NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

General Chemistry 2

Quarter/Term: Midterm Date: 2021.01.11 – 2021.01.15

Week No.: 1 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Quality Education ☐ Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs: ☐ Christian Leaders ☐ Computing/ICT Literacy
☐ Competent Professionals ☐ Communication
☐ Community-Oriented Citizens ☐ Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: Mrs.Krisca M. Mariveles ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance

Online lesson
Topic: Kinetic Molecular Theory
Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. discuss the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory
2. compare properties of liquids and solids with those of gas
3. apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids
References/Materials:
https://www.sdbor.edu/educators/praxis/Documents/bhsu/documents/ms_sc3.pdf
https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/learnhive/lcards/Solids-Liquids-and-Gases-
52d8fe8084266.png
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10/states-of-matter-and-the-kinetic-molecular-
theory/03-states-of-matter-and-the-kinetic-molecular-theory-02
http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Kinetic/Forces01.htm
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/kinetic-molecular-theory-and-gas-
laws/#:~:text=Kinetic%20Molecular%20Theory%20states%20that,proportional%20to%20absolute
%20temperature%20only.

Module No.: 1
I. Topic: Kinetic Molecular Theory
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. discuss the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory
2. compare properties of liquids and solids with those of gas
3. apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids

2021.01.10 1:34:37 PM
III. Discussion

By the late 19th century, scientists had begun accepting the atomic theory of matter started relating it
to individual molecules. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases comes from observations that
scientists made about gases to explain their macroscopic properties. The following are the basic
assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory:

1. The volume occupied by the individual particles of a gas is negligible compared to the
volume of the gas itself.
2. The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other or on their
surroundings.
3. Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move in straight lines until
they collide with another body.
4. The collisions exhibited by gas particles are completely elastic; when two molecules
collide, total kinetic energy is conserved.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute
temperature only; this implies that all molecular motion ceases if the temperature is
reduced to absolute zero.

Kinetic energy is energy that an object has because of its motion. The Kinetic Molecular Theory
explains the forces between molecules and the energy that they possess.

This theory is based on three theories about matter.

• Matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions).

• The space the molecules occupy (volume) depends on the space between the molecules and not
the space the molecules occupy themselves.

• The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different for each of the three states of matter.
They are colliding with each other and the walls of their container. When the molecules collide with
each other, or with the walls of a container, there is no significant loss of energy. Absolute zero is the
temperature used to describe when all movement is as slow as it can possibly be.

KEY POINTS!

 All particles have energy, and the energy varies depending on the temperature the sample of
matter is in, which determines if the substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. Solid particles have the
least amount of energy, and gas particles have the greatest amount of energy.

 The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles. A
change in phase may occur when the energy of the particles is changed.

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  There are spaces between particles of matter. The average amount of empty space between
molecules gets progressively larger as a sample of matter moves from the solid to the liquid
and gas phases.

STATES OF MATTER

Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of atoms, molecules, and/or ions, but the behaviors of these
particles differ in the three phases.

Solid - Molecules are held
close to each other by their
attractions of charge. They will
bend and/or vibrate, but will
stay in close proximity. The
molecules have an ordered
arrangement.
Liquid - Molecules will flow or
glide over one another, but
stay toward the bottom of the
container. Motion is a bit more
random than that of a solid.
They have enough kinetic
energy to slip out of the
ordered arrangement of a
solid.
Gas - Molecules are in
continual straight-line motion.
The kinetic energy of the
molecule is greater than the
attractive force between them,
thus they are much farther
apart and move freely of each
other

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICLES THAT ARE IN EACH PHASE OF MATTER

Property of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Particles Atoms or molecules Atoms or molecules Atoms or molecules

Energy and Low energy - Particles have more Particles have high energy
movement of particles vibrate energy than in the and are constantly moving.
particles around a fixed point. solid phase but less
than in the gas
phase.

2021.01.10 1:34:37 PM
Spaces between Very little space Bigger spaces than Large spaces because of
particles between particles. in solids but smaller high energy.
Particles are tightly than in gases.
packed together.
Attractive forces Very strong forces. Weaker forces than Weak forces because of the
between particles. Solids have a fixed in solids, but large distance between
volume. stronger forces than particles.
in gases.
Changes in phase. Solids become A liquid becomes a In general a gas becomes a
liquids or gases if gas if its liquid or solid when it is
their temperature is temperature is cooled. Particles have less
increased. increased. A liquid energy and therefore move
becomes a solid if closer together so that the
its temperature attractive forces become
decreases. stronger, and the gas
becomes a liquid or a solid.

The Kinetic-Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids

Gases

 A collection of widely separated molecules

 The kinetic energy of the molecules is greater than any attractive forces between the
molecules
 The lack of any significant attractive force between molecules allows a gas to expand to fill its
container
 If attractive forces become large enough, then the gases exhibit non-ideal behavior

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Liquids

 The intermolecular attractive forces are strong enough to hold molecules close together
 Liquids are more dense and less compressible than gasses
 Liquids have a definite volume, independent of the size and shape of their container
 The attractive forces are not strong enough, however, to keep neighboring molecules in a
fixed position and molecules are free to move past or slide over one another

Thus, liquids can be poured and assume the shape of their containers

Solids

 The intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules are strong enough to keep them
locked in position
 Solids (like liquids) are not very compressible due to the lack of space between molecules
 If the molecules in a solid adopt a highly ordered packing arrangement, the structures are said
to be crystalline

Due to the strong intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules, solids are rigid

Gases have weaker intermolecular forces than liquids

Liquids have weaker intermolecular forces than solids

IV. Check your Understanding:

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (5
points)

1. The pressure resulting from the collision of air molecules with objects is called
a) Kinetic energy
b) Atmospheric pressure
c) Vapour pressure
d) Sublimation

2. The pressure above a liquid in a sealed container caused by the collision of vaporized particles
with the walls of their container is called
a) Kinetic energy
b) Vapour pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure
d) Sublimation

3. Which of the following statements does not agree with the kinetic theory of gases?
a) Gas particles move in predictable patterns.
b) Gas particles move independently of one another.
c) Gas particles are spaced far apart from each other.

2021.01.10 1:34:37 PM
d) Gas particles are in constant motion. Answer
key
4. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is 1. b
a) Increased as the temperature of the substance increases. 2. b
b) Unaffected by changes in the temperature of the substance. 3. a
c) Increased as the temperature of the substance decreases. 4. a
d) Equal to the total thermal energy absorbed by the substance. 5. c

5. What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of gas as the temperature of the
sample increases?
a) It increases, then decreases
b) It does not change
c) It increases
d) It decreases

V. Enrichment:

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (5
points)

1. Which of the following statements is false?

a. Condensed states have much higher densities than gases.
b. Molecules are very far apart in gases and closer together in liquids and solids.
c. Gases completely fill any container they occupy and are easily compressed.
d. Vapor refers to a gas formed by evaporation of a liquid or sublimation of a solid.
e. Solid water (ice), unlike most substances, is denser than its liquid form (water).

2. Which physical state/ property is incorrectly matched?

a. liquids and solids - rigid shape
b. gases - easily compressed
c. gases and liquids - flow
d. solids - higher density than gases
e. liquids – incompressible

3. All of the following statements, except one, are important postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory
of gases. Which one?
a. Gases consist of large numbers of particles in rapid random motion.
b. The volume of the molecules of a gas is very small compared to the total volume in which the gas
is contained.
c. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.
d. The time during which a collision between two molecules occurs is negligibly short compared to the
time between collisions.
e. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the individual molecules

4.Which one of the following statements does not describe the general properties of liquids
accurately?
a. Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with changes in temperature.
(Assuming that the liquid is not vaporized.)
b. Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with changes in pressure.
c. Liquids diffuse only very slowly when compared to solids.
2021.01.10 1:34:37 PM
d. The liquid state is highly disordered compared to the solid state.
e. Liquids have high densities compared to gases.

5. Which one of the following statements does not describe the general properties of solids
accurately?
a. Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with changes in temperature.
b. Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with changes in pressure.
c. Solids diffuse only very slowly when compared to liquids and gases.
d. Solids are not fluid.
e. Most solids have high vapor pressures at room temperature.

VI. References/Materials:
https://www.sdbor.edu/educators/praxis/Documents/bhsu/documents/ms_sc3.pdf
https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/learnhive/lcards/Solids-Liquids-and-Gases-
52d8fe8084266.png
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10/states-of-matter-and-the-kinetic-molecular-
theory/03-states-of-matter-and-the-kinetic-molecular-theory-02
http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Kinetic/Forces01.htm
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/kinetic-molecular-theory-and-gas-
laws/#:~:text=Kinetic%20Molecular%20Theory%20states%20that,proportional%20to%20absolute
%20temperature%20only.

☐ Plan Delivered
☐ Partially Delivered
Reason: _____________________________
_____________________________
Action Taken: _________________________
_________________________
☐ Not Delivered
Reason: ___________________________
___________________________
Action Taken: _______________________
_______________________

Approved by: __________________

Subject Coordinator

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Name and Signature : Krisca M. Mariveles Mr.Lloriellard A. Larona Mr.Felmar Maloto
Designation : Subject Matter Expert Subject Coordinator Assistant Principal
Date : 2021.01.08

2021.01.10 1:34:37 PM
 NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

General Chemistry 1

Quarter/Term: Midterm Date: 2021.01.18 – 2021.01.22

Week No.: 2 21st Century Skills:
 Damean’s Beat: Quality Education ☐ Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs: ☐ Christian Leaders ☐ Computing/ICT Literacy
☐ Competent Professionals ☐ Communication
☐ Community-Oriented Citizens ☐ Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: Mrs.Krisca M. Mariveles ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance

Online lesson
Topic: Intermolecular forces
Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. describe various intermolecular forces
2. determine polarity of molecules (polar or nonpolar molecule)
3. determine intermolecular forces present in a given substance
References/Materials:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_
Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties
_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Overview_of_Intermo
lecular_Forces#:~:text=Intermolecular%20forces%20are%20forces%20between%20molecu
les.&text=The%20physical%20properties%20of%20melting,forces%20are%20called%20Int
ermolecular%20Forces.
https://web.gccaz.edu/~kimld88531/chm130lec_files/Ch%2014%20OER.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-of-the-intermolecular-
forces_fig2_279389024
https://nonsibihighschool.org/intbasch11_files/image015.png
http://www.csun.edu/~hcchm001/shapes-polarity.pdf

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
Module No.: 1
I. Topic: Intermolecular forces
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. describe various intermolecular forces
2. determine polarity of molecules (polar or nonpolar molecule)
3. determine intermolecular forces present in a given substance
III. Discussion

Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules. Depending on its strength, intermolecular forces
cause the forming of three physical states: solid, liquid and gas. The physical properties of melting
point, boiling point, vapor pressure, evaporation, viscosity, surface tension, and solubility are related
to the strength of attractive forces between molecules. These attractive forces are called
Intermolecular Forces.

There are four types of intermolecular forces. Most of the intermolecular forces are identical to
bonding between atoms in a single molecule. Intermolecular forces just extend the thinking to forces
between molecules and follows the patterns already set by the bonding within molecules.

1. London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

 exist for all substances, whether composed of

polar or nonpolar molecules

 arise from the formation of temporary

instantaneous polarities across a molecule from
the circulations of electrons.

 an instantaneous polarity in one molecule may

induce an opposing polarity in an adjacent
molecule, resulting in a series of attractive forces
among neighboring molecules.

 molecules with higher molecular weights have

more electrons. This makes their electron clouds
more deformable from nearby charges, a
characteristic called polarizability.

 As a result, molecules with higher molecular

weights have higher LDF and consequently have
higher melting points, boiling points and
enthalpies of vaporization.
2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces (DDF)

 exist between molecules that are polar-those that

have a permanent dipole moment due to uneven
sharing of electrons

 This uneven sharing gives one side of the

molecule a partial positive charge (δ+) and the
other side a partially negative charge (δ-)

 The polarities of individual molecules ten to align

by opposites, drawing molecules together and
thereby favoring a condensed phase.

 Substances with dipole-dipole attractions tend to

have higher melting and boiling points compared
to nonpolar molecules, which only have LDF.

3.Hydrogen Bonding Forces (HBF)

 An especially strong dipole force exists between

molecules containing H-F, H-O or H-N bonds.
 Also called H Bridging Force sometimes.
 A very strong type of IMF between polar
molecules.
4. Ion-Dipole Forces (IDF)

 When an ionic compound such as NaCl dissolves

in water, the water molecules arrange their
oppositely charged dipole to be attracted to the
fully charged ion, creating a very strong attractive
force called an ion-dipole force.

 Between a polar molecule and a fully charged

ion.

 The partial negative charge on the water

molecule is attracted to the fully charged positive
sodium ion (Na+).


molecule is attracted to the fully charged
negative chloride ion (Cl-).

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
 How to determine
polarity of molecules?

1. Examine the difference in electronegativity of bonding atoms in a molecule

EXAMPLES:

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
 2. Check symmetry of the structure

EXAMPLE – Predicting Molecular Polarity:

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LETS TRY!
Decide whether the molecules represented by the following formulas are polar or nonpolar.
a. CO2 b. OF2 c. CH2Cl2 d. HCN

Solution:

a. The Lewis structure for CO2 is

The electronegativities of carbon and oxygen are 2.55 and 3.44. The 0.89 difference in
electronegativity indicates that the C-O bonds are polar, but the symmetrical arrangement of
these bonds makes the molecule nonpolar.
If we put arrows into the geometric sketch for CO 2, we see that they exactly balance each
other, in both direction and magnitude. This shows the symmetry of the bonds.

b. The Lewis structure for OF2 is

The electronegativities of oxygen and fluorine, 3.44 and 3.98, respectively, produce a 0.54
difference that leads us to predict that the O-F bonds are polar. The molecular geometry of
OF2 is bent. Such an asymmetrical distribution of polar bonds would produce a polar
molecule.

c. The Lewis structure for CH2Cl2 is

The electronegativities of hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine are 2.20, 2.55, and 3.16. The 0.35
difference in electronegativity for the H-C bonds tells us that they are essentially nonpolar.
The 0.61 difference in electronegativity for the C-Cl bonds shows that they are polar. The
following geometric sketches show that the polar bonds are asymmetrically arranged, so the
molecule is polar.

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
 d. The Lewis structure and geometric sketch for HCN are the same:

The electronegativities of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen are 2.20, 2.55, and 3.04. The 0.35
difference in electronegativity for the H-C bond shows that it is essentially nonpolar. The 0.49
difference in electronegativity for the C-N bond tells us that it is polar. Molecules with one
polar bond are always polar

Summary

Bonds

1. Ionic bond – holds metal/nonmetal ions together

2. Polar Covalent Bond – e - shared unequally between nonmetals
3. Nonpolar Covalent Bond – e - shared equally between nonmetals

Forces

1. London Dispersion – nonpolar molecules

2. Dipole-dipole – polar molecules
3. Hydrogen Bonding Force – H bonded to N or O or F within the molecule
4. Ion-Dipole Force – a fully charged ion and a polar molecule.

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
IV. Check your Understanding:

Indicate the strongest type of intermolecular force (LDF, DDF, HBF, or IDF) between the molecules in
the following:

Molecular Bond Type Symmetry in Polarity of Strongest

Structure (Polar or structure Molecule Intermolecular
Nonpolar) (symmetrical (Polar or Force
or Nonpolar
assymetrical) molecule)
A. CO2
B. PF3
C. HF
D. CH4

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
 Answer key:
Molecular Structure Bond Type Symmetry in Polarity of Strongest
(Polar or Nonpolar) structure Molecule (Polar Intermolecular Force
(symmetrical or or Nonpolar
assymetrical) molecule)
A. CO2 C-O: polar bond symmetrical NONPOLAR London displacement
C-O: polar bond forces
B. PF3 P-F: polar bond assymmetrical POLAR Dipole-dipole forces
P-F: polar bond
P-F: polar bond
C. HF H-F: polar bond assymmetrical POLAR Hydrogen bond forces

D. CH4 C-H: nonpolar bond Symmetrical NONPOLAR London dispersion

C-H: nonpolar bond forces
C-H: nonpolar bond
C-H: nonpolar bond
V. Enrichment:

Indicate the strongest type of intermolecular force (LDF, DDF, HBF, or IDF) between the molecules in
the following:

Molecular Bond Type Symmetry in Polarity of Strongest

Structure (Polar or structure Molecule Intermolecular
Nonpolar) (symmetrical (Polar or Force
or Nonpolar
assymetrical) molecule)
A. CCl4

B. NH3

C. HCl
D. OF2

VI. References/Materials:
.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_
Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties
_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Overview_of_Intermo
lecular_Forces#:~:text=Intermolecular%20forces%20are%20forces%20between%20molecu
les.&text=The%20physical%20properties%20of%20melting,forces%20are%20called%20Int
ermolecular%20Forces.
https://web.gccaz.edu/~kimld88531/chm130lec_files/Ch%2014%20OER.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-of-the-intermolecular-
forces_fig2_279389024
https://nonsibihighschool.org/intbasch11_files/image015.png
http://www.csun.edu/~hcchm001/shapes-polarity.pdf

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM
☐ Plan Delivered
☐ Partially Delivered
Reason: _____________________________
_____________________________
Action Taken: _________________________
_________________________
☐ Not Delivered
Reason: ___________________________
___________________________
Action Taken: _______________________
_______________________

Approved by: __________________

Subject Coordinator

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Name and Signature : Krisca M. Mariveles Mr.Lloriellard A. Larona Mr.Felmar Maloto
Designation : Subject Matter Expert Subject Coordinator Assistant Principal
Date : 2021.01.15

2021.01.17 5:29:31 PM