Efficacy in using organic

and inorganic fertilizers and

producing the quality crops

of tomato

LACSON, HARVEY JR C.

WORLD MARITIME ACADEMY AND TRAINING CENTER INCORPORATED

S.Y 2023-2024
 Approval Sheet

This research paper entitled “Efficacy in using organic and inorganic fertilizers and

producing the quality crops of tomato” in WMATCI campus located at Km 20

Cuadra Hontanosas farm, Maayungtubig, Dauin, Negros Oriental. Prepared and

submitted by Ronie Handumon grade 12 SHS student STEM in fulfillment of

research paper as requirement for completion in Senior High School. This research

paper is check and examine by Mr. Rogelio Z. Villaruel research instructor

Harvey Lacson Jr Ms. Jhoebelle Tuague

Researcher Adviser

Mr. Rogelio Z. Villaruel

School Administrator
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Rogelio Z. Villaruel, our school’s

administrator and lecturer, for helping me to carry out a research study that was

exciting and challenging. To our instructor, who is ready to offer his all and provide

advice to make this study successful. To my parents, who are willing to volunteer

their time and energy to help me with my financial circumstances and to impact

their wisdom to me as I perform my study. To my classmates and friends who

volunteered their time and knowledge to help me complete and deliver this work.

Without their invaluable assistance and invaluable experience, this project would

not have been completed. They always stood by my side when I needed them.

Laat but not the least, I will always give thanks to our All- Powerful God for

providing me with courage and insight to get through all the challenges and

hardship I faced. As always, I will watch for your direction as I work toward my

goals for the future.

 Dedication

This work is a fruit on countless and arduous sacrifices. Through the researcher’s

effort this work is heartly and proudly dedicated to the people who serve as an

inspiration and to certain institution and individuals for their contributors towards

production of this research project. I would like to thank my family with sincere

gratitude for their unconditional support whose words of encouragement and push

for tenacity ring in my ear. To my friends who have supported me throughout the

process.

To the World Maritime and Training Center Incorporated faculty, members,

teachers, that provide assistance as requested that development of my study. Above

all, to our one in only school administrator and president Mr. Rogelio Z. Villaruel for

his excitement word of wisdom willingness to provide feedback which made the

completion of this research an enjoyable experience.

And lastly, to our Almighty and Powerful God who always give me strength,

wisdom, guidance, power of thinking, security, and forgiving me good health while

doing this study. All of these, I always offer to you.

Abstract
 CHAPTER I

Introduction 1.1

The tomato if the fruit of the plant Lycopersicon esculentumor mostly known as

Solanum lycopersicum. Regardless of its name, the tomato is a wonderfully popular

and versatile food that comes in over a thousand different varieties that vary in

shape, size, and color. They are small cherry tomatoes, bright yellow tomatoes,

Italian pear shapes tomatoes, and the green tomato, famous for its fried preparation

in Southern America cuisine (Matelajan,2017). It is also very healthy. Tomatoes are a

treasure of riches when it comes to their antioxidant’s benefits. In terms of

conventional antioxidants, tomatoes provided an excellent amount of vitamin C and

beta-carotene; a very good amount of the mineral manganese; and a good amount of

vitamin E. it can reduce risk of heart disease, improves bone health, and even though

not proven, it can help prevent cancer (Mateljan,2017). Tomato production can serve

as a source of income for most rural and periurban producers in most developing

countries of the world. Postharvest losses in tomatoes can be as high as 42% globally.

Postharvest losses in tomatoes can be ether quantitative or qualitative (Arah et

al,2005). Tomatoes can only live 4 days until a week. In order to decrease the amount

of tomatoes loss on postharvest, this research will find a way to slow down its

ripening and decaying process.

Introduction 1.2

Generally, food security in world is very important because the large population and

the better living standard need more food. In conventional farming, farmers using

inorganic fertilizers for nutrient availability to increase crop production. However,

for long term of period the usage of inorganic fertilizers could reduce soil fertility

and crop productivity. Food security is strongly affected by soil degradation, and

will increase the CO2 emission to atmosphere. These CO2 is directly correlated with

global warming. Therefore, in recent years soil quality and its importance for

sustainable agriculture development have received growing attention. Soil chemical

and physical properties directly affect plant production. Different farming practices

influence crop yield, such as; conventional farming system promote mineralization

process and increased vegetable yield. However, in the system using chemical

fertilizers can weaken the agro-ecosystem. Organic farming system aims to

producing healthy food and sustainability healthy ecosystem. In this farming system

farmers using compost, green manure, and crop rotation including legumes instead

of chemical fertilizers to maintain soil fertility and high field. On the other hand,

organic manure application can enrich soil and hence ensure crop yields. Study

shown that manure applications can increase soil organic matter (SOM) and crop

yields and sustain soil fertility as well. For this purpose, the practice of returning

plant residues and organic mulches to farm field has become one of the main sources

of organic fertilizers required by cropland. Adding crop residue like green manure

or weed mulch can reduce soil erosion an improve soil physical properties, enhance

SOM and fertility, increase of nutrient recycling, and decrease global warming
potential. The agricultural sector is the most important component of the country’s

economic development.
Theoretical Framework
 Background of the Study

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), popularly known as “Kamatis” in the Philippines,

is a savory, typically red, edible fruit, as well as the plant which bears it. The tomato

fruit is consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as an ingredient in many dishes

and sauces, and in drinks. The tomato belongs to the nightshade family. The plants

typically grow to 1–3metres (3–10 ft.) in height and have a weak, woody stem that

often vines over other plants. It is a perennial, although often grown outdoors in

temperate climates as an annual. Tomato is the top source of Vitamin A and C. It

also contains a significant amount of dietary fiber, beta-carotene, iron, lycopene,

magnesium, niacin, potassium, phosphorus, riboflavin and thiamine. Tomato is low

in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium. And unlike most foods, cooking or

processing of tomato (e.g. tomato paste, catsup, tomato soup, and tomato sauce) is

beneficial to health. Heating up tomato breakdown its cell walls and releasing more

lycopene, a phytochemical that is good to our health. Tomatoes are extensively

cultivated throughout the world. It is considered to be one of the most profitable

crops in the Philippines and the second most important fruit vegetable in the

country after eggplant (Altoveros & Borromeo 2010). It was reportedthat 4.8 million

hectares of tomato were planted worldwide with a production reaching161.8 million

tons in the year 2012 (FAOSTAT 2012). Moreover, the Philippines produced about

214.6 thousand metric tons of tomato from 16.7 thousand hectares (BAS2015).

Consumption of tomatoes by Filipinos continues to increase due to its wide variety

of uses and nutritional value. Tomato is one of the most profitable crops in the

country. But due to the pandemic, distribution channels for vegetables and other

products have been disrupted in agricultural areas such as the Cordillera

Administrative Region, where delivery restrictions have resulted in the crops being

thrown out. A large number of these vegetables and fruits have decayed to the point

where it is no longer worthwhile to supply them, resulting in their disposal (Rivas,

2020)

Statement of the problem

The purpose of this study is to identify on how the organic and inorganic fertilizers

affect the growth of tomato plant.

Specially it seeks to answer the following question:

1.

Hypothesis of the Study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The research was conducted with the purpose of using tomatoes as an alternative

jam. The dilemma of food waste like tomatoes can be a big problem for farmers and

others. This research is being carried out to help with current efforts to reduce the

number of tomatoes wasted by putting them to other uses. The preparation, cooking,

and packaging of the product would be conducted at home. The taste test will be

conducted at World Maritime Academy and Training Center Inc. where the sensory

evaluators are selected professors who have expertise in food preservation. The taste

test will be conducted in the second semester of research

Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetable plants in the

world. It originated in western South America, and domestication is thought to have

occurred in Central America. Because of its importance as food, tomato has been

bred to improve productivity, fruit quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic

stresses. Tomato has been widely used not only as food, but also as research

material. The tomato plant has many interesting features such as fleshy fruit, a

sympodial shoot, and compound leaves, which other model plants (e.g., rice and

Arabidopsis) do not have. Most of these traits are agronomically important and

cannot be studied using other model plant systems. There are 13 recognized wild

tomato species that display a great variety of phenotypes and can be crossed with

the cultivated tomato. These wild tomatoes are important for breeding, as sources of

desirable traits, and for evolutionary studies. Current progress on the tomato

genome sequencing project has generated useful information to help in the study of

tomato. In addition, the tomato belongs to the extremely large family Solanaceae and

is closely related to many commercially important plants such as potato, eggplant,

peppers, tobacco, and petunias. Knowledge obtained from studies conducted on

tomato can be easily applied to these plants, which makes tomato important research

material. Because of these facts, tomato serves as a model organism for the family

Solanaceae and, specifically, for fleshy-fruited plants.

CHAPTER II

REVIEWED OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tomato is one of the important vegetable crops grown throughout the world and

ranks next to potato in terms of the area but ranks first as a processing crop. The

current global scenario firmly emphasizing the needs to adopt eco-friendly

agriculture practices for sustainable food production. The cost of inorganic fertilizers

is increasing enormously to an extent that they are out of reach of small and

marginal farmers. The problems associated with the use of hazardous chemicals for

crop protection, weed control and soil fertility are receiving increasing attention

worldwide since pests, diseases and weeds became resistant to chemical pesticide

and environmental pollution and ecological imbalances may occur. Application of

organic fertilizers has been a noble and tradition practice of maintaining soil health

and fertility. The use of organic fertilizers results in higher growth, yield and quality

of crops. They contain macro nutrients, essential micro nutrients, many vitamins,

and beneficial microorganism (Natarjan,2007). Organic manures can improve soil-

water-plant relations through modifying bulk destiny, total porosity, soil water

relation and consequently, increasing plant growth and water use efficiency (Obi

and Ebo, 1995). Nileemas and sreenivisa (2011) stated that application of liquid

organic manure promotes biological activity in soil and enhance nutrients

availability to tomato crop.

Degradation and Over Ripening

The way fruits ripen is that there is commonly a ripening signal a burst of ethylene

production. Ethylene is a simple hydrocarbon gas (H2C=CH2) that ripening fruits

make and shed into atmosphere. Sometimes a wound will caused rapid ethylene

production. Thus picking a fruit will sometimes signal it to ripen, as will an infection

of bacteria or fungi on the fruit. This ethylene signal causes development changes

that result in fruit ripening (Koning, 1994). The action of enzymes cause the ripening

responses. Chlorophyll is broken down and sometimes new pigments are made so

that the fruit skin changes color from green to red, yellow, or blue. Acids are broken

down so that the fruit changes from sour to neutral. The degradation of starch by

amylase produces sugar. This reduces the mealy (floury) quality and increases

juiciness (by osmosis, a process we will study later). The breakdown of pectin,

thanks to pectinase, between the fruit cells unglues theme so they can slip past each

other. The result in a softer fruit at an extreme, pectin losses may make a fruit

“pithy”. Also enzymes break down large organic molecules into smaller ones that

can be volatile (evaporate into air) and we can detect as an aroma (Koning, 1994). If

you observed intently, ripening is like a maturation of fruits. Thus, fish scale

collagen can slow it down. Increased solubility of peptic polysaccharides is one of

the most universal features of ripening fleshy fruits. The mechanism contributing to

this process have not been fully elucidated, though the magnitude of solubility

increases varies greatly among different fruits. Water soluble pectin range from 10%

of total cell wall uronic acid content ripe grapefruit ( Hwang et. Al., 1996) to 35 to

40% in ripe cherries ( Fils -Lycaon and Buret, 1990) and strawberries ( Goto et. Al.,

1996), to as high as 85% in ripe avocados ( Wakabayashi et. al ., 2000). As noted, the

processes contributing to the increases in pectin solubility during ripening are not
clear. Transgenic tomato fruit with reduced levels of polygalacturonates (PG)

showed a significant reduction in the quantity of water-soluble pectin compared

with untransformed fruit (Carrington et. al., 1993). Pectin’s are found in the cell

walls of plants and fruits. Its solubility in water can make degradation of fruits

possible.

Deacetylation and Deproteinization

Deacetylation is the reverse reaction when an acetyl group is removed from a

molecule. Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into

nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic

marker with chromatin. It is a process which is a removal of acetyl group that can be

achieved by treatment with concentrated sodium or potassium hydroxide solution

usually at 100 degree Celsius of higher for 30 minutes or longer to remove some or

all of the acetyl groups from the polymer ( BatoBalani, 2010-2011). Deproteinization,

on the other hand is the precipitation of proteins. This is necessary because proteins

have certain UV absorption and could give false reading. Moreover, proteins are

colloids which make the solution turbid and difficult to read on the

spectrophometer. This in an act of removing proteins (Murry,J .,

Bradley,H.,Craigie,W., Siompson,J). The analysis of small molecules in biological

samples if frequently hindered by the presence of proteins and various enzymes

activities. Many bioassays required removal of protein from sample prior to analysis

(Abcom.com,2013). This is the two treatment that the fish scale will undergo in order

to properly analyze and to aid in showing down ripening and degradation of fruits.

Fish Scale Collagen

Collagen is found in the bones, muscles, skins, and tendons where it forms a scaffold

to provide strength and structure (McIntosh, 2015). Collagen is a complement

nutrient and building block to skin and helps slow down aging (Simply Senz, 2012).

Thus, in the aspect in extending shelf life of tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum), it

can the ripening and decaying process. Fish scale has good source of natural

collagen and is one of the most critical raw materials for the biotechnology industry

to produce into marine collagen and gelatine, which is well known now like skincare

collagen capsules and collagen beverages (Simply Senz,2012). It can be formed into

compacted solids or lattice-like gels when being prepared for use, making it

clinically versatile (McIntosh,2015). According to the literatures, fish collagen are

already used in anti-aging products. Thus, it has properties that slows down

ripening and decomposition of fruits. However, it is not said if which from of fish

scales collagen is more effective in extending shelf life. Both gelatin/liquefied form

and powder form is used to biotechnology industry. In this research, we will see if

which of the two forms of fish collagen is more effective in extending shelf life.
 Definition of Terms

Eco-friendly: Being not environmentally harmful.

Marginal farmers: A farmer cultivating (as owner or tenant or share cropper)

agricultural land up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres)

Macro-nutrients: Nutrients we need in larger quantities that provide us with energy

Ecological imbalance: A natural of human- caused disturbance disrupts the natural

balance of an ecosystem

Micro-nutrients: The vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small

amounts

Microorganism: A living thing that is so small it must be viewed with a microscope.

Acetyl: The radical CH3CO of acetic acid often used in combination

Bulk: Being in large quantities or not divided into separate units.

Porosity: The quality of being porous, or full of tiny holes.

Ethylene: A colorless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odor.

Enzymes: A biological catalyst and is almost always a protein.

Chlorophyll: A pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms.

Amylase: A digestive enzymes predominantly secreted by the pancreas and salivary

glands and found in other tissues at very small levels.

Pectin: Any of various water- soluble substance that bind adjacent cell walls in plant

tissues and yield a gel which is the basis of fruit jellies.

Unglues: To become extremely upset of angry.

Pithy: Brief, forceful, and meaningful in expression; full of vigor, substance, or

meaning; terse, forcible.

Volatile: Likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly, especially by getting worse.

Maturation: The process of becoming mature.

Polysaccharides: A major family biopolymers that are found in natural sources.

Mechanism: System or structure of moving parts that performs some function.

Transgenic: An organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction

of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.

Polygalacturonate: Major enzymes responsible for pectin disassembly in ripening

fruit.

Acetylated Histones: A critical epigenetic modification that changes chromatin

architecture and regulates gene expression by opening or closing the chromatin

structure.

Octameric proteins: A complex of eight positively charged histone proteins that

assist in DNA packaging.

Nucleosomes: The basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s

nucleus.

Epigenetic: The study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes

that affect the way your genes work.

Colloids: A mixture in which very small particles of one substance are distributed

evenly throughout another substance.

Bioassays: The use of living organism to test for the presence of a compound or to

determined the amount of the compound that is present in a sample.

Decaying process: Organic matter is broken down into carbon dioxide and the

mineral forms of nutrients like nitrogen.

Marine collagen: A type of collagen that’s derived from fish collagen peptides.

Gelatin: A water soluble protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen, a

ubiquitous constituent of bones.

Anti-aging: Used or tending to prevent or lessen the effects of aging.

Biotechnology: A technology that based in biology.

Decomposition: Is it the process of decaying or rotting.

Deproteinization: It is the process of removing proteins.

Deacetylation: The removal of an acetyl group from an inorganic compound.

Neutral: Not engage or either side.

Solubility: The ability to be dissolved, especially in water.

Uronic acid: Any of a class of compound which are derived from sugars by

oxidizing a -CH2OH group to an acid group.

Ripening: Coming to full development, becoming mature

Hydrocarbon gas: Molecules of carbon and hydrogen in various combinations.

Rapid: Occurring within a short time; happening speedily.

Bacteria: Tiny, single-cell living organism

Fungi: Any member of a kingdom of organism that lack chlorophyll, leaves, true

stems, and roots, reproduce by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites.

Magnitude: Distance or quantity.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH TIMELINE

Data Timeline

Day Date Activities

1 September 04, 2023  Groupings, making our plot with a

measure of (L=18ft, W= 3ft).

 Measuring a plot using a tape measure.

2 September 06, 2023  Cleaning and making the side of the

plot.

3 September 08, 2023  Continue cleaning (we didn’t finish it

because the plot are too big).

4 September 11, 2023  Our instructor decided to make our

research individual.

5 September 12, 2023  Me and my partner bring some of our

materials needed in our garden.

6 September 13, 2023  Implementation for individual

research.

7 September 15, 2023  Absent

8 September 18, 2023  1st Monthly Examination

9 September 20, 2023  Checking for new research title.

10 September 22, 2023

 partner.

11 September 25, 2023  We cover the plot with a black plastic

called mulch.

12 September 27, 2023  Discussion

13 September 28, 2023  We cultivate our plot.

14 September 29, 2023  Discussion

15 October 02, 2023  Discussion and passing our

introduction.

16 October 03, 2023  We check the plot and clean it.

17 October 04, 2023  Discussion

18 October 05, 2023  We cover the other plot with plastic

mulch

19 October 06, 2023  We just check the garden

 Our seedlings died

20 October 07, 2023  We plant scallions

21 October 09, 2023  Discussion

22 October 10, 2023  Cleaned the side of our garden.

23 October 11, 2023  Review for the incoming midterm

examination
24 October 12, 2023  Midterm examination

25 October 13, 2023  Midterm examination

26 October 14, 2023  we plant scallions in another plot

27 October 16, 2023  we clean the other plot

28 October 17, 2023  we water the plants

29 October 18, 2023  still watering the plants morning and

afternoon

30 October 19, 2023  watering the plants

31 October 21, 2023  we plant the scallions in another plot

 applying an organic fertilizer in our

plot

32 October 22, 2023  watering the two plots

33 October 23, 2023  Discussion

 Watering the plants morning and

afternoon

34 October 24, 2023  Watering the plants

35 October 25, 2023  Discussion

 Watering the plots

36 October 26, 2023  Watering (morning and afternoon)

37 October 27, 2023  We water the plants

38 October 31, 2023  Watering the plants

39 November 02, 2023  Many of our onion scallions was died

40 November 06, 2023  We decided to get the black plastic

mulch because our plants died

41 November 15, 2023  We decided to change a plant which is

tomato.

 We approach our research instructor if

it is okay that we will collab to Ronie’s

study if he approves us.

42