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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

“META-ANALYTIC PAPER: Effects of Change in Phase, Energy and IMF in the Properties
of Solids, Liquids and Solutions”

Prepared by:
Group No. (6)

Group Members:

Abel Antonio R. Bacani

Israelle R. Baisa
Sophia Isabel A. Cayanan
Mackenzie Earl S. Ofalda
Nicole Jane S. Rivera
Sean Caleb S. Santos

Submitted to:
Ms. Shaira M. Lansangan
General Chemistry 2 Teacher
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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

“META-ANALYTIC PAPER: Effects of Change in Phase, Energy and IMF in the Properties
of Solids, Liquids and Solutions”

Abel Antonio R. Bacani, Israelle R. Baisa, Sophia Isabel A. Cayanan, Mackenzie Earl S.
Ofalda, Nicole Jane S. Rivera, Sean Caleb S. Santos

Senior High School-(11-St. Bede)-Holy Angel University Angeles City

INTRODUCTION transition is when a substance changes

Intermolecular forces (IMF) is known as
the main contributor to the difference of
phases among solids, liquids, and solutions
as it holds their properties together and as
their connection breaks down whilst
changes occur. This research is conducted
to review how the IMF affect their
properties along with the change in
particles. This paper includes the change
in temperature (how it affects the change
in properties of solids, liquids, and
solutions), the transition of solids into
liquids, review of solid-liquid phase
change materials, and the effect of solvent
properties on solid-liquid phase. We recall
from the basics of chemistry that changes
in substances can trigger corresponding
changes in their properties. For instance,
solids have compressed particles and have
little diffusion beyond surface layer while
liquids are only slightly compressible and
take their formation to the shape of their
container; properties of solutions depend
to the number of solute particles and their
state is based on the highness or lowness
of vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing
point, and osmotic pressure. Phase
from a solid, liquid, or gas state to a
different state. Every element and
substance can transition from one phase to
another at a specific combination of
temperature and pressure. According to
The Fundamentals of Phase Transitions,
the temperature and pressure at which the
substance will change is very dependent
on the intermolecular forces that are acting
on the molecules and atoms of the
substance. There can be two phases
coexisting in a single container at the same
time and this is called a two-phase state.
This typically happens when the substance
is transitioning from one phase to another.
There are shifting processes that are
reversible and transfers between phases
differently; melting, freezing, evaporating,
condensing, sublimation, and deposition.
Some of these processes involves the
change of solid into liquid (melting) and
liquid to solid (freezing). While liquid
water contracts in freezing, it also expands
when heat is added. This is due to the
reaction of the particles between
molecules and atoms in intermolecular
forces that triggers the expansion and
contraction of the particles in a substance.
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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

Based on the study of Peter C. Weyner Jr., BODY

the variation of long‐range intermolecular
forces near interfaces profoundly affects Matter has different properties depending
the performance of change‐of‐phase heat on its state or phase. The state of a
exchangers. Starting with the fundamental substance depends on the balance between
electromagnetic force between molecules the kinetic energy of the individual
(dielectric properties), the effects of shape particles (molecules or atoms) and the
(Kelvin effect), temperature (Clapeyron intermolecular forces. As their state
effect) and concentration on the heat‐ change their properties also change. This
transfer characteristics of thin films and change occurs when a substance has
larger systems are reviewed and changed temperature. That heat is the
connected. A judicious selection of energy that changes the bonding of the
literature gives a consistent set of models molecules which results to a different
of particular use in heat transfer. Examples state. Depending on the temperature,
of experimental verification of these bonds can be created or broken between
interfacial models in this rapidly molecules. When the energy is high
developing field are also presented. enough the particles move around but does
not separate but not enough for it to
It is important to determine the phase chan separate. The molecules are still bonded to
ge and intermolecular forces of a  one another, the distance between the
particular material because it determines  particles varies for every state. A solid has
its boiling and freezing point of a  compacted particles while liquids have
particular material.
Based on Paden's thesis, Sweet Chemistry:
A Thesis of the Intermolecular Forces in C
andy Dye Molecules, which aims to test 
the interactions between candy coatings 
and different candies.

The main aim of this meta-analytic paper i
s to determine the effects 
of phase
change, energy, and IMF change on the 
properties of solids, liquids, and solutions, 
and to provide a review of the relevance 
and involvement of phase change and 
intermolecular forces in our daily 
existence from various research papers. loose. A substance does not change its
temperature unless the whole substance
has changed its phase. Only then will the
temperature of the new substance increase
because the heat added will increase the
kinetic energy of the substance which will
also increase its temperature instead of

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
breaking the attractive intermolecular
force of the substance.
Intermolecular forces are forces that
attracts molecules together. The strength
of the attractions between particles affects
the state of a substance or solution.
Stronger attractions will create a solid
form until enough energy is added to break
the attraction of its particles causing it to
liquefy, more energy will cause the
substance to evaporate and become gas
particles. Solids and liquids have
microscopic structures in which the
constituent particles are very close
together. Their properties are much more
dependent on intermolecular forces and on
atomic, molecular, or ionic sizes and
shapes than are the properties of gases.
The liquid phase have microscopic
particles that are close together but can
still move past one another, this provides
an ideal medium for chemical reactions.
Reactant molecules can move toward one
another because they are not held in fixed
locations as in a solid, and a great many
more collisions between molecules are
possible because they are much closer
together than in a gas. These collisions
lead to breaking of old bonds and
formation of new bonds.
The intermolecular forces of attraction in
solids hold the particles so tightly in place
that they cannot pull away from each other
to expand their volume, nor can they flow
past one another to change shape.
Therefore, solids hold their own shape and
volume regardless of their container.
There is very little empty space in the
solid structure, so solids are virtually
incompressible. Since molecules cannot
pass each other in the structure, diffusion
or mixing is essentially non-existent
beyond the surface layer. Attractive forces
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between molecules are a major factor in
the behavior of the liquids. Since the
particles in a liquid remain in touch with
each other, liquids maintain their volume,
but since the particles can flow past each
other, liquids take the shape of their
container. 100 mL of liquid will be 100
mL in any container, but because the
liquid molecules are not held in a tightly-
packed pattern like solids are, the
molecules can move past one another,
allowing the liquid to fit the shape of the
container.
The molecular structure of the liquid phase
has some spaces between the particles that
allow the particles to move past one
another, but the attraction between the
particles is strong enough to prevent them
from moving very far apart. In the solid
phase, the forces of attraction have
completely overcome molecular motion,
and the movement of the particles has
been reduced to vibrating in place. The
particles cannot move past one another
and are held in a tightly-packed pattern, so
there is very little space between the
particles.
To form a solution, molecules of solute
and solvent must be more attracted to each
other than themselves. The strength of the
intermolecular forces between solutes and

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solvents determines the solubility of a
given solute in a given solvent. In order to
form a solution, the solute must be
surrounded, or solvated, by the solvent.
Solutes successfully dissolve into solvents
when solute-solvent bonds are stronger
than either solute-solute bonds or solvent-
solvent bonds.
Physical changes are changes in which no
bonds are broken or formed. This means
that the same types of compounds or
elements that were there at the beginning
of the change are there at the end of the
change. Because the ending materials are
the same as the beginning materials, the
properties (such as color, boiling point,
etc) will also be the same. As an ice cube
melts, its shape changes as it acquires the
ability to flow. However, its composition
does not change. Melting is an example of
a physical change. A physical change is a
change to a sample of matter in which
some properties of the material change,
but the identity of the matter does not.
When we heat the liquid water, it changes
to water vapor. But even though the
physical properties have changed, the
molecules are exactly the same as before.
We still have each water molecule
containing two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom covalently bonded. Physical
changes can further be classified as
reversible or irreversible. The melted ice
cube may be refrozen, so melting is a
reversible physical change.
Chemical changes occur when bonds are
broken and/or formed between molecules
or atoms. This means that one substance
with a certain set of properties (such as
melting point, color, taste, etc) is turned
into a different substance with different
properties. Chemical changes are
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frequently harder to reverse than physical
changes. One good example of a chemical
change is burning a candle. The act of
burning paper actually results in the
formation of new chemicals (carbon
dioxide and water, to be exact) from the
burning of the wax.
Certain substances and solutions react
when exposed to certain amounts of heat.
Such chemical reactions affects both the
chemical and physical properties of
substances even though its phase does not
fully change. Some solutions turns into
harmful gas when heated which can be
dangerous when inhaled. Change in state
of matter in solutions is very important as
most of our everyday product are made
through it. Substances are mixed which
create new products when heated or
cooled. Food, household materials, and
beverages are great examples of this.
CONCLUSION
Phase change occurs in solids, liquids and
solutions when there is change in the
amount of energy which is the heat. A rise
in temperature increases the kinetic energy
and speed, which is the heat and energy, of
particles, the intermolecular forces
between the molecules are decreasing but
not enough to break the bond. On the other
hand, when matter cools down, its
particles contracts and the intermolecular
forces increases.
Every state of matter has different
properties that defines what type it is.
Since phase change is applicable for all the
types of matter, it affects the properties of
solids, liquids as well as solutions. Once a
matter undergoes phase change, its
properties changes as well according to
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what type of matter it will turn out. Thus, Materials in our livelihood and economy.
the properties of solids, liquids and It can serve as their guide about the
solutions are dependent to the state of information that they need to know on
matter that they will turn into once there how the change phase, intermolecular
are changes on their intermolecular forces, forces and heat affects the properties of
phase and energy. solids, liquids and solutions. It can also
help them create more types of products
Phase changes happens daily and is an that includes phase change.
essential for real life. From the preparation
of food, household materials, and REFERENCES
beverages, phase change occurs. One of
the most useful materials that uses phase APPENDICES
change is a phase change material (PCM).
PCM is a substance that releases and
absorbs energy at phase transition for
heating and cooling. The general phase
change is from a solid to liquid state or
vice versa.

According to Global-E-System, there are

several types of Phase Change Materials
such as paraffins, water base PCM salt
hydrates and fatty acids.

Examples of PCM that goes from solid to

liquid state are water-based PCM and
plant-based PCM. Cold storage systems or
ice storage systems are mainly used in the
air conditioning or process industry. These
are also used in traditional building
cooling or beer breweries. Plant based
PCM are organic PCM's because they
come from plant oil or animal fat. The
latent heat is good and most vegetable fats
derived from fatty acids or this type of
PCM have better efficiency than salt
hydrates and paraffins.

Thus, this research can help students and

researchers who wants to have a further
study the usage of phase change in liquids,
solids and solutions. This research can
serve as a background information to
create more uses of Phase Change