Sta.

Cruz Learning Center

Landing, Catarman, Liloan
School I.D 404-359

Science 8
Learning Activity Worksheet No. 12
3rd Quarter Week No. 1 Date: ________________________

Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of the particle of nature of matter as
basis for explaining properties, physical changes, and structure of
substances and mixtures.
Performance Standard: The learners should be able to present how water behaves in its different
states within the water cycle
Learning Competency: Explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on the particle
nature of matter
Code: S8MT-IIIab-8
Learning Focus: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES BASED ON THE
PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

All forms of matter are made up of particles. Scientists call this characteristic as
particulate nature of matter. These particles, describes as the building blocks of matter, are called
atoms.
THE ATOM
- Atom is the building block of matter.
- Atoms are grouped together with other atoms to form a molecule.
- Atoms consist of a central, dense nucleus that is surrounded by one or more lightweight
negatively charged particles called electrons.
- The nucleus is made up of positively charged particles called protons and neutral particles
called neutrons.
- An atom is held together by forces of attraction between the electrons and the protons.
- The neutrons help to hold the protons together.
- Protons and neutrons are believed to be made up of even smaller particles called quarks.

THE PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

- In 19th century, English, chemist, meteorologist and physicist John Dalton proposed a
fundamental theory about indivisible particle that made up all matter, named as Atom.
- The particle theory of matter states that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.
- Particle theory of matter includes how particles can be grouped together to form matter;
including the spacing, motion, and movement along the particles.
- Particle theory is applied in other processes like evaporation, boiling, condensation,
sublimation, etc.

PROPERTIES OF THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

The particulate nature of matter is a well-accepted description of matter.
The basic principles of the particulate model of matter are:
 All matter is made of tiny particles.
 There is empty space in between the particles.
 The particles are in constant motion.
 There are forces that act between the particles.

The properties of the three states of matter – solid, liquid, and gas summarized in Table 12.1, are
explained by the particulate nature of matter.
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Definite shape; No definite shape; No, definite shape;
maintains shape even takes the shape of takes the shape of
upon transfer to the portion of the the container
another container container it occupies
Volume Definite volume; no Definite volume; no No, definite volume;
change in volume change in volume takes the entire
even upon transfer to even upon transfer to volume of the
a bigger container a bigger container container
 Compressibility Low compressibility Low compressibility High compressibility
Density High density Lower density than Very low density
solids
Ease of Flow Does not flow easily Flows easily Flows easily

The properties of solids found in Table 30-1 can be explained by the following:
 The solid has a definite shape because its particles are close to each other in orderly arrangement
and occupy definite positions. The fixed positions of the solid particles help in maintaining the
shape of the solid.
 The solid has a definite volume due to the strong attraction between the particles. Its volume is
maintained even when transferred to another container.
 The low compressibility of a solid is due to the closeness of the particles to each other, and the
lack of enough space for the particles to move in. The high density off solid is due to the
closeness of the particles. The particles completely occupy a given space.
 A solid does not flow easily because the particles are closely packed together and are found in
fixed positions. These particles only vibrate in place and they cannot slide past one another.

The properties of liquids can be explained by the following:

 The liquid has no definite shape because, even if the particles are close together, they are not
neatly arranged and these particles are in constant motion; they slide past one another but
stay together.
 The liquid has definite volume due to the strong attraction between the particles. Its volume is
maintained even when transferred to another container.
 The low compressibility of a liquid is due to the closeness of the particles to each other and the
little free space for the particles to move in.
 The lower density of a liquid compared to a solid is due to the absence of a neat arrangement
between particles even if they are close together. This makes fewer particles (compared to
solid) available in a given space.
 A liquid flows easily because the particles are not neatly arranged nor found in fixed positions.
These particles can slide past one another.

The explanations for the properties of gases are given below.

 A gas has no definite shape because its particles are in constant motion and are far apart from
each other. Since its particles can move to any space available, a gas sample will take the
shape of the container.
 A gas has no definite volume due to the large spaces in between the particles. The particles
are free to move to completely occupy a given space. This is the reason why the gas occupies
the total volume of the container.
 The high compressibility of a gas is due to the presence of large spaces in between particles.
These particles can be pushed to come closer to each other.
 The very low density of a gas is due to the large spaces in between particles as a result of
weak interactions between them. Thus, only few particles are available in a given space.
 A gas flows easily because of the presence of large spaces in between particles. These
particles can easily slide past one another.

Date: ________________
ACTIVITY
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following best describes particles in a solid?
a. Particles fill whatever container it is in.
b. Molecules slide past each other; samples take the shape of the container.
c. There is no attractive force between particles.
d. Particles are tightly packed together.
2. Which state of matter spreads itself thinner and thinner until it fills the entire volume of the
container irrespective of its size?
a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma
3. Which of the following does not take the shape of the container it is in?
a. pencil b. oil c. water d. soy sauce
4. I can easily compress the water in a jar to reduce its volume.
a. true b. false
5. In which state can the particles only vibrate?
a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma
6. In which two states are the particles randomly arranged?
a. solid and gas b. liquid and gas c. liquid and solid
7. What are most comets made of?
a. ice, gas, and dust b. rock and dust c. metal and rock d. all of the above
8. Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with the particulate nature of matter?
a. The particles of matter can disperse.
b. Solids have spaces between molecules.
c. There are empty spaces in between particles.
d. All space is filled with matter with no empty spaces however small.
9. Who among the following proposed a fundamental theory about indivisible particle that made up all
matter?
a. John Dalton b. J.J Thomson c. Ernest Rutherford d. Niel’s Bohr
10. What do you called the negatively charged particles?
a. protons b. electrons c. neutron d. atom

ASSESSMENT
Answer the following completely:
1. Differentiate a proton from an electron and a neutron.
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2. Differentiate a solid from a liquid and a gas.

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Name: _____________________________________________Gr. & Section: _________________________Date:__________________

Signature of Parent: ______________________Signature of Teacher: ___________________Date:____________________
FEEDBACK
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
1. Marrie Jessica B. Alumaga, Echel Simon-Antero, Crescencia C. Joaquin, Ricardo M. Crisostomo,
Catherine Genevieve B. Lagunzad, Alicia L. Padua, Thelma R. Mingoa. 2019. Science and
Technology 8. Vibal Group, Inc.
2. Baja, R., Torreta N. 2017. Nurturing Science. Ephesians Publishing Inc.
3. Jason S. Madamba. 2019. Experiencing Science 8.Innovative Educational Materials, Inc
 Sta. Cruz Learning Center
Landing, Catarman, Liloan
School I.D 404-359

Science 8
Learning Activity Worksheet No. 13
3rd Quarter Week No. 2 Date: ________________________

Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of the identity of a substance according
to its atomic structure.
Performance Standard: The learners should be able to present how water behaves in its different
states within the water cycle
Learning Competency: Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a particular
atom;
Code: S8MT-IIIe-f-10
Learning Focus: SUBATOMIC PARTICLES (PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS)

Everything we see is made up of tiny little particles called atoms. The atoms are made of even
smaller particles. These are called protons, electrons and neutrons. They are very different from each
other in many ways. One way they are different is their “charge”. Protons have a positive (+) charge.
Electrons have a negative (-) charge. Neutrons have no charge.

ELECTRONS
Electrons are the smallest and lightest of the particles in an atom. Electrons are in constant
motion as they circle around the nucleus of that atom. Electrons are said to have a negative charge,
which means that they seem to be surrounded by a kind of invisible force field. This is called an
electrostatic field.

PROTONS
Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge.
This positively charged electrostatic field is exactly the same strength as the electrostatic field in an
electron, but it is opposite in polarity. Notice the negative electron and the positive proton have the
same number of force field lines in each of the diagrams. In other words, the proton is exactly as
positive as the electron is negative.

NEUTRONS
Neutron was discovered in 1932 by English physicist James Chadwick. Neutron is one of the
constituent particles of every atomic nucleus except ordinary hydrogen. It has almost the same mass
as the protons but neutral.

Usually, atoms have the same number of electrons and protons. Then the atom has no charge, it is
neutral. But if you rub things together, electrons can move from one atom to another.
 Some atoms get extra electrons. They have a negative charge and referred to as anion.
 Other atoms lose electrons. They have a positive charge and referred to as cation.
 When charges are separated like this, it is called static electricity.

Example:

Neutral Sodium Atom Neutral Sulfur Atom

Protons = 11 Protons = 16
Electrons = 11 Electrons = 16

If the atom lose 1 electron If the atom gain 2 electrons

 (11 – 1 = 10), (16 + 2 = 18),
Protons = 11 Protons = 16
Electrons = 10 Electrons = 18
+1 -2
…it becomes positively charged (Na+1). …it becomes negatively charged (S-2).
If two things have different charges, they attract, or pull towards each other. If two things have
the same charge, they repel, or push away from each other.

Have you ever wonder why does your hair stand up after you take your hat off? When you pull your
hat off, it rubs against your hair. Electrons move from your hair to the hat. Now each of the hairs has
the same positive charge. Things with the same charge repel each other. So the hairs try to move
away from each other. The farthest they can get is to stand up and away from all the other hairs.

The letter(s) in the middle is the symbol of the element.

The number on the bottom left corner is the atomic number, which tells you the number of protons.
The number on the upper left corner is the mass number, which is equal to the neutrons and protons
added together.
Lastly, the charge is on the upper right corner. If there isn’t any number or signs, then it means that
atom has no charge and is neutral.

 # of protons = atomic number

 # of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
 # of electrons = atomic number – charge

What is an atom’s atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines an element’s atomic number. In
other words, each element has a unique number that identifies how many protons are in one atom of
that element. For example, all hydrogen atoms, and only hydrogen atoms, contain one proton and
have an atomic number of 1. All carbon atoms, and only carbon atoms, contain six protons and have
an atomic number of 6. Oxygen atoms contain 8 protons and have an atomic number of 8.
The atomic number of an element never changes, meaning that the number of protons in the
nucleus of every atom in an element is always the same.

What is the mass number?

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is called the mass number. Sodium has
11 protons and 12 neutrons. The mass number is 11 + 12 = 23. The mass number is the total number
of particles in the nucleus.

IDENTITY OF AN ATOM
While the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element, their masses are not.
 Atoms of an element that have same atomic number but differ in mass are called isotopes of
that chemical element.
 An atom of a specific isotope is called a nuclide.
 The isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons.
 The isotopes are identified using their mass number, A, which is defined as the sum of the
number of protons and neutrons.

The isotopes of an element are represented in two ways:

Symbol of the element – mass number
Examples: H – 1 (read as hydrogen one)
H – 2 (read as hydrogen two)
H – 3 (read as hydrogen three)
EXERCISES/ACTIVITIES Date: ________________
A. Directions: Fill up the table below:
SYMBOL ATOMIC MASS PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON
NUMBER NUMBER
64
29 Na
¿¿¿
¿ ¿K ¿
19 20
¿ ¿ Au
¿¿ ¿
¿
79 197
65
¿¿
Zn
¿
35
¿¿¿
¿ ¿ Al
¿
13 14

Date: ________________
B.Directions: Identify the element and determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the
following:
56 18
26 Fe Chemical element: _________________ 8 O Chemical element: _________________
# of protons: _____ # of protons: _____
# of neutrons: ____ # of neutrons: ____
# of electrons: ____ # of electrons: ____
40 25
20 Ca Chemical element: _________________ 12 Mg Chemical element: _________________
# of protons: _____ # of protons: _____
# of neutrons: ____ # of neutrons: ____
# of electrons: ____ # of electrons: ____
17
8 O Chemical element: _________________
# of protons: _____
# of neutrons: ____
# of electrons: ____

ASSESSMENT Date: ________________

Directions: Use the information given to fill in the blanks.

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electron Mass Atomic

symbol number Number Mass
B 6
11 24
31 37
39 89
35 63.5
43 100
Pb 207
102 70
225 227
Mo 53
81 206
100 159

Name: _____________________________________________Gr. & Section: _________________________Date:__________________

Signature of Parent: ______________________Signature of Teacher: ___________________Date:____________________
FEEDBACK
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
1. Marrie Jessica B. Alumaga, Echel Simon-Antero, Crescencia C. Joaquin, Ricardo M. Crisostomo,
Catherine Genevieve B. Lagunzad, Alicia L. Padua, Thelma R. Mingoa. 2019. Science and
Technology 8. Vibal Group, Inc.
2. Baja, R., Torreta N. 2017. Nurturing Science. Ephesians Publishing Inc.
3. Jason S. Madamba. 2019. Experiencing Science 8.Innovative Educational Materials, Inc.