip and slide
very difficult to touching random over and
compress around each
other
gas no fixed shape, large distances irregular, can move very
spreads out to random quickly, in a
fill container, random
easily manner,
compressed between
collisions

2 any six from: 6

as particles cool, average speed decreases
particles become much closer together at condensation point,
form liquid where particles move randomly, slipping over and around
each other,
as liquid cools average speed of particles decreases
at freezing point particles remain in fixed positions,
vibrating,
vibrations decrease as solid cools

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
3 any six from: 6
as temperature increases, particles gain energy and average speed
increases,
if pressure remains constant particles take up more space,
density decreases
as same mass of gas occupies larger volume,
if gas compressed, pressure increases as particles collide with walls of
container more frequently,
so same mass of gas occupies smaller volume
and density of gas increases
4 strength of attractive forces between particles varies in different 1
substances,
stronger forces of attraction → higher melting points 1
5 Fair test varying one factor, 1
e.g., temperature of water or surface area of paper towel, keeping all 1
other variables constant,
monitor rate of evaporation by measuring mass of wet paper towel 1
on electric balance 1
at regular time intervals 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.2 Atoms into ions

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a covalent 1
1b ionic 1
2a 2,8 Al3+ 1
3 lost 1
2b 2,8 F− 1
1 gained 1
2c 2,8,8 K+ 1
1 lost 1
2d 2,8 O2− 1
2 gained 1
3 atoms of Group 1 lose the single electron from outermost shell, 1
transferring it to a Group 7 atom, 1
which has 7 electrons in its outermost shell, 1
both atoms become ions with the stable electronic arrangements of a 1
noble gas

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.3 Ionic bonding

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 4
Electronic Electronic
Atomic
Atom structure of Ion structure of
number
atom ion
9 F 2,7 F- 2,8
3 Li 2,1 Li+ 2
16 S 2,8,6 S2- 2,8,8
20 Ca 2,8,8,2 Ca2+ 2,8,8

2a Groups 1, 2, and 3, charge = (group number)+ 1

2b Groups 5, 6, and 7, charge = (8 − group number)– 1
3a two sets of 3 concentric circles both labelled K+ with crosses as for 2
Ca2+ in C3.3 Figure 2,
one set of 2 concentric circles labelled O2− as in C3.3 Figure 1 1
3b one set of three concentric circles both labelled Al3+ with crosses as for 1
Ca2+ in C3.3 Figure 2,
three sets of 3 concentric circles all labelled Cl− with crosses as in C3.3 2
Figure 2
4a no overall charge on an ionic compound, 1
in KBr the 1− charge on Br− ion is cancelled by 1+ charge on K+ ion, 1
in K 2 O two K+ ions needed to cancel 2− charge on O2− ion 1
4b In MgO the 2− charge on O2− ion cancels 2+ charge on Mg2+ ion 1
whereas two Cl− ions are needed to cancel out the 2+ charge on an 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

Mg2+ ion
in MgCl 2 . 1

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
5 Any six from: 6
• metal atoms have fewer electrons in outer shell
• so lose electrons to form ions
• with stable electronic structure of noble gas
• ions contain more protons than electrons, giving positive ions.
• Non-metal atoms with 5, 6 or 7 electrons in outer shells
• gain electrons to form ions
• with electronic structure of noble gas
• ions have more electrons than protons, resulting in negative ions

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.4 Giant ionic structures

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 higher concentration of ions from dissolved salts in seawater 1
than in freshwater
2 positive: chloride, bromide, oxide, iodide 2
negative: lithium, calcium, sodium, zinc, barium 2
3 strong electrostatic forces of attraction 1
between oppositely charged ions in giant lattice, 1
in all directions, 1
so a lot of energy required to separate ions in melting 1
4 ions in solid fixed in position 1
only free to move (and carry their charge to electrodes) when molten or 1
dissolved in water
5 aluminium oxide, 1
Al3+ ions have higher charge than Na+ ions, 1
so stronger electrostatic forces of attraction 1
between Al3+, and O2− ions 1
than between Na+ ions, with single positive charge, and O2− ions 1
(smaller size of Al3+ ions also contributes towards this effect)

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.5 Covalent bonding

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 hydrogen iodide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen(III) chloride 1
because these contain only non-metallic elements. 1
2a see C3.5, top of Figure 2 2
2b similar to C3.5, top of Figure 3 but with two Cl atoms 2
2c similar to C3.5, top of Figure 3 but with F instead of Cl 2
3a similar to C3.5, lower of Figure 4 but with P instead of N 3
3b similar to C3.5, top of Figure 4 but with C instead of O and two O 3
instead of H
4 hydrogen → helium 1
chlorine → argon 1
5 Electrostatic attraction between electrons and positive nuclei 1
on either side of the pair of electrons 1
holds atoms together. 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.6 Structure of simple molecules

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a forces of attraction between molecules 1
1b C 12 H 22 O 11 1
2a giant covalent structure 1
with strong covalent bonds holding atoms strongly into regular giant 1
lattices
2b very strong triple covalent bond between atoms in each N 2 molecule 1
but very weak forces of attraction between N 2 molecules / weak
intermolecular forces between N 2 molecules,
so molecules easily separated from each other 1
3 good electrical insulator, 1
no overall charge on its molecules 1
4 Only weak intermolecular forces of attraction between individual HCl 1
molecules,
but very strong ionic bonds 1
which form strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions 1
in giant ionic lattice of sodium chloride. 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.7 Giant covalent structures

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a diamond, graphite 1
1b allotropes 1
2 very high melting and boiling points, hard, 1
insoluble in water, electrical insulator 1
3 layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms, 1
arrows from negative to positive charge 1
4 weak forces between layers of graphite atoms 1
so slip and slide over each other to act as a lubricant 1
5 graphite:
hexagons of C atoms arranged in layers, 1
each C atom forming three strong covalent bonds to its nearest 1
neighbours,
as C atoms have 4 electrons in outer shell, this leaves one free outer 1
electron on each,
free electrons drift freely along layers, enabling graphite to conduct 1
electricity,
diamond:
all outer shell electrons involved in covalent bonding, 1
no free electrons carry electrical charge 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.8 Fullerenes and graphene

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a delivering drugs to parts of body where needed 1
1b shape of molecule similar to building designed by the architect 1
Buckminster Fuller,
(‘bucky-ball’ from his first name and ‘fullerenes’ from his surname).
1c C 60 1
2 flexibility, 1
strength 1
3a C atoms in each layer of graphene arranged in hexagons, 1
each C atom only forms three strong covalent bonds, 1
leaving one spare outer electron on each C atom 1
free to move along layer of C atoms, 1
these mobile delocalised electrons can drift along the layer conducting 1
electricity
3b graphene:
flexible, 1
strong, 1
graphite:
brittle, 1
soft / easily flakes 1
When graphene used on supports they can bend without cracking or 1
breaking any electrical circuits.
Graphene also better electrical conductor than graphite so more 1
efficient when in use.

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.9 Bonding in metals

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 arranged in regular patterns 1
2a because metal atoms lose outer shell electrons 1
into a ‘sea’ of (delocalised) electrons, 1
more protons (+) than electrons (−) 1
2b free-moving electrons within structure, 1
not associated with a particular atom 1
3 2 electrons in magnesium outer shell, 1
donated into ‘sea’ of free-moving delocalised electrons, 1
electrostatic attraction 1
of negatively charged delocalised electrons for Mg2+ ions bonds ions in 1
giant metallic lattice
4 ‘glue’ model → positively charged metal ions stuck in position in giant 1
lattice,
as glue becomes solid when it sets 1
this is not helpful in visualising the fluid movement of delocalized 1
electrons throughout structure

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.10 Giant metallic structures

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1a layers of atoms (positively charged ions) slide over each other easily 1
1bi malleable 1
1 b ii ductile 1
2 differently sized atoms inserted 1
regular arrangement of metal atoms (positively charged ions) 1
disrupted,
more difficult for layers to move 1
3 electricity:
‘sea’ of delocalised electrons drifting through metal’s giant structure 1
because electrons free-moving, 1
thermal energy:
mobile delocalised electrons gain energy when heated, 1
move around more quickly within the metal 1
transferring energy through metal quickly 1
4 Each aluminium donates 3 electrons into ‘sea’ of mobile, delocalised 1
electrons,
forming Al3+ ions, 1
compared to one electron in lattice of Na+ ions. 1
Electrostatic forces of attraction in metallic bonding stronger in 1
aluminium
because of higher charge on Al3+ ions 1
and more electrons involved in metallic bonding. 1

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.11 Nanoparticles

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 study of particles between 1 and 100 nm in size 1
2a 5.0 × 10−8 m (= 50 × 10−9 nm) 1
2b 5.0 × 10−2 μm (= 50 × 10−3 μm) 1
3a SA : V = 0.06 cm2 : 0.001 cm3 = 60/ cm 1
which is 10× greater than the cube of side 1 cm 1
3b SA : V 10 m = 1000 cm so 6 000 000 (6 × 106) cm2 : 1 000 000 000 1
(1 × 109) cm3 = 0.006 (or 6 × 10−3)/ cm 1
which is 10 x less than cube of side 100 cm
4 normal materials: most atoms, molecules or ions exist within body of 1
material – not exposed at surface of material,
material has normal bulk properties of that particular material as 1
determined by its structure and bonding,
nanoparticles: proportion of particles at surface is massively increased 1
for same mass of material, 1
so properties different, e.g., chemical reactivity much greater than bulk 1
material

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 Student Book answers C3 Structure and bonding

C3.12 Applications of nanoparticles

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
1 any two, for example, 2
• antibactericide in fridges
• sprays in operating theatres,
• wound dressings
• on clothes
2a large surface area to volume ratio 1
2b explosions caused by sparks, 1
health problems if breathed in 1
if nanoparticles escape into air / environment 1
3a in sun-screens 1 Any other valid example
to block ultra-violet light, 1
in face creams 1
to deliver active ingredients deeper beneath surface of skin 1
3b delivering drugs to tumour, 1
absorbed by tumours and then absorb energy from lasers to damage 1
tumour by affecting its proteins.
4 balanced argument expressing two concerns and two advantages 4
plus evaluation of Drexler’s assertion of reproducing nanoparticles. 1

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